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          Young Lives: An International Study of Childhood Poverty 2013-2014
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          Round 4
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          YLSCP 2013-2014
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          Boyden, J.
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          Woldehanna, T.
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        <producer affiliation="Centre for Economic and Social Studies (CESS) (India)">
          Galab, S.
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        <producer affiliation="Grupo de Analisis para el Desarollo (GRADE) (Peru)">
          Sanchez, A.
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        <producer affiliation="Instituto de Investigacion Nutricional (IIN) (Peru)">
          Penny, M.
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        <producer affiliation="Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences (CAF-VASS). Centre for Analysis and Forecast">
          Duc, L.T.
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          Solon,A.
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          <![CDATA[The Young Lives study, which began in 2002, is an innovative long-term project investigating the changing nature of childhood poverty in four developing countries. The purpose of the project is to improve understanding of the causes and consequences of childhood poverty and examine how policies affect children's well-being, in order to inform the development of future policy and to target child welfare interventions more effectively. The study is being conducted in Ethiopia, India (in the Andhra Pradesh state), Peru and Vietnam. It is sponsored by the Department for International Development and conducted by the Young Lives team based at the University of Oxford.

The Young Lives study aims to track the lives of 12,000 children over a 15-year period, surveyed once every 3-4 years. 

Round 1 of Young Lives surveyed two groups of children in each country, at 1 year old and 5 years old. 
Round 2 returned to the same children who were then aged 5 and 12 years old. 
Round 3 surveyed the same children again at aged 7-8 years and 14-15 years, and 
Round 4 surveyed them at 12 and 19 years old. Thus the younger children are being tracked from infancy to their mid-teens and the older children through into adulthood, when some will become parents themselves.]]>
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          LANGUAGES USED AT HOME
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/8abd38b8-2074-4cd1-bde2-30435fd7931d">
          LAVATORIES
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/1b3e0ec4-fd55-4eb2-94d1-02ced149dd59">
          LEARNING
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/68af9a08-36d4-4d62-b285-8447f12095e7">
          LIFE EVENTS
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/e8af6409-91b2-4879-9552-9de1ef8e4216">
          LIFE SATISFACTION
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/ee068be8-fd95-4e3d-9f6b-2ae87820f138">
          LITERACY
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/b670daa9-58d1-4607-8364-84fea3187055">
          LIVESTOCK
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/d5c287d9-6f2a-4c10-83ce-32bdc9314d66">
          LIVING CONDITIONS
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/fb088d60-ed94-4d62-a0c5-6dccfcee533a">
          MARITAL STATUS
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/ba2b9f0b-5bff-42ad-8634-8c7de8b74f04">
          MARRIAGE DISSOLUTION
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/a784c812-eea5-467f-9798-065482c624cb">
          MEALS
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/44f11d30-064c-4726-8938-7ab06373d075">
          MEDICAL CARE
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/993300cf-7b7a-4c03-8a32-456f28ab35b5">
          MEMBERSHIP
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/830dacc0-deeb-491f-9dc7-55d08a5d8db3">
          MOBILE PHONES
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/20fef6d0-7384-4109-8720-2aad6ef36894">
          MORTGAGES
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/7b2aa545-70d1-4412-ba9b-0aada32be9c8">
          MOTHER TONGUE
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/f1b82fd9-b116-415e-9db5-4d8577f9d97b">
          MOTHERS
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/16f9a87c-c4fb-4abc-a6ff-de91d70f6e41">
          MOTOR VEHICLES
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/62f7a4ff-19c1-444c-819e-80420bf5adab">
          NUMERACY
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/163cb764-1c71-4c29-b271-98eca06c66ed">
          ORGANIZATIONS
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/bba21f4f-051f-4cb5-927d-7c3a18c2c562">
          PARENTS
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/4f252e6d-5699-4879-a937-ad500877bba8">
          PAYMENTS
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/858dee32-7a39-4262-b0fe-19b9246dbc31">
          PERSONAL FINANCE MANAGEMENT
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/f4f01968-e076-4e1c-9b80-2b6ef6de62a9">
          PERU
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/92f3e4e9-b848-436e-a3af-71f492977594">
          POPULATION MIGRATION
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/4d35d32e-682e-45b3-b6c5-5f61b35cdc61">
          POVERTY
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/ea7b3394-7280-404b-ad8d-23c016966126">
          PREGNANCY
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/95d5ec05-0d7e-4f36-8dbb-4cf5880cfa94">
          PREMATURE BIRTHS
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/ca05b740-9b77-4413-9bd5-80e3d67fae76">
          PRE-PRIMARY EDUCATION
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/bf365689-976f-412d-ab57-f96f3ff4139a">
          PRIVATE VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/48fd7fb4-8f04-4316-9dee-7ed5b9bbba77">
          PUBLIC WORKS
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/b7afed04-7704-4c23-8d89-0537d4b94021">
          PURCHASING
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/31c5b31a-d758-48ed-843f-9d15109990a9">
          QUALITY OF LIFE
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/d278d586-b616-4dd6-ad4b-c5f31115dbb7">
          RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/e68dbcd3-71e4-4031-b0bf-9b072d360913">
          RESPONSIBILITY
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/82081533-f37a-4787-b555-576058cf4aee">
