BWA_2014_AFB-R6_v01_M DDI_BEN_2017_AFB-R7_v01_M Development Economics Data Group 2020-11-05 Metadata Editor Version 01 (November 2020) BEN_2017_AFB-R7_v01_M Afrobarometer Survey 2017 Round 7 AFB-R6 2017 Ghana Centre for Democratic Development (CDD) Institute for Justice and Reconciliation in South Africa (IJR) Institute for Empirical Research in Political Economy (IREEP) Institute for Development Studies (IDS) Michigan State University (MSU) University of Cape Town (UCT, South Africa) Department for International Development Swedish Internation Development Cooperation Agency United States Agency for International Development World Bank Group Metadata Editor For general inquiries For general inquiries For data Public Opinion Survey Afrobarometer collects and disseminates information regarding Africans’ views on democracy, governance, economic reform, civil society, and quality of life. Round 1 surveys were conducted between 1999 and 2001. At that time, the project covered seven countries in Southern Africa (Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe), three countries in West Africa (Ghana, Nigeria and Mali) and two in East Africa (Uganda and Tanzania). Round 2 surveys were completed by November 2003 with four new countries added: Kenya, Senegal, Cape Verde and Mozambique. Round 3 surveys were conducted from March 2005 to February 2006 in the same countries, plus Benin and Madagascar. Round 4 surveys were conducted during 2008 and 2009 in 20 countries, reflecting the addition of Burkina Faso and Liberia. The fifth Round of surveys were done between October 2011 and June 2013. In the Round 5 surveys, the project covered an additional 15 countries in different regions of the continent. Among the new R5 countries were Mauritius and Swaziland in Southern Africa; Burundi and Ethiopia in East Africa; Cameroon, Niger, Cote D’Ivoire, Guinea, Sierra Leone and Togo in West Africa. Afrobarometer also worked with the Arab Barometer and implemented R5 surveys in Algeria, Egypt, Morocco Sudan and Tunisia. Additional Round 5.5 surveys were also conducted in Mali and Zimbabwe. In Round 6, surveys were done 36 countries. Two countries that were covered in Round 5, Ethiopia and Egypt, were not included due to operational constraints. In their place, the Network added Gabon and Sao Tome and Principe. The survey covered 34 African countries covered in Round 7 (2016-2018). Here are the list of countries covered in Round 7: Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cote d'Ivoire, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Version 01: Edited, anonymized dataset for public distribution conflict, security and peace [4.1] domestic political issues [4.2] government, political systems and organisations [4.4] mass political behaviour, attitudes/opinion [4.6] political ideology [4.7] business/industrial management and organisation [2.2] mass media [7.4] social exclusion [12.9] cultural activities and participation [13.2] cultural and national identity [13.3] religion and values [13.5] social behaviour and attitudes [13.6] social change [13.7] social conditions and indicators [13.8] The Afrobarometer is a comparative series of public attitude surveys that assess African citizen's attitudes to democracy and governance, markets, and civil society, among other topics. The surveys have been undertaken at periodic intervals since 1999. The Afrobarometer's coverage has increased over time. Round 1 (1999-2001) initially covered 7 countries and was later extended to 12 countries. Round 2 (2002-2004) surveyed citizens in 16 countries. Round 3 (2005-2006) 18 countries, Round 4 (2008) 20 countries, Round 5 (2011-2013) 34 countries, and Round 6 (2014-2015) 36 countries. The survey covered 34 countries in Round 7 (2016-2018). Benin National coverage The lowest level of geographic aggregation covered by the data is district. Individual The sample universe for Afrobarometer surveys includes all citizens of voting age within the country. In other words, we exclude anyone who is not a citizen and anyone who has not attained this age (usually 18 years) on the day of the survey. Also excluded are areas determined to be either inaccessible or not relevant to the study, such as those experiencing armed conflict or natural disasters, as well as national parks and game reserves. As a matter of practice, we have also excluded people living in institutionalized settings, such as students in dormitories and persons in prisons or nursing homes. Sample survey data [ssd] Face-to-face [f2f] Public use files, available to all The user of the data acknowledges that the original collector of the data, the authorized distributor of the data, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for use of the data or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses. ben_r7_data_eng.sav 1200 348 .sav Afrobarometer round 7 survey data. Respondent number 1200 Urban or Rural Primary Sampling Unit PSU/EA 1200 1 2 1 Urban 568 2 Rural 632 Province or region Region/Province 1200 100 111 100 ALIBORI 96 101 ATACORA 88 102 ATLANTIQUE 176 103 BORGOU 136 104 COLLINES 88 105 COUFFO 80 106 DONGA 64 107 LITTORAL 96 108 MONO 64 109 OUEME 136 110 PLATEAU 72 111 ZOU 104 EA-SVC-A. Electricity grid in the PSU/EA Are the following services present in the primary sampling unit/enumeration area: Electricity grid that most houses could access? 1200 0 1 -1 Missing 0 0 No 560 1 Yes 640 9 Can't determine 0 EA-SVC-B. Piped water system in the PSU/EA Are the following services present in the primary sampling unit/enumeration area: Piped water system that most houses could access? 