For the 4 targeted feasibility cities of the RRR project, the health components around the
selected business models (BM) employed two methodologies, with two different foci: Health
Risk Assessment (HRA) and the Health Impact Assessment (HIA). The HRA aimed at
identifying health risks associated with the input resources (e.g. faecal sludge, waste water)
of proposed BMs and defining what control measures are needed for safeguarding
occupational health and producing outputs (e.g. treated waste water, soil conditioner) that
are compliant with national and international quality requirements. The HIA aimed at
identifying potential health impacts (positive or negative) at community level under the
scenario that the proposed BMs are implemented at scale in Hanoi. The magnitude of
potential impacts was determined by means of a semi-quantitative impact assessment. The
feasibility studies in Hanoi were oriented towards 11 BMs that were selected due to their
potential in the given context. These BMs are:
 Model 1a: Dry fuel manufacturing: agro-industrial waste to briquettes
 Model 2a: Energy service companies at scale: agro-waste to energy (electricity)
 Model 4: Onsite energy generation by sanitation service providers
 Model 6: Manure to power
 Model 8: Beyond cost recovery: the aquaculture example
 Model 9: On cost savings and recovery
 Model 15: Large-scale composting for revenue generation
 Model 16: Subsidy-free community based composting
 Model 17: High value fertilizer production for profit
 Model 18: Urine and struvite use at scale
 Model 19: Compost production for sanitation service Delivery