          ROOMS
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/c0b5aa0d-56a0-4e4b-a852-08ac5a2d8776">
          RURAL AREAS
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/f99a529b-8af6-417c-897c-fe13fe879386">
          SATISFACTION
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/c0716d98-54f5-4df7-9b14-19274b572cb2">
          SCHOOL PUNISHMENTS
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/60631aec-c9bf-4636-be3a-4df9d844a3a6">
          SCHOOLCHILDREN
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/8f25fd05-687c-47ac-bdb6-4f990e410b08">
          SCHOOLS
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/addcccbf-359a-41ee-8d5f-e279a2e9b418">
          SELLING
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/6f487408-5e4e-4e7a-abe2-265e08395c9c">
          SEXUAL AWARENESS
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/95a87078-8ae9-4900-9400-d7035203fd53">
          SIBLINGS
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/6c44e7e6-db48-4d89-8e5a-fa4acbbc9b12">
          SINGLE-SEX SCHOOLS
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/20950b59-e1a0-4c48-93de-7a33c6c6a23c">
          SLEEP
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/50fa5de9-ca36-445a-926a-a3ef52ddfd93">
          SOCIAL CAPITAL
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/76d15725-f190-4496-807f-f1869af1911c">
          SOCIAL CLASS
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/d965667a-6644-4475-8293-c3ea8b5ec190">
          SOCIAL NETWORKS
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/8c3e7472-73a3-4d63-8d6b-9233b3c902d8">
          SOCIAL SECURITY BENEFITS
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/ab2116b3-f3f5-4c6d-8a01-7dfd46d9266d">
          SOCIAL SKILLS
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/cda5fa3b-3db9-44cd-916c-6ad1b0ed3147">
          SOCIAL SUPPORT
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/97cd2bd6-b5ad-4d0c-b8f5-4ca115d46bcb">
          SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/da68ce1b-acae-497b-a546-77da3769b001">
          SPOUSES
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/4ae5df66-63f0-405c-b573-1e3f263023c8">
          STANDARD OF LIVING
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/1c386ad1-ed3d-4fe9-b0ce-501800dd23fd">
          STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS (BUILDINGS)
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/e820a147-c124-4a81-8ba6-53ba04f6cfe7">
          STUDENT ATTITUDE
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/ad3e108b-78b2-4548-9d3c-adeb52996d68">
          STUDENT BEHAVIOUR
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/94617680-69a7-4750-b57f-f84bc9f028b5">
          STUDENT TRANSPORTATION
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/7d1f7e77-e532-4245-824b-8665543e2aba">
          TELEPHONES
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/cfa1edb2-9d59-4a15-9c30-caa143b5b92c">
          TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/05f8d44f-ebf5-4b66-9d42-4c715261d21f">
          THEFT
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/d1135c49-c2fd-4577-bc33-4345adeb1811">
          TIME BUDGETS
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/42f4b6e1-a526-4ca0-ad9f-073d7621f9fa">
          TRADE UNION MEMBERSHIP
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/673d6774-c9d6-447e-89f9-73b40e1a8add">
          TRANSPORT FARES
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/f6b4bb32-0ff6-4dd1-af86-fa6a54acc116">
          TRAVELLING TIME
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/919290c9-01be-4610-9401-99f730bd7bcc">
          TRUANCY
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/a9666934-ff43-4ed0-a919-89e641b80361">
          TRUST
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/1b529241-9a27-4731-ac78-2fbac091f969">
          TUTORING
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/6d26368f-860b-4020-a867-a7a65e5c4720">
          UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/bd9154ff-df07-4704-b4df-6c2a07fbff25">
          URBAN AREAS
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/3eb60a50-4a1d-4059-8208-6f3b09075100">
          VIET NAM
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/117ab952-6e3d-4228-a4ec-753ea003b8fb">
          VOTING BEHAVIOUR
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/301b86e9-05a5-4a56-8b51-73e7c614485a">
          WATER POLLUTION
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/d933e950-1634-494b-8b64-65cdbea493c8">
          WATER SERVICES (BUILDINGS)
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/f1e0469b-4f5e-476f-a7e9-de267bfcde08">
          WEIGHT (PHYSIOLOGY)
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/4800ea16-81c6-46ab-ad67-ef8e7071421e">
          WOMEN
        </keyword>
        <keyword vocabURI="http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/6600dd35-ac34-41ec-88a6-2a8e2aa830bb">
          YOUTH
        </keyword>
        <topcClas>
          General - Education
        </topcClas>
        <topcClas>
          General - Employment and labour
        </topcClas>
        <topcClas>
          Youth - Social stratification and groupings
        </topcClas>
        <topcClas>
          General - Health
        </topcClas>
        <topcClas>
          Housing
        </topcClas>
        <topcClas>
          Agriculture, forestry and rural industry - Industry and management
        </topcClas>
        <topcClas>
          Time use - Society and culture
        </topcClas>
        <topcClas>
          Family life and marriage - Social stratification and groupings
        </topcClas>
        <topcClas>
          Use and provision of specific social services - Social welfare policy and systems
        </topcClas>
      </subject>
      <abstract>
        <![CDATA[The Young Lives survey is an innovative long-term project investigating the changing nature of childhood poverty in four developing countries. The purpose of the project is to improve understanding of the causes and consequences of childhood poverty and examine how policies affect children's well-being, in order to inform the development of future policy and to target child welfare interventions more effectively. The study is being conducted in Ethiopia, India (in Andhra Pradesh), Peru and Vietnam. These countries were selected because they reflect a range of cultural, geographical and social contexts and experience differing issues facing the developing world; high debt burden, emergence from conflict, and vulnerability to environmental conditions such as drought and flood. 

