The ethical conduct of HIV prevention researchers is subject to scrutiny. Many clinical trials take place in low and middle
income countries where HIV incidence is high, but the benefits of research are often first enjoyed in high income countries. The
provision of ancillary care – medical care provided to clinical trial participants during a trial, which is not related to the research
question – is one way in which trial participants can receive direct benefits from their participation in research. We argue that
such care is a legitimate benefit of research participation. This care does not constitute ‘undue inducement’ if the research study
itself involves minimal risk and is subject to ethical and regulatory oversight. We also argue that research teams working with
populations who have sub-optimal healthcare access have a duty to provide ancillary care within agreed limits. These limits
should be negotiated to ensure that the research remains feasible and economically viable.