The article examines a variety of social exclusion and inclusion indicators grouped
by domains that are commonly referred to in the social exclusion literature:
economic, social, political and intra-household. Levels of social exclusion and
inclusion among different groups of women across these domains are studied.
This analysis reveals a complex pattern with great variations among women with
different socio-demographic and socio-cultural backgrounds. Subsequently we
perform a factor (principal components) analysis that identifies four major
dimensions of women’s social exclusion and inclusion: outward orientation, civil
society involvement, household decision-making power and monetary income.
These four dimensions help us uncover factors that have contributed to the social
inclusion of women, from a position of exclusion a generation ago. Crucial
drivers of change have been education and urbanisation, but participation in
community-based organisations has also contributed. We find that gender
relations in the household are the most resistant to change and cannot be easily
influenced by external change agents. There appear to be different mechanisms
operating for social inclusion within each of the identified dimensions. This
means there is no blueprint for any policy measures that would increase social
inclusion along all the four dimensions, but measures should be specifically
designed for each dimension. The data are drawn from a household survey of
2547 women between 18 and 49 years of age living in 16 districts across Nepal.