This study integrates theoretical and empirical models to facilitate understanding of human  obesity and the factors contributing to rising obesity in Russia during the transition from a planned to a market economy. Recent individual level data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey for 1994 and 2004 show that diet/caloric intake, smoking, gender and education are important determinants of obesity in Russia. Empirical results strongly support our model for production of BMI and demand for inputs in the BMI production function. The analysis provides information on the link between dietary patterns and other factors of obesity in Russia which is important for formulation, implementation and monitoring of effective policies designed to improve overall nutritional wellbeing and reduce obesity and mortality of the Russian population. Interventions, which enhance education toward healthy lifestyles and healthy diet, could play a vital role in preventing obesity in Russia.