The survey consists of three main elements: a child questionnaire, a household questionnaire and a community questionnaire. The household data gathered is similar to other cross-sectional datasets (such as the World Bank's Living Standards Measurement Study). It covers a range of topics such as household composition, livelihood and assets, household expenditure, child health and access to basic services, and education. This is supplemented with additional questions that cover caregiver perceptions, attitudes, and aspirations for their child and the family. Young Lives also collects detailed time-use data for all family members, information about the child's weight and height (and that of caregivers), and tests the children for school outcomes (language comprehension and mathematics). An important element of the survey asks the children about their daily activities, their experiences and attitudes to work and school, their likes and dislikes, how they feel they are treated by other people, and their hopes and aspirations for the future. The community questionnaire provides background information about the social, economic and environmental context of each community. It covers topics such as ethnicity, religion, economic activity and employment, infrastructure and services, political representation and community networks, crime and environmental changes. The Young Lives survey is carried out by teams of local researchers, supported by the Principal Investigator and Data Manager in each country.

Further information about the survey, including publications, can be downloaded from the <a href="http://www.younglives.org.uk/" title="Young Lives">Young Lives</a> website.]]>
      </abstract>
      <sumDscr>
        <collDate date="2013-06-01" event="start"/>
        <collDate date="2014-03-01" event="end"/>
        <nation abbr="WLD">
          World
        </nation>
        <geogCover>
          <![CDATA[Ethiopia - National Coverage
India - Andhra Pradesh only
Peru - National Coverage
Vietnam - National Coverage]]>
        </geogCover>
        <geogUnit>
          Community and Mini-Community level.
        </geogUnit>
        <anlyUnit>
          <![CDATA[Individuals 
Families/households 
Data are also gathered at Community and Mini-Community level.]]>
        </anlyUnit>
        <universe>
          <![CDATA[Cross-national; Subnational
Children aged 12 years old, children aged 19 years old, and the households of both sets, in Ethiopia, India (Andhra Pradesh), Peru and Vietnam. These children were originally interviewed in Rounds 1-3 of the study.]]>
        </universe>
        <dataKind>
          Sample survey data [ssd]
        </dataKind>
      </sumDscr>
      <notes>
        <![CDATA[The scope of the Young Lives Survey includes the following:

