KEN_2009_RKT_v01_M DDI_KEN_2009_RKT_v01_M_WB Development Economics Data Group 2016-08-23 Nesstar Publisher Version 01 (August 2016) Does Africa Need a Rotten Kin Theorem? Experimental Evidence From Village Economies 2009 RKT 2009 KEN_2009_RKT_v01_M Pamela Jakiela Owen Ozier

Felipe Dizon

IPA-Kenya

Nesstar Publisher Weidenbaum Center Center for Research in Economics and Strategy (Washington University - St Louis) Owen Ozier Development Research Group Other Household Survey The survey data accompanies the paper, "Does Africa Need a Rotten Kin Theorem? Experimental Evidence From Village Economies," published in the Review of Economic Studies, (2016) 83 (1): 231-268. The paper measures the economic impacts of social pressures to share income with relatives and neighbors in rural African villages within a controlled laboratory environment. The researchers conduct a lab experiment in which they randomly vary the observability of positive income shocks resulting from risky investments. In some treatments, they allow participants to pay a price to avoid announcing anything about their income in the game. They vary the price offered to participants, and find that 28 percent of participants choose to pay to avoid the announcement, at a price that is on average 16 percent of their gross earnings in the game. Further, the researchers find that 10 percent of women forced to announce a portion of their income shock adopt an investment strategy that conceals the size of their initial endowment in the experiment, though that strategy reduces their expected earnings. Both findings are suggestive of the economic drag that social pressures may create on investment in SubSaharan Africa. Kenya Experiments were conducted in 26 rural, predominantly agricultural communities in western Kenya. Village Sample survey data [ssd] Before beginning subject recruitment, research assistants met with community leaders - head teachers and local headmen - in selected villages to introduce the project. Villages were selected to be at least five kilometers apart from one another, to prevent overlap in subject populations. One day prior to each experimental session, the survey team conducted a door-to-door recruitment campaign, visiting as many households within the village as possible. All households within each village were invited to send members to participate in the experimental economic game session the following day. Face-to-face [f2f] 80.1 percent of individuals surveyed prior to the sessions chose to participate. jakiela_ozier_data.NSDstat 2516 120 Nesstar 200801 Invested exactly 80 Kenyan shillings 2516 0 0 1 0 2240 1 276 Invested 80 Kenyan shillings or less 2145 371 0 1 0 576 1 1569 Sysmiss 371 Age 2492 24 16 90 agecat==Age missing 2516 0 0 1 0 2492 1 24 agecat==Age 20 and under 2516 0 0 1 0 2287 1 229 agecat==Age 26-30 2516 0 0 1 0 2168 1 348 agecat==Age 31-35 2516 0 0 1 0 2184 1 332 agecat==Age 36-40 2516 0 0 1 0 2244 1 272 agecat==Age 41-50 2516 0 0 1 0 2112 1 404 agecat==Age 51-60 2516 0 0 1 0 2249 1 267 agecat==Age 61 and over 2516 0 0 1 0 2341 1 175 Any close relatives attended the experiment 2516 0 0 1 Experimental Variable: 1 if participant's close relatives attended the experiment; else 0 0 2062 1 454 Any HH member employed How many members of your household are currently employed, working for pay? 2516 0 0 1 1 if any HH member is employed, else 0 0 1925 1 591 Value of durable HH assets (in US dollars) How many of the following items does your household own? (99 = DK) 2516 0 0 22695.652 Sum of all household assets including farm animals (cattle, pig, goat etc), furniture (tables, chairs, bed etc), other HH assets (TV, radio etc). Attended game 2516 0 0 1 Experimental Variable: 1 if the participant attended the game; else 0 0 370 1 2146 Average number of close kin in village 2516 0 9.917 10.418 Average assets owned per household in the village. Assets considered include farm animals (cattle, pig, goat etc), furniture (tables, chairs, bed etc), other HH assets (TV, radio etc) Average number of close kin in village 2516 0 1.486 3.163 Average number of close kin in village Average number of community groups in village 2516 0 1.969 3.82 Average number of community groups in village Average level of education in village How far did you go in school? 