DDI_PAN_2022_WBCS_v01_M_WB Development Data Group 2023-05-01 NADA Version 01 (2023-05-01) World Bank Group Country Survey 2022 PAN WBCS 2022 PAN_2022_WBCS_v01_M Public Opinion Research Group NADA World Bank Group Public Opinion Research Group Public Opinion Research Group - Edited, anonymous dataset for public distribution. Panama - Panama City - Provincial capital - Rural areas - Indigenous areas Internet [int] Public Opinion Research Group panama_cos_fy22_data Data collected using the FY 2022 Panama Country Opinion Survey questionnaire (FY22). The survey covers: - Objectives - Overall Context - Overall Attitudes Toward the World Bank Group - World Bank Group’s Support in Development Areas - World Bank Group’s Work and Engagement on the Ground - World Bank Group’s Knowledge and Activities - The Future Role of the WBG in Panama - Communication and Outreach - Demographics of the Sample - Methodology 121 253 121 101 221 121 2 2 Which of the following best describes your current affiliation? 121 1 21 1 Office of the President 2 Office of a Minister 3 Office of a member of Parliament/Legislative body 4 Employee of Ministry 5 Project Management Unit (PMU) overseeing implementation of WBG project/Consultant/Contractor working on WBG supported project/program 6 Local Government Office or Staff 7 Independent Government Institution (i.e. 9 State-Owned Enterprise 10 Bilateral Agency (e.g. 11 Multilateral Agency (UN 12 Private Sector Organization 13 Financial Sector/Private Bank 14 Private Foundation (e.g. 15 NGO/Community Based Organization 16 Professional/Trade association 19 Academia/Research Institute/Think Tank 20 Media (press 21 Other Currently, do you professionally collaborate/work with the World Bank Group (IBRD, IFC, MIGA, ICSID) in your country? 121 1 2 1 Yes 2 No If yes, which of the following agencies of the World Bank Group do you primarily collaborate/work with in Panama? 121 1 4 1 The World Bank (IBRD) 2 The International Finance Corporation (IFC) 3 The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) 4 International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) In general, would you say that Panama is headed in ... ? 121 1 3 1 The right direction 2 The wrong direction 3 Not sure Do you think that economic opportunity for citizens in Panama is … ? 121 1 3 1 Increasing 2 Decreasing 3 Staying about the same Effective response to the COVID-19 pandemic 121 1 Transport (i.e., roads, bridges, transportation) 121 1 Private sector development 121 1 Energy (including energy efficiency, increase reliability of supply and increase the share of renewable energy in the power generation matrix) 121 1 Job creation/employment 121 1 Natural resource management (i.e., forest management, coastal areas management, biodiversity, etc.) 121 1 Global/regional integration 121 1 Disaster risk management (including improve government’s capacity to respond to natural disasters) 121 1 Development of indigenous population (including governance and public service delivery) 121 1 Urban development 121 1 Health (including strengthening of the national public health system for pandemic preparedness) 121 1 Pollution 121 Agriculture and rural development 121 1 Climate change (i.e., mitigation, adaptation) 121 1 Food security 121 1 Water and sanitation 121 1 Education 121 1 Information and communications technology 121 1 Economic growth and foster the competitiveness of the national level business environment 121 1 Public sector governance/reform (i.e., government effectiveness, public financial management, public expenditure, fiscal system reform) 121 1 Logistics, trade, and exports (including the Canal) 121 1 Social protection (i.e., pensions, targeted social assistance, including improving the coverage, effectiveness and targeting of beneficiaries for programs such as Red de Oportunidades, 120 a los 65, and Angel Guardian). 121 1 Anti-corruption (including Anti Money Laundering) 121 1 Equality of opportunity (i.e., social inclusion) 121 1 Gender equity (closing the gap between women and men, and boys and girls) 121 1 Judiciary reform 121 1 Financial markets 121 1 Inadequate private sector participation 121 1 Reforms are not well thought out in light of country challenges 121 1 Inadequate donor coordination 121 1 Inadequate capacity in the government 121 1 Inadequate citizen/civil society participation 121 1 Political pressures and obstacles 121 1 Pressure from outside interest groups (i.e., private sector, unions) 121 1 Corruption 121 1 Inadequate government accountability 121 1 Poor coordination and excessive bureaucracy within the government 121 1 Other 121 The national government 121 1 10 1 To no degree at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To a very significant degree The National Assembly 121 1 10 1 To no degree at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To a very significant degree Bilateral organizations (i.e., AECID, JICA, USAID) 121 2 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To a very significant degree 11 Don't know The World Bank Group 121 2 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To a very significant degree 11 Don't know The International Monetary Fund 121 1 11 1 To no degree at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To a very significant degree 11 Don't know The United Nations (UN) 121 1 11 1 To no degree at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To a very significant degree 11 Don't know The World Health Organization (WHO) 