- Older Cohort Household: Parental background; Household and child education; Livelihoods and asset framework; Household food and non-food consumption and expenditure; Social capital; Economic changes and recent life history; Socio-economic status.
- Older Cohort Child: Parents and Caregiver update; Mobility; Subjective well-being; Education; Employment, earnings, and time-use; Feelings and attitudes; Household decision-making; Marital and living arrangements; Fertility; Anthropometry; Health and nutrition.
- Older Cohort Cognitive Tests: Mathematics test; Reading comprehension test.
- Older Cohort Individual: Relationship with parents, Smoking, Violence, Alcohol, Sexual behaviour 
- Younger Cohort Household: Parental background; Household and child education; Livelihoods and asset framework; Household food and non-food consumption and expenditure; Social capital; Economic changes and recent life history; Socio-economic status, Health; Anthropometry (for the study child and a sibling); Caregiver perceptions and attitudes.
- Younger Cohort Child: Schooling; Time-use; Health; Social networks; Feelings and attitudes.
- Younger Cohort Cognitive Tests:  Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (administered to the study child and a sibling); Mathematics test; Reading comprehension test. In Ethiopia and Peru only: a computerised cognitive skill (Executive Functioning) test administered on touch-screen tablet computers for the study child and a younger sibling. In Ethiopia only an additional English and Amharic reading test.
- Community: General characteristics of the locality; Social environment; Access to services; Economy; Local prices; Social protection; Educational services; Health services; Migration.]]>
      </notes>
    </stdyInfo>
    <method>
      <dataColl>
        <timeMeth>
          <![CDATA[Longitudinal/panel/cohort

It is intended that data will be collected once every three or four years.]]>
        </timeMeth>
        <dataCollector abbr="IIN" affiliation="Peru">
          Instituto de Investigacion Nutricional
        </dataCollector>
        <dataCollector abbr="GSO" affiliation="Vietnam">
          General Statistics Office of Viet Nam
        </dataCollector>
        <dataCollector abbr="CESS" affiliation="India">
          Centre for Economic and Social Studies
        </dataCollector>
        <dataCollector abbr="EDRI" affiliation="Ethiopia">
          Ethiopian Development Research Institute
        </dataCollector>
        <sampProc>
          <![CDATA[Number of units: Ethiopia: 1,875 (12-year-olds), 908 (19-year-olds); India: 1,915 (12-year-olds), 952 (19-year-olds); Peru: 1,902 (12-year-olds), 635 (19-year-olds); Vietnam: 1,932 (12-year-olds), 887 (19-year-olds)
More detailed information on survey design and sampling is available at http://www.younglives.org.uk/content/our-research-methods]]>
        </sampProc>
        <collMode>
          Face-to-face interview; Self-completion
        </collMode>
        <resInstru>
          <![CDATA[The Older Cohort Household Questionnaire (age 19) includes sections on: 
- Parental background; Household and child education
- Livelihoods and asset framework 
- Household food and non-food consumption and expenditure 
- Social capital; Economic changes and recent life history 
- Socio-economic status

The Older Cohort Child Questionnaire (age 19) includes sections on: 
- Parents and Caregiver update; Mobility 
- Subjective well-being 
- Education 
- Employment, earnings, and time-use
- Feelings and attitudes 
- Household decision-making 
- Marital and living arrangements 
- Fertility; Anthropometry 
- Health and nutrition

The Older Cohort Cognitive Tests (age 19) includes 
- Mathematics test 
- Reading comprehension test

The Older Cohort Self-Administered Questionnaire (age 19) includes sections on:
- Relationship with parents 
- Smoking, Violence, Alcohol, Sexual behaviour (administered in Peru only)

The Younger Cohort Household Questionnaire (age 12) includes sections on:  
- Parental background 
- Household and child education
- Livelihoods and asset framework
- Household food and non-food consumption and expenditure
- Social capital
- Economic changes and recent life history
- Socio-economic status
- Health
- Anthropometry (for the study child and a sibling)
- Caregiver perceptions and attitudes

The Younger Cohort Child Questionnaire (age 12) includes sections on: 
- Schooling
- Time-us
- Health
- Social networks
- Feelings and attitudes

The Younger Cohort Cognitive Tests (age 12) include: 
-  Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (administered to the study child and a sibling)
-  Mathematics test
-  Reading comprehension test. In Ethiopia and Peru only: a computerised cognitive skill (Executive Functioning) test administered on touch-screen tablet computers for the study child and a younger sibling. In Ethiopia only an additional English and Amharic reading test.