2516 0 5.41 8.165 Average level of education in village Proportion of HHs using fertilizer in village In the last 12 months, did you use any fertilizer? 2516 0 0 0.788 Proportion of HHs using fertilizer in village Average level of skilled/regular employment in village 2516 0 0 0.115 Average level of skilled/regular employed people in the village Average level of wages in village What was the amount of your cash salary in the last 30 days? 2516 0 0.505 8.041 Average level of wages in village Large budget 2145 371 0 1 Experimental variable: 1 if the initial endowment was large (180 shillings); 0 if the endowment was 80 shillings 0 1084 1 1061 Sysmiss 371 Heads X large budget 2141 375 0 1 Heads X large budget 0 1569 1 572 Sysmiss 375 Price X large budget 690 1826 0 60 Price X large budget Endowment size 2145 371 80 180 Experimental Variable: The endowment allocated to the participant before the experiment (80 shillings or 180 shillings) Paid to avoid the public announcement 690 1826 0 1 0 500 1 190 Sysmiss 1826 Christian What church/religion do you belong to? 2516 0 0 1 1 if the participant is a christian, else 0 0 56 1 2460 Close relatives in village (outside of HH) Do you have any aunts or uncles who live in this village, but not in your household? 2516 0 0 19 0 637 1 584 2 495 3 218 4 151 5 125 6 119 7 70 8 39 9 28 10 22 11 6 12 13 13 3 14 1 15 1 16 1 18 1 19 2 No. of close kin in village (trimmed) Do you have any aunts or uncles who live in this village, but not in your household? 2516 0 0 11 0 637 1 584 2 495 3 218 4 151 5 125 6 119 7 70 8 39 9 28 10 22 11 28 (trimmed at 11) Community groups Are you a member of any groups? Options included women's, youth, sports group, political party, water group, bible group and others 2516 0 0 10 0 307 1 443 2 501 3 468 4 375 5 213 6 128 7 56 8 21 9 3 10 1 Completed primary school How far did you go in school? 2516 0 0 1 1 if the participant completed primary school, else 0 0 1483 1 1033 Completed secondary school How far did you go in school? 2516 0 0 1 1 if the participant completed secondary school, else 0 0 2218 1 298 Distance to paved road 2516 0 0.019 19.361 Distance to the paved road at the village level Distant relatives in village How many cousins do you have living in this village? 2516 0 0 203 No. of distant kin in village (trimmed) 2516 0 0 75 Number of distance kin in village (trimmed at 14) edcat==No formal schooling How far did you go in school? 2516 0 0 1 1 if the participant has no formal schooling, else 0 0 2261 1 255 edcat==Incomplete primary (up to grade 1-4) How far did you go in school? 2516 0 0 1 1 if the participant hasn't completed primary school (grade 1-4), else 0 0 2193 1 323 edcat==Completed primary (only) How far did you go in school? 2516 0 0 1 1 if the participant has only completed primary school and left, else 0 0 2010 1 506 edcat==Incomplete secondary How far did you go in school? 2516 0 0 1 1 if the participant started secondary school but didn't finish it, else 0 0 2287 1 229 edcat==Completed secondary How far did you go in school? 2516 0 0 1 1 if the participant completed secondary school, else 0 0 2218 1 298 Has regular employment Are you currently employed, working for pay? 2516 0 0 1 0 2310 1 206 Ever married Are you married? 2516 0 0 1 1 if the participant is a widow/widower, separated or currently married, else 0 0 275 1 2241 Price of exit 690 1826 10 60 Experimental Variable : The randomized money subject (in the price treatment group) is required to pay to avoid public announcement of investment returns HH farms Does your household perform any other agricultural or pastoralist activities for yourselves? 