In the article social problems of single-industry towns in the Russian Arctic are discussed. A typology of Arctic single-industry towns by criteria of population dynamics and industrial specialization of town-forming enterprises is proposed. Demographic processes, living standards indicators, situation at the labor markets, provision with the basic social services in mono-profile urban settlements of the RF Arctic zone are estimated. Directions for solving social problems of Arctic single-industry towns are proposed including those related to mechanisms of social responsibility of resource corporations.