The Community Questionnaire (administered in the main communities where Young Lives children live) includes sections on: 
- General characteristics of the locality
- Social environment
- Access to services; Economy
- Local prices
- Social protection
- Educational services
- Health services; Migration

The Mini-community questionnaire (administered in communities into which one or study children moved) includes sections on: 
- General characteristics of the locality
- Social environment
- Access to Services
- Economy
- Local prices]]>
        </resInstru>
        <sources/>
        <weight>
          No weighting used.
        </weight>
      </dataColl>
      <notes>
        <![CDATA[Data Archive Processing Standards

The data were processed to the UK Data Archive's B standard. A substantial series of checks was carried out to ensure the quality of the data and documentation. Firstly, checks were made that the number of cases and variables matched the depositor's records. Secondly, logical checks were performed on a sample of the remaining nominal (categorical) variables to ensure they had values within the range defined (either by value labels or in the depositor's documentation). Thirdly, any data or documentation that breached confidentiality rules were altered or suppressed to preserve anonymity.

Data conversion information

From January 2003 onwards, almost all data conversions have been performed using software developed by the UK Data Archive. This enables standardisation of the conversion methods and ensures optimal data quality. In addition to its own data processing/conversion code, this software uses the SPSS and StatTransfer command processors to perform certain format translations. Although data conversion is automated, all data files are also subject to visual inspection by a member of the Archivist's Data Services team.

With some format conversions, data, and more especially internal metadata (i.e. variable labels, value labels, missing value definitions, data type information), will inevitably be lost or truncated owing to the differential limits of the proprietary formats. A UK Data Archive Data Dictionary file (generally in Rich Text Format (RTF)) is usually provided for each data file, enabling viewing and searching of the internal metadata as it existed in the originating format. These files are called: [data file name]_UKDA_Data_Dictionary.rtf]]>
      </notes>
    </method>
    <dataAccs>
      <setAvail>
        <accsPlac URI="https://discover.ukdataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/?sn=7931&amp;type=Data%20catalogue">
          UK Data Service
        </accsPlac>
        <origArch>
          <![CDATA[UK Data Archive

Cost: None]]>
        </origArch>
      </setAvail>
      <useStmt>
        <specPerm required="yes">
          Safeguarded
        </specPerm>
        <restrctn>
          The depositor has specified that registration is required and standard conditions of use apply. The depositor may be informed about usage. See &lt;a href=http://ukdataservice.ac.uk/get-data/how-to-access/conditions.aspx&gt;terms and conditions of access&lt;/a&gt; for further information.
        </restrctn>
        <contact URI="https://www.ukdataservice.ac.uk/get-data/how-to-access">
          UK Data Service
        </contact>
        <citReq>
          <![CDATA[All works which use or refer to these materials should acknowledge these sources by means of data citation. To ensure that such source attributions are captured for citation indexes, citations must appear in footnotes or in the reference section of publications. The citation for this data collection is:
Boyden, J., Woldehanna, T., Galab, S., Sanchez, A., Penny, M., Duc, L.T. (2016). Young Lives: an International Study of Childhood Poverty: Round 4, 2013-2014. [data collection]. UK Data Service. SN: 7931, http://dx.doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-7931-1.]]>
        </citReq>
        <deposReq>
          <![CDATA[Acknowledgement: The depositor has supplied the following text for users as an example of the acknowledgement that should be used in publications resulting from use of the Young Lives study:  "The data used in this publication come from Young Lives, a 15-year survey investigating the changing nature of childhood poverty in Ethiopia, India (Andhra Pradesh), Peru and Vietnam, based at the University of Oxford. Young Lives is core funded by the UK Department for International Development. The views expressed here are those of the author(s). They are not necessarily those of the Young Lives project, the University of Oxford, DFID or other funders."]]>
        </deposReq>
        <conditions>
          <![CDATA[Licensed Datasets: The depositor has specified that registration is required and standard conditions of use apply. The depositor may be informed about usage. See https://www.ukdataservice.ac.uk/get-data/how-to-access/conditions or further information.