2516 0 0 1 0 39 1 2477 Female Gender (1 = Male, 2 = Female) 2516 0 0 1 0 946 1 1570 HH uses fertilizer on crops In the last 12 months, did you use any fertilizer? (1=Yes 0=No) 2477 39 0 1 0 1349 1 1128 Sysmiss 39 Female X age 2492 24 0 81 Female X close kin attended game 2516 0 0 1 0 2348 1 168 Female X any HH member employed 2516 0 0 1 0 2139 1 377 Female X large budget 2145 371 0 1 0 1501 1 644 Sysmiss 371 Female X heads X large budget 2141 375 0 1 0 1799 1 342 Sysmiss 375 Female X price X large budget 690 1826 0 60 Female X no. of close kin in village (trimmed) 2516 0 0 11 0 1468 1 461 2 337 3 91 4 46 5 37 6 36 7 10 8 16 9 4 10 6 11 4 Female X community groups 2516 0 0 9 0 1158 1 274 2 333 3 289 4 231 5 126 6 65 7 29 8 9 9 2 Female X completed primary school 2516 0 0 1 0 2004 1 512 Female X completed secondary school 2516 0 0 1 0 2402 1 114 Female X distance to road 2516 0 0 19.361 Female X no. of distant kin in village (trimmed) 2516 0 0 75 Female X price of exit 690 1826 0 60 Female X heads 2141 375 0 1 0 1458 1 683 Sysmiss 375 Female X HH gave gift or loan in last 3 mos. 2516 0 0 1 0 1892 1 624 Female X HH gave gift or loan in last 3 mos. 2516 0 0 1 0 1165 1 1351 Female X household size (trimmed) 2516 0 0 14 0 946 1 21 2 83 3 155 4 222 5 279 6 248 7 204 8 140 9 79 10 62 11 35 12 18 13 10 14 14 Female X natural log of HH assets 2515 1 0 13.188 Female X married 2516 0 0 1 0 1309 1 1207 Female X ethnic minority 2515 1 0 1 0 2165 1 350 Sysmiss 1 Female X public treatments 2145 371 0 1 0 1290 1 855 Sysmiss 371 Female X has bank account 2512 4 0 1 0 2342 1 170 Sysmiss 4 Female X participates in ROSCA 2512 4 0 1 0 1589 1 923 Sysmiss 4 Female X self-employed 2516 0 0 1 0 1960 1 556 Gross payout 2145 371 0 900 Experimental Variable : Type of treatment 2145 371 1 6 1 Private small endowment treatment 369 2 Public small endowment treatment 370 3 Price small endowment treatment 345 4 Private large endowment treatment 358 5 Public large endowment treatment 358 6 Price large endowment treatment 345 Sysmiss 371 Private small endowment treatment 2145 371 0 1 0 1776 1 369 Sysmiss 371 Public small endowment treatment 2145 371 0 1 0 1775 1 370 Sysmiss 371 Price small endowment treatment 2145 371 0 1 0 1800 1 345 Sysmiss 371 Private large endowment treatment 2145 371 0 1 0 1787 1 358 Sysmiss 371 Public large endowment treatment 2145 371 0 1 0 1787 1 358 Sysmiss 371 Price large endowment treatment 2145 371 0 1 0 1800 1 345 Sysmiss 371 Coin flip lands heads 2141 375 0 1 0 1016 1 1125 Sysmiss 375 HH member attended experiment 1801 715 0 1 0 353 1 1448 Sysmiss 715 No. bicycles owned by HH How many of the following items does your household own? Bicycle 2516 0 0 6 0 855 1 1321 2 273 3 50 4 12 5 4 6 1 No. cattle owned by HH How many of the following items does your household own? Cattle 2515 1 0 36 No. chicken owned by HH How many of the following items does your household own? Chicken 2516 0 0 40 No. phones owned by HH How many of the following items does your household own? Phone 2516 0 0 6 0 1117 1 1053 2 272 3 47 4 21 5 5 6 1 HH received transfer in last 3 months Did anyone in this household receive a gift/assistance of money or goods from someone outside the household in the last three months? 2516 0 0 1 0 1507 1 1009 HH gave transfer in last 3 months In the last three months, how many times have you contributed to a harambee, paid for a child outside your own household, contributed to burial of someone outside the household or for wedding of someone outside the household or contributed to hospital expenses of someone outside the household? 