121 1 11 1 To no degree at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To a very significant degree 11 Don't know Regional development banks 121 1 11 1 To no degree at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To a very significant degree 11 Don't know International private sector 121 1 11 1 To no degree at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To a very significant degree 11 Don't know Domestic private sector 121 1 11 1 To no degree at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To a very significant degree 11 Don't know International civil society (i.e., nongovernmental organizations, community-based organizations) 121 1 11 1 To no degree at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To a very significant degree 11 Don't know Domestic civil society (i.e., NGOs, CBOs) 121 1 11 1 To no degree at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To a very significant degree 11 Don't know Faith-based institutions 121 1 11 1 To no degree at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To a very significant degree 11 Don't know Domestic traditional media and their web presence (i.e., newspapers, TV stations, radio) 121 1 11 1 To no degree at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To a very significant degree 11 Don't know International media and their web presence 121 1 11 1 To no degree at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To a very significant degree 11 Don't know Web based media (i.e., blogs, social media, other web-based news, and information sources) 121 1 11 1 To no degree at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To a very significant degree 11 Don't know The World Bank (IBRD) 121 1 10 1 Not familiar at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Extremely familiar The International Finance Corporation (IFC), the World Bank Group’s private sector arm 121 1 10 1 Not familiar at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Extremely familiar The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB/BID) 121 1 10 1 Not familiar at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Extremely familiar The Latin American Development Bank (CAF) 121 1 10 1 Not familiar at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Extremely familiar The Central American Bank for Economic Integration (CABEI/BCiE) 121 1 10 1 Not familiar at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Extremely familiar Overall, the World Bank Group currently plays a relevant role in development in Panama 121 2 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Strongly agree 11 Don't know The World Bank Group’s work is aligned with what I consider the development priorities for Panama 121 2 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Strongly agree 11 Don't know The World Bank (IBRD/IDA) 121 2 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very effective 11 Don't know The International Finance Corporation (IFC), the World Bank Group’s private sector arm 121 2 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very effective 11 Don't know The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB/BID) 121 3 11 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very effective 11 Don't know The Latin American Development Bank (CAF) 121 1 11 1 Not effective at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very effective 11 Don't know The Central American Bank for Economic Integration (CABEI/BCiE) 121 1 11 1 Not effective at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very effective 11 Don't know To what extent does the World Bank Group’s work help to achieve development results in Panama? 121 1 11 1 To no degree at all 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To a very significant degree 11 Don't know To what extent does the World Bank Group influence the development agenda in Panama? 121 1 11 1 To no degree at all 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To a very significant degree 11 Don't know To what extent do you believe that the World Bank Group’s work and support help the poorest in Panama? 121 1 5 1 To a fully sufficient degree 2 To a somewhat sufficient degree 3 To a somewhat insufficient degree 4 To a very insufficient degree 5 Don’t know Implementation support 121 1 Bringing together different groups of stakeholders 121 1 Mobilizing third party financial resources 121 1 Formal policy advice, studies, analyses 121 1 Donor coordination 121 1 Financial resources 121 1 Data and statistics 121 1 Capacity development related to World Bank Group supported projects 121 1 Technical assistance 121 1 Promoting knowledge sharing 121 1 Other 121 1 Effective response to the COVID-19 pandemic 121 1 Transport (i.e., roads, bridges, transportation) 121 1 Private sector development 121 1 Energy (including energy efficiency, increase reliability of supply and increase the share of renewable energy in the power generation matrix) 121 1 Job creation/employment 121 1 Natural resource management (i.e., forest management, coastal areas management, biodiversity, etc.) 121 1 Global/regional integration 121 1 Disaster risk management (including improve government’s capacity to respond to natural disasters) 121 1 Development of indigenous population (including governance and public service delivery) 121 1 Urban development 121 1 Health (including strengthening of the national public health system for pandemic preparedness) 121 1 Pollution 121 1 Agriculture and rural development 121 1 Climate change (i.e., mitigation, adaptation) 121 1 Food security 121 1 Water and sanitation 121 1 Education 121 1 Information and communications technology 121 1 Economic growth and foster the competitiveness of the national level business environment 121 1 Public sector governance/reform (i.e., government effectiveness, public financial management, public expenditure, fiscal system reform) 121 1 Logistics, trade, and exports (including the Canal) 121 1 Social protection (i.e., pensions, targeted social assistance, including improving the coverage, effectiveness and targeting of beneficiaries for programs such as Red de Oportunidades, 120 a los 65, and Angel Guardian). 