Acknowledgement: The depositor has supplied the following text for users as an example of the acknowledgement that should be used in publications resulting from use of the Young Lives study:  "The data used in this publication come from Young Lives, a 15-year survey investigating the changing nature of childhood poverty in Ethiopia, India (Andhra Pradesh), Peru and Vietnam, based at the University of Oxford. Young Lives is core funded by the UK Department for International Development. The views expressed here are those of the author(s). They are not necessarily those of the Young Lives project, the University of Oxford, DFID or other funders."]]>
        </conditions>
        <disclaimer>
          <![CDATA[Although all efforts are made to ensure the quality of the materials, neither the original data creators, depositors or copyright holders, the funders of the data collections, nor the UK Data Archive, nor the UK Data Service bear any responsibility for the accuracy or comprehensiveness of these materials.
File last updated: 6 April 2016]]>
        </disclaimer>
      </useStmt>
    </dataAccs>
    <othrStdyMat>
      <relStdy>
        5307 Young Lives: an International Study of Childhood Poverty: Round 1, 2002 Safeguarded key
      </relStdy>
      <relStdy>
        6852 Young Lives: an International Study of Childhood Poverty: Round 2, 2006 Safeguarded key
      </relStdy>
      <relStdy>
        6853 Young Lives: an International Study of Childhood Poverty: Round 3, 2009 Safeguarded key
      </relStdy>
      <relStdy>
        7478 Young Lives: School Survey, India, 2010-2011 Safeguarded key
      </relStdy>
      <relStdy>
        7479 Young Lives: School Survey, Peru, 2011 Safeguarded key
      </relStdy>
      <relStdy>
        7483 Young Lives: an International Study of Childhood Poverty: Rounds 1-3 Constructed Files, 2002-2009 Safeguarded key
      </relStdy>
      <relStdy>
        7663 Young Lives: School Survey, Vietnam, 2011-2012 Safeguarded key
      </relStdy>
      <relStdy>
        7823 Young Lives: School Survey, Ethiopia, 2012-2013 Safeguarded key
      </relStdy>
      <relStdy>
        6563 Young Lives: Rounds 1 and 2, 2002-2006: Ethiopia: Teaching Dataset Safeguarded key
      </relStdy>
      <relPubl>
        Publications and working papers associated with the project can be viewed online and downloaded from the &lt;a href="http://www.younglives.org.uk/publications" title="Young Lives Publications"&gt;Young Lives Publications&lt;/a&gt; webpages.&lt;br&gt;
      </relPubl>
      <relPubl>
        Crookston, B.T. et al., (2010) 'Impact of early and concurrent stunting on cognition', &lt;i&gt;Maternal and Child Nutrition&lt;/i&gt;, no. doi: 10.1111/j.1740-8709.2010.00255.x . Retrieved October 1, 2010 from &lt;a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1740-8709.2010.00255.x/full" title="Impact of early and concurrent stunting on cognition"&gt;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1740-8709.2010.00255.x/full&lt;/a&gt; (may require subscription to view).&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; Crookston, B.T. et al., (2010) 'Children who recover from early stunting and&lt;br&gt; children who are not stunted demonstrate similar levels of cognition', &lt;i&gt;Journal of Nutrition&lt;/i&gt;, September. doi: 10.3945/jn.109.118927.&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; Tesfay, N. and Malmberg, L.E (2014) 'Horizontal inequalities in children's educational outcomes in Ethiopia', &lt;I&gt;International Journal of Educational Development&lt;/I&gt;, November, pp.110-120.&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; Vellakkal, S., Fledderjohann, J., Basu, S., Agrawal, S., Ebrahim, S., Campbell, O., Doyle, P. and Stuckler, D. (2015) 'Food price spikes are associated with increased malnutrition among children in Andhra Pradesh, India', &lt;I&gt;Journal of Nutrition&lt;/I&gt;. doi: 10.3945/jn.115.211250&lt;br&gt;
      </relPubl>
      <othRefs>
        Language Of Study Description: English
      </othRefs>
      <othRefs>
        Language Of Study Description: English
      </othRefs>
      <othRefs>
        Language Of Study Documentation: English. Some consent forms and fieldwork instructions documents are also provided in the languages of the countries concerned.
      </othRefs>
      <othRefs>
        Language Of Study Documentation: English
      </othRefs>
    </othrStdyMat>
  </stdyDscr>
  <dataDscr/>
</codeBook>
