DDI_WLD_2000_APWC_v01_M 2010-11-14 NADA Version 01 (September 2010) Air Pollution in World Cities 2000 PM10 Concentrations APWC 2000 WLD_2000_APWC_v01_M Kiran D. Pandey, David R. Wheeler, Uwe Deichmann, Kirk E. Hamilton, Bart Ostro and Katie Bolt NADA Development Research Group Macroeconomics - Indicators Polluted air is a major health hazard in developing countries. Improvements in pollution monitoring and statistical techniques during the last several decades have steadily enhanced the ability to measure the health effects of air pollution. Current methods can detect significant increases in the incidence of cardiopulmonary and respiratory diseases, coughing, bronchitis, and lung cancer, as well as premature deaths from these diseases resulting from elevated concentrations of ambient Particulate Matter (Holgate 1999). Scarce public resources have limited the monitoring of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) concentrations in developing countries, despite their large potential health effects. As a result, policymakers in many developing countries remain uncertain about the exposure of their residents to PM air pollution. The Global Model of Ambient Particulates (GMAPS) is an attempt to bridge this information gap through an econometrically estimated model for predicting PM levels in world cities (Pandey et al. forthcoming). The estimation model is based on the latest available monitored PM pollution data from the World Health Organization, supplemented by data from other reliable sources. The current model can be used to estimate PM levels in urban residential areas and non-residential pollution hotspots. The results of the model are used to project annual average ambient PM concentrations for residential and non-residential areas in 3,226 world cities with populations larger than 100,000, as well as national capitals. The study finds wide, systematic variations in ambient PM concentrations, both across world cities and over time. PM concentrations have risen at a slower rate than total emissions. Overall emission levels have been rising, especially for poorer countries, at nearly 6 percent per year. PM concentrations have not increased by as much, due to improvements in technology and structural shifts in the world economy. Additionally, within-country variations in PM levels can diverge greatly (by a factor of 5 in some cases), because of the direct and indirect effects of geo-climatic factors. The primary determinants of PM concentrations are the scale and composition of economic activity, population, the energy mix, the strength of local pollution regulation, and geographic and atmospheric conditions that affect pollutant dispersion in the atmosphere. Afghanistan Angola Albania Andorra Netherlands Antilles United Arab Emirates Argentina Armenia Antigua and Barbuda Australia Austria Azerbaijan Burundi Belgium Benin Burkina Faso Bulgaria Bahrain Bosnia and Herzegovina Bolivia Brazil Barbados Bhutan Central African Republic Canada Switzerland Chile China Cameroon Congo, Rep. Congo, Rep. Comoros Costa Rica Cuba Cyprus Germany Dominica Denmark Dominican Republic Algeria Ecuador Egypt, Arab Rep. Spain Estonia Ethiopia Finland Fiji France Gabon United Kingdom Georgia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Greece Grenada Guatemala Guyana Hong Kong SAR, China Honduras Croatia Haiti Hungary Indonesia India Ireland Iraq Iceland Israel Italy Jamaica Jordan Japan Kazakhstan Kenya Cambodia St. Kitts and Nevis Korea, Rep. Kuwait Lao PDR Liberia St. Lucia Liechtenstein Sri Lanka Lesotho Lithuania Latvia Macao SAR, China Morocco Moldova Madagascar Maldives Mexico North Macedonia Mali Myanmar Montenegro Mongolia Mozambique Mauritania Malawi Malaysia Namibia New Caledonia Niger Nigeria Nicaragua Netherlands New Zealand Oman Pakistan Panama Peru Philippines Papua New Guinea Poland Puerto Rico Portugal Paraguay Qatar Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Saudi Arabia Sudan Senegal Singapore Solomon Islands Sierra Leone El Salvador Somalia Serbia Sao Tome and Principe Suriname Slovak Republic Slovenia Sweden Eswatini Syrian Arab Republic Togo Thailand Tajikistan Turkmenistan Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkiye Tanzania Uganda Ukraine Uruguay United States Uzbekistan St. Vincent & Grenadines Venezuela, RB Virgin Islands (U.S.) Vietnam Vanuatu South Africa Zambia Zimbabwe Yugoslavia Fed. Rep. The database covers the following countries: Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas, The Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt, Arab Rep. El Salvador Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Faeroe Islands Fiji Finland France Gabon Gambia, The Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong, China Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep. Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea, Dem. Rep. Korea, Rep. Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lao PDR Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macao, China Macedonia, FYR Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Mexico Moldova Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands Netherlands Antilles New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra Leone Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela, RB Vietnam Virgin Islands (U.S.) Yemen, Rep. Yugoslavia, FR (Serbia/Montenegro) Zambia Zimbabwe Observation data/ratings [obs] The dataset includes the followings: - Urban population - PM10 concentration level Other [oth] Use of the dataset must be acknowledged using a citation which would include: - the Identification of the Primary Investigator - the title of the survey (including acronym and year of implementation) - the survey reference number - the source and date of download Example: Kiran Dev Pandey et al. Air Pollution in World Cities (APWC) 2000. Ref. WLD_2000_APWC_v01_M. Dataset downloaded from http://microdata.worldbank.org on [date]. The user of the data acknowledges that the original collector of the data, the authorized distributor of the data, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for use of the data or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses. AP_city Air Pollution Data by City Urban population weighted average PM10 concentrations (micro grams per cubic meter) in residential areas of cities larger than 100,000 3226 6 AP_country Air Pollution Data by Country Urban population weighted average PM10 concentrations (micro grams per cubic meter) in residential areas of cities larger than 100,000 180 4 Country code Country code Country code Country code Country code 180 AFG AGO ALB AND ANT ARE ARG ARM ATG AUS AUT AZE BDI BEL BEN BFA BGD BGR BHR BHS BIH BLR BLZ BOL BRA BRB BRN BTN CAF CAN CHE CHL CHN CIV CMR COG COL COM CRI CUB CYM CYP CZE DEU DMA DNK DOM DZA ECU EGY ERI ESP EST ETH FIN FJI FRA FRO GAB GBR GEO GHA GIN GMB GNB GRC GRD GTM GUY HKG HND HRV HTI HUN IDN IND IRL IRN IRQ ISL ISR ITA JAM JOR JPN KAZ KEN KGZ KHM KNA KOR KWT LAO LBN LBR LCA LIE LKA LSO LTU LUX LVA MAC MAR MDA MDG MDV MEX MKD MLI MMR MNG MOZ MRT MWI MYS NAM NCL NER NGA NIC NLD NOR NPL NZL OMN PAK PAN PER PHL PNG POL PRI PRK PRT PRY QAT ROM RUS RWA SAU SDN SEN SGP SLB SLE SLV SOM STP SUR SVK SVN SWE SWZ SYR TCD TGO THA TJK TKM TTO TUN TUR TZA UGA UKR URY USA UZB VCT VEN VIR VNM VUT YEM YUG ZAF ZAR ZMB ZWE Country name Country name Country name Country name Country name 180 Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas, The Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt, Arab Rep. El Salvador Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Faeroe Islands Fiji Finland France Gabon Gambia, The Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong, China Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep. Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea, Dem. Rep. Korea, Rep. Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lao PDR Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macao, China Macedonia, FYR Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Mexico Moldova Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands Netherlands Antilles New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra Leone Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela, RB Vietnam Virgin Islands (U.S.) Yemen, Rep. Yugoslavia, FR (Serbia/Montenegro) Zambia Zimbabwe Urban population, 2000 Urban population, 2000 Urban population, 2000 Urban population, 2000 Urban population, 2000 180 2641 421633654 11000924.122 38633818.81 Urban population consists of all residents living in cities PM10 concentration level, 1999 PM10 concentration level, 1999 PM10 concentration level, 1999 PM10 concentration level, 1999 PM10 concentration level, 1999 180 8 246 56.244 38.808 Urban population weighted average PM10 concentrations (micro grams per cubic meter) in residential areas of cities larger than 100,000. Country code Country code Country code Country code Country code 3226 AFG AGO ALB AND ANT ARE ARG ARM ATG AUS AUT AZE BDI BEL BEN BFA BGD BGR BHR BHS BIH BLR BLZ BOL BRA BRB BRN BTN CAF CAN CHE CHL CHN CIV CMR COG COL COM CRI CUB CYM CYP CZE DEU DMA DNK DOM DZA ECU EGY ERI ESP EST ETH FIN FJI FRA FRO GAB GBR GEO GHA GIN GMB GNB GRC GRD GTM GUY HKG HND HRV HTI HUN IDN IND IRL IRN IRQ ISL ISR ITA JAM JOR JPN KAZ KEN KGZ KHM KNA KOR KWT LAO LBN LBR LCA LIE LKA LSO LTU LUX LVA MAC MAR MDA MDG MDV MEX MKD MLI MMR MNG MOZ MRT MWI MYS NAM NCL NER NGA NIC NLD NOR NPL NZL OMN PAK PAN PER PHL PNG POL PRI PRK PRT PRY QAT ROM RUS RWA SAU SDN SEN SGP SLB SLE SLV SOM STP SUR SVK SVN SWE SWZ SYR TCD TGO THA TJK TKM TTO TUN TUR TZA UGA UKR URY USA UZB VCT VEN VIR VNM VUT YEM YUG ZAF ZAR ZMB ZWE Country name Country name Country name Country name Country name 3226 Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China China, Hong Kong SAR Colombia Comoros Congo Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Côte d'Ivoire Democratic People's Republic of Korea Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Faeroe Islands Fiji Finland France Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran (Islamic Republic of) Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People's Democratic Republic Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macau Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Mexico Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands Netherlands Antilles New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Republic of Korea Republic of Moldova Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic TFYR Macedonia Tajikistan Thailand Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United Republic of Tanzania United States Virgin Islands United States of America Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Viet Nam Yemen Yugoslavia Zambia Zimbabwe City code City code City code City code City code 3226 40001 8940007 4242011.53 2556960.976 Country name Country name Country name Country name Country name 3226 City population, 2000 City population, 2000 City population, 2000 City population, 2000 City population, 2000 3226 2641 20951320 613814.757 1248557.658 PM10 concentration level, 1999 PM10 concentration level, 1999 PM10 concentration level, 1999 PM10 concentration level, 1999 PM10 concentration level, 1999 3226 6 359 51.036 38.12 Urban population weighted average PM10 concentrations (micro grams per cubic meter) in residential areas of cities larger than 100,000.