The Village Development Committee (VDC) and Ward level population for the year 2001 and
2011, and water supply sources and sanitation coverage data obtained from Central Bureau of
Statistics, Nepal [1,2]. VDC wise data on households covered with piped water supply obtained from
Central Bureau of Statistics, Nepal [3,4]. The households without piped water supply are considered
to be using stand post water supply (i.e., population fetching water from remote sources). Data on
households covered with flushing toilet system in five municipalities (namely Kathmandu,
Bhaktapur, Lalitpur, Kirtipur, and Madhyapur) considered as a proxy for households connected to
the public sewage system [3,4] The other VDCs do not have public sewage collection system. The
indicators used to estimate VDC/Municipality wise water demand are 1) population, 2) population
with pipe water supply, 3) population using stand post (or other source) water supply, 4) households
connected to public sewage (full flushing toilet) systems, and 5) households with septic/ordinary
toilet facilities.