121 1 Anti-corruption (including Anti Money Laundering) 121 1 Equality of opportunity (i.e., social inclusion) 121 1 Gender equity (closing the gap between women and men, and boys and girls) 121 1 Judiciary reform 121 1 Financial markets 121 1 Innovation and entrepreneurship 121 1 World Bank 121 1 Public-private partnerships 121 1 Development institution 121 1 Investment bank 121 1 Private sector solutions 121 1 Thought leader 121 1 Venture capital 121 1 Asset manager 121 1 Multi-lateral financial institution 121 1 Financial advisory solutions 121 1 Impact investor 121 1 None of the above 121 1 Don’t know 121 1 Other 121 1 To what extent do you believe the World Bank Group’s staff is well prepared (i.e., skills mix and knowledge) to help Panama solve its most complicated development challenges? 121 3 11 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To a very significant degree 11 Don't know Collaboration with the private sector 121 1 11 1 To no degree at all 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To a very significant degree 11 Don't know Being inclusive 121 1 11 1 To no degree at all 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To a very significant degree 11 Don't know Straightforwardness and honesty 121 2 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To a very significant degree 11 Don't know Access to WBG staff and experts 121 1 11 1 To no degree at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To a very significant degree 11 Don't know Being a long-term partner 121 1 11 1 To no degree at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To a very significant degree 11 Don't know Responsiveness to needs 121 2 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To a very significant degree 11 Don't know Collaboration with the Government 121 2 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To a very significant degree 11 Don't know Flexibility when circumstances change 121 2 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To a very significant degree 11 Don't know Collaboration with civil society 121 2 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To a very significant degree 11 Don't know Treating clients and stakeholders in Panama with respect 121 3 11 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To a very significant degree 11 Don't know Openness (sharing data and other information) 121 2 11 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To a very significant degree 11 Don't know Collaboration with other donors and development partners 121 2 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To a very significant degree 11 Don't know The World Bank Group takes decisions quickly in Panama 121 1 11 1 Strongly disagree 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Strongly agree 11 Don't know The World Bank Group’s approvals and reviews are done in a timely fashion 121 2 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Strongly agree 11 Don't know The World Bank Group’s conditions on its lending are reasonable 121 2 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Strongly agree 11 Don't know The World Bank Group disburses funds promptly 121 1 11 1 Strongly disagree 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Strongly agree 11 Don't know The World Bank Group’s Environmental and Social Framework requirements are reasonable 121 3 11 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Strongly agree 11 Don't know The World Bank Group insists on accountability through its lending (i.e., performance-based financing/resources tied to results) 121 1 11 1 Strongly disagree 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Strongly agree 11 Don't know The World Bank Group measures results effectively 121 1 11 1 Strongly disagree 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Strongly agree 11 Don't know Working with the World Bank Group increases Panama’s institutional capacity 121 1 11 1 Strongly disagree 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Strongly agree 11 Don't know The World Bank Group’s financial instruments (i.e., investment lending, Development Policy Loan, Trust Funds, Reimbursable Advisory Services) meet the needs of Panama 121 1 11 1 Strongly disagree 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Strongly agree 11 Don't know The World Bank Group meets Panama’s needs for knowledge services (i.e., research, analysis, data, technical assistance) 121 1 11 1 Strongly disagree 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Strongly agree 11 Don't know To what extent do you believe that Panama received value for money from the World Bank Group’s Reimbursable Advisory Services (RAS)? 