Cities are complex systems and networks which shape the character of communities and
define the life quality of urban dwellers. In this sense, prompt urban expansion, inequality
and social conflicts deform the perception of the city modifying the connection between
different sectors of society, thus, compromising the possibility of low-income communities to
influence the public agenda and become active participants in the construction of the built
environment. Community-driven initiatives embedded within comprehensive upgrading
programmes encourage sustainability of projects and improve the relationship with the city. However self-help has limitations; involvement of all sectors of society and support from
government agencies are essential in order to promote holistic regeneration approaches.
Although culture and context are crucial for conceiving integral strategies, the core elements of
sustainable upgrading programmes present similarities when analysed in terms of the process
of development; elements which can be classified in terms of physical development, legitimacy, social development and governance. These components become the framework for
formulating comprehensive slum upgrading programmes, with community-based
initiatives and participation as foundation for improving the built environment.