2516 0 0 1 1 if the HH transferred money to others, else 0 0 298 1 2218 HH size Now I would like to know all of the people who normally live and eat their meals together in your home, “from the same pot.” 2516 0 1 26 Household (HH) size (trimmed) Now I would like to know all of the people who normally live and eat their meals together in your home, “from the same pot.” 2516 0 1 14 Total number of members in the household (trimmed at 14) 1 41 2 124 3 239 4 340 5 413 6 386 7 315 8 244 9 152 10 102 11 63 12 38 13 21 14 38 No. televisions owned by HH 2516 0 0 3 0 2178 1 301 2 35 3 2 Income hiding (investing exactly 80) 2516 0 -0.5 0.4 Experimental Variable: Income hiding (investing exactly 80) Income hiding (investing no more than 80 shillings) 2516 0 -0.857 0.6 Experimental Variable: Income hiding (investing no more than 80) Survey conducted in respondent's home 2516 0 0 1 0 717 1 1799 Fraction of budget invested in business cup 2145 371 0 1 Experimental Variable: Fraction of budget invested in business cup Amount invested in business cup 2145 371 0 180 Experimental Variable: Amount invested in business cup Natural log of HH assets 2515 1 6.908 14.359 Natural Log of total household assets including farm animals (cattle, pig, goat etc), furniture (tables, chairs, bed etc), other HH assets (TV, radio etc) Natural Log of total household assets including farm animals (cattle, pig, goat etc), furniture (tables, chairs, bed etc), other HH assets (TV, radio etc) Belongs to Luhya ethnic group What is your tribe (or mother tongue)? Female respondents should NOT give the tribe of their husband, but rather the tribe that they were born into; 1 if Luhya else 0 2515 1 0 1 1 if the participant belongs to Luhya group, else 0 0 526 1 1989 Sysmiss 1 Above median number of distant relatives in village 2516 0 0 1 1 if the participant has above median number of distant relatives, else 0 0 1144 1 1372 Currently married Are you married? (1=Yes; 0=No) 2516 0 0 1 0 584 1 1932 Local minority ethnic group 2515 1 0 1 1 if the participant belongs to a minority group, else 0 0 1993 1 522 Sysmiss 1 Close kin in village, but not at game 2516 0 0 1 Experimental Variable: 1 if participant has a close kin in village, but not attending the game; else 0 0 1088 1 1428 Participated in experiments 2516 0 0 1 Experimental Variable: Participated in experiments 0 371 1 2145 Public treatments 2145 371 0 1 Experimental Variable: 1 if the participant was required to announce initial endowmend, results of coin toss and investment income; else 0 0 727 1 1418 Sysmiss 371 Close kin at game X public 2145 371 0 1 Experimental Variable: Close kin at game X public 0 1868 1 277 Sysmiss 371 Above median distant relatives X public 2145 371 0 1 Experimental Variable: Above median distant relatives X public 0 1372 1 773 Sysmiss 371 No close kin at game X public 2145 371 0 1 Experimental Variable: No close kin at game X public 0 1004 1 1141 Sysmiss 371 No spouse at game X public 2145 371 0 1 Experimental Variable: No spouse at game X public 0 837 1 1308 Sysmiss 371 Close kin in village (not at game) X public 2145 371 0 1 Experimental Variable: Close kin in village (not at game) X public 0 1356 1 789 Sysmiss 371 Spouse at game X public 2145 371 0 1 Experimental Variable: Spouse at game X public 0 2035 1 110 Sysmiss 371 Has bank account Do you have a savings account in a bank? (1=Yes, 2=No) 2512 4 0 1 0 2099 1 413 Sysmiss 4 Member of ROSCA Do you participate in a merry-go-round or ROSCA? (1=Yes, 2=No) 2512 4 0 1 0 1203 1 1309 Sysmiss 4 Village ID number 2516 0 1 26 Self-employed 2516 0 0 1 0 1636 1 880 Spouse attended the experiment 2516 0 0 1 Experimental Variable: If the participant's spouse attended the experiment 0 2330 1 186 Transfers from HHs in villages (in US dollars) 2516 0 0 527.8 Transfers to HHs in villages (in US dollars) In the last three months, what is the total amount you contributed to a harambee, paid for a child outside your own household, contributed to burial of someone outside the household or for wedding of someone outside the household or contributed to hospital expenses of someone outside the household 2516 0 0 577.075 Total payout (US dollar equivalent) 2141 375 0 11.858 Village tag 2516 0 0 1 1 for an arbitrary observation within each village gender combination 0 2464 1 52 Monthly wages if employed (in US dollars) What was the amount of your cash salary in the last 30 days? 201 2315 1.318 500.659 Years of schooling How far did you go in school? 2516 0 0 18 0 255 1 13 2 54 3 111 4 145 5 171 6 268 7 466 8 506 9 51 10 115 11 63 12 256 13 18 14 17 15 1 16 5 18 1