121 1 11 1 To no degree at all 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To a very significant degree 11 Don't know Social protection (i.e., pensions, targeted social assistance, including improving the coverage, effectiveness and targeting of beneficiaries for programs such as Red de Oportunidades, 120 a los 65, and Angel Guardian). 121 1 11 1 Not effective at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very effective 11 Don't know Agriculture and rural development 121 1 11 1 Not effective at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very effective 11 Don't know Gender equity (closing the gap between women and men, and boys and girls) 121 1 11 1 Not effective at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very effective 11 Don't know Development of indigenous population (including support for the implementation of the National Indigenous Peoples Development Plan by improving governance and access, quality and cultural pertinence of service delivery in health, education, and water and sanitation) 121 1 11 1 Not effective at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very effective 11 Don't know Public sector governance/reform (including the implementation of the treasury single account (TSA) and roll-out of an integrated system for financial management (ITSMO) which increased transparency in budget management; legal frameworks to facilitate public-private partnerships; and support governance in public infrastructure management) 121 1 11 1 Not effective at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very effective 11 Don't know Equality of opportunity (including productive inclusion through support for Plan Colmena) 121 1 11 1 Not effective at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very effective 11 Don't know Education 121 1 11 1 Not effective at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very effective 11 Don't know Health (including strengthening of the national public health system for pandemic preparedness) 121 1 11 1 Not effective at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very effective 11 Don't know Private sector development 121 1 11 1 Not effective at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very effective 11 Don't know Anti-corruption (including improving international tax transparency and Anti Money Laundering framework) 121 1 11 1 Not effective at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very effective 11 Don't know Energy (including increase energy efficiency through the implementation of a Green Building Code, increase reliability of supply and increase the share of renewable energy in the power generation matrix) 121 1 11 1 Not effective at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very effective 11 Don't know Job creation/employment 121 1 11 1 Not effective at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very effective 11 Don't know Information and communications technology 121 1 11 1 Not effective at all 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very effective 11 Don't know Disaster risk management (including addressing the national drought emergency) 121 1 11 1 Not effective at all 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very effective 11 Don't know Water and sanitation 121 1 11 1 Not effective at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very effective 11 Don't know Economic growth 121 1 11 1 Not effective at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very effective 11 Don't know Natural resource management (including promoting territorial development through climate smart activities in rural areas) 121 1 11 1 Not effective at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very effective 11 Don't know Urban development (i.e., San Miguelito) 121 1 11 1 Not effective at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very effective 11 Don't know Transport (i.e., roads, bridges, transportation) 121 1 11 1 Not effective at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very effective 11 Don't know Global pandemics (i.e., COVID-19 response) 121 1 11 1 Not effective at all 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very effective 11 Don't know Logistics, trade, and exports 121 1 11 1 Not effective at all 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very effective 11 Don't know To build stronger domestic resource mobilization systems in the Government (i.e., tax collection) 121 1 11 1 Not effectively at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very effectively 11 Don't know To develop better and stronger data collection/ analytics systems within the Government 121 1 11 1 Not effectively at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very effectively 11 Don't know How frequently do you consult World Bank Group’s knowledge work and activities in the work you do? 121 1 5 1 Weekly 2 Monthly 3 A few times a year 4 Rarely 5 Never Are timely 121 2 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To a very significant degree 11 Don't know Include appropriate level of stakeholder involvement during preparation 121 2 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To a very significant degree 11 Don't know Are source of relevant information on global good practices 121 2 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To a very significant degree 11 Don't know Are adequately disseminated 121 1 11 1 To no degree at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To a very significant degree 11 Don't know Are translated enough into local language 121 1 11 1 To no degree at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To a very significant degree 11 Don't know Are adaptable to Panama’s specific development challenges and country circumstances 121 2 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To a very significant degree 11 Don't know Overall, how significant a contribution do you believe the World Bank Group's knowledge work and activities make to development results in your country? 121 1 11 1 Not significant at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very significant 11 Don't know Overall, how would you rate the technical quality of the World Bank Group's knowledge work and activities? 121 1 11 1 Not significant at all 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very significant 11 Don't know Provide more adequate data/knowledge/statistics/figures on Panama’s economy 121 1 Increase the level of capacity development in the country 121 1 Be more sensitive toward political and social realities 121 1 Work faster 121 1 Increase the level of country specific expertise (i.e., improve the quality of its experts as related to Panama’s specific challenges) 121 1 More public disclosure of its work 121 1 Increase availability of Reimbursable Advisory Services (RAS) 121 1 Help to bring discipline/effective supervision to implementation of World Bank Group projects 121 1 Collaborate more effectively with Government clients (i.e., national, state, local) 121 1 Reduce the complexity of obtaining World Bank Group financing 121 1 Be less influenced by developed countries and their priorities 121 1 Incorporate more innovative technologies into its work and support 121 1 Ensure greater selectivity in its work 121 1 Other 121 Media 121 1 Nongovernmental Organizations /Community Based Organizations 121 1 Private sector 121 1 Beneficiaries 121 1 Local government 121 1 Academia/think tanks/research institutes 121 1 Donor community (bilaterals, multilaterals, trust funds, UN) 121 1 Other 121 Don’t know 121 1 Support the distribution of vaccines 121 1 Help to strengthen health systems 121 1 Support community and stakeholder engagement to address misinformation and stigma 121 1 Assess country’s readiness for vaccine distribution 121 1 Training health workers 121 1 Support the purchase of vaccines 121 1 Other 121 Local television 121 1 International television 121 1 International radio 121 1 Local newspapers 121 1 International newspapers 121 1 Periodicals 121 1 Social media (i.e., Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Telegram, TikTok) 121 1 Websites/apps of local TV 121 1 Websites/apps of international TV 121 1 Websites/apps of local newspapers/magazines 121 1 Websites/apps of international newspapers/ magazines 121 1 Blogs 121 1 Other 121 1 World Bank Group’s publications and other written materials 121 1 e-Newsletters 121 1 World Bank Group’s seminars/workshops/ conferences 121 1 World Bank Group’s blogs 121 1 World Bank Group’s social media 121 1 Direct contact with World Bank Group (i.e., face to face meetings/discussions) 121 1 World Bank Group’s website 121 1 Webinars or online events hosted by the World Bank Group 121 1 Interviews and press conferences for the Panama’s media 121 1 Which Internet connection do you use primarily when visiting a World Bank Group website? 121 1 2 1 High speed/WiFi 2 Dial-up What do you use primarily when visiting a World Bank Group website? 121 1 3 1 Mobile 2 Computer/laptop 3 I never visit the WBG websites Read, viewed or heard a story about the WBG in local media (newspaper, magazine, TV, radio) 121 1 4 1 Every few days 2 Every few weeks 3 Every few months 4 Not at all Read, viewed or heard a story about the WBG in global media (newspaper, magazine, TV, radio) 121 1 4 1 Every few days 2 Every few weeks 3 Every few months 4 Not at all Interacted with the WBG on Social Media (i.e., read a post or tweet, liked, commented, shared, retweeted) 121 1 4 1 Every few days 2 Every few weeks 3 Every few months 4 Not at all Visited a WBG website (i.e., read a blog, used data) 121 1 4 1 Every few days 2 Every few weeks 3 Every few months 4 Not at all Attended an event/conference hosted by the WBG 121 1 4 1 Every few days 2 Every few weeks 3 Every few months 4 Not at all Attended/participated in a webinar or online event hosted by the WBG 121 1 4 1 Every few days 2 Every few weeks 3 Every few months 4 Not at all Read some or all of a WBG research paper or publication 121 1 4 1 Every few days 2 Every few weeks 3 Every few months 4 Not at all Met professionally with WBG staff 121 1 4 1 Every few days 2 Every few weeks 3 Every few months 4 Not at all Read a WBG e-newsletter 121 1 4 1 Every few days 2 Every few weeks 3 Every few months 4 Not at all Please identify the primary specialization of your work. 121 1 24 1 Poverty 2 Macroeconomics 3 Governance 4 Education 5 Health 6 Social protection 7 Jobs 8 Energy 9 Environment 10 Climate change 11 Water 12 Gender 13 Agriculture 14 Urban development 15 Transport 17 Tourism 19 Demographics 20 Trade and competitiveness 21 Finance and markets 22 Communications 23 Generalist (specialized in multiple sectors) 24 Other What’s your gender? 121 1 2 1 Female 2 Male Within your organization, would you describe yourself as …. 121 1 4 1 Junior level 2 Mid-level staff 3 Mid-level decision-maker / manager 4 Senior level What’s your age? 121 2 5 2 26-35 3 36-45 4 46-55 5 56 and above Which best represents your geographic location? 121 1 4 1 Panama City 2 Provincial capital 3 3 4 Indigenous areas