1200 0 1 -1 Missing 0 0 No 664 1 Yes 536 9 Can't determine 0 EA-SVC-C. Sewage system in the PSU/EA Are the following services present in the primary sampling unit/enumeration area: Sewage system that most houses could access? 1200 0 1 -1 Missing 0 0 No 1024 1 Yes 176 9 Can't determine 0 EA-SVC-D. Cell phone service in the PSU/EA Are the following services present in the primary sampling unit/enumeration area: Cell phone service? 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No 40 1 Yes 1128 9 Can't determine 32 EA-FAC-A. Post office in the PSU/EA Are the following facilities present in the primary sampling unit/enumeration area, or in easy walking distance: Post office? 1200 0 1 -1 Missing 0 0 No 928 1 Yes 272 9 Can't determine 0 EA-FAC-B. School in the PSU/EA Are the following facilities present in the primary sampling unit/enumeration area, or in easy walking distance: School? 1200 0 1 -1 Missing 0 0 No 80 1 Yes 1120 9 Can't determine 0 EA-FAC-C. Police station in the PSU/EA Are the following facilities present in the primary sampling unit/enumeration area, or in easy walking distance: Police station? 1200 0 1 -1 Missing 0 0 No 840 1 Yes 360 9 Can't determine 0 EA-FAC-D. Health Clinic in the PSU/EA Are the following facilities present in the primary sampling unit/enumeration area, or in easy walking distance: Health clinic? 1200 0 1 -1 Missing 0 0 No 408 1 Yes 792 9 Can't determine 0 EA-FAC-E. Market stalls in the PSU/EA Are the following facilities present in the primary sampling unit/enumeration area, or in easy walking distance: Market stalls (selling groceries and/or clothing)? 1200 0 1 -1 Missing 0 0 No 576 1 Yes 624 9 Can't determine 0 EA-FAC-F. Bank in the PSU/EA Are the following facilities present in the primary sampling unit/enumeration area, or in easy walking distance: Bank? 1200 0 1 -1 Missing 0 0 No 968 1 Yes 232 9 Can't determine 0 EA-FAC-G. Paid transport in the PSU/EA Are the following facilities present in the primary sampling unit/enumeration area, or in easy walking distance: Is there any kind of paid transport, such as a bus, taxi, moped, or other form, available on a daily basis? 1200 0 1 -1 Missing 0 0 No 368 1 Yes 832 9 Can't determine 0 EA-SEC-A. Police in the PSU/EA In the PSU/EA, did you (or any of your colleagues) see: Any policemen or police vehicles? 1200 0 1 -1 Missing 0 0 No 1000 1 Yes 200 9 Don't know 0 EA-SEC-B. Soldiers/army in the PSU/EA In the PSU/EA, did you (or any of your colleagues) see: Any soldiers or army vehicles? 1200 0 1 -1 Missing 0 0 No 1096 1 Yes 104 9 Don't know 0 EA-SEC-C. Roadblocks by police/army in the PSU/EA In the PSU/EA, did you (or any of your colleagues) see: Any roadblocks set up by police or army? 1200 0 1 -1 Missing 0 0 No 1152 1 Yes 48 9 Don't know 0 EA-SEC-D. Customs checkpoints in the PSU/EA In the PSU/EA, did you (or any of your colleagues) see: Any customs checkpoints? 1200 0 1 -1 Missing 0 0 No 1160 1 Yes 40 9 Don't know 0 EA-SEC-E. Roadblocks by private security/local community in the PSU/EA In the PSU/EA, did you (or any of your colleagues) see: Any roadblocks or booms set up by private security providers or by the local community? 1200 0 1 -1 Missing 0 0 No 1048 1 Yes 152 9 Don't know 0 EA-ROAD-A. Road surface at start point Thinking of your journey here: Was the road at the start point in the PSU/EA? 1200 1 5 -1 Missing 0 1 Earth 816 2 Gravel 32 3 Stone 8 4 Muram 0 5 Paved/ Tarred 344 6 Concrete 0 EA-ROAD-B. Road surface last 5 km Thinking of your journey here: What was the most common surface of the road over the last 5 kilometers before arriving at the start point of the PSU/EA? 1200 1 6 -1 Missing 0 1 Earth 656 2 Gravel 8 3 Stone 8 4 Muram 0 5 Paved/ Tarred 512 6 Concrete 16 EA-ROAD-C. Road condition last 5 km Thinking of your journey here: What was the condition of the road in the last 5 kilometers before reaching the start point of the PSU/EA? Was the road in excellent or good condition and easy to traverse, or was it in poor or very poor condition, that is, difficult to traverse due to potholes, waterlogging, or other issues, or was it impassable at any point (e.g., due to a collapsed bridge, fallen tree, flooding, etc.)? 1200 1 6 -1 Missing 0 1 Impassable 40 2 Very poor 216 3 Poor 328 4 Fair 288 5 Good 288 6 Very good 40 Reason for Unsuccessful Call Household 1 NOCALL - Reasons for Unsuccessful Calls - Household 1 Answered by interviewer, after instructions, “It is your job is to select a random (this means any) household. A household is a group of people who presently eat together from the same spot. Start your walk pattern from the start point that has been randomly chosen by your Field Supervisor. Team members must walk in opposite directions to each other. If A walks towards the sun, B must walk away from the sun; C and D must walk at right angles to A and B. Use a 5 / 10 interval pattern to select a household. That is, walking in your designated direction away from the start point, select the 5th household for the first interview, counting houses on both the right and the left (and starting with those on the right if they are opposite each other). Once you leave your first interview, continue on in the same direction, this time selecting the 10th household, again counting houses on both the right and the left. If the settlement comes to an end and there are no more houses, turn at right angles to the right and keep walking, continuing to count until finding the tenth dwelling.” 1200 1 9997 1 Refused to be interviewed 10 2 Person selected was never at home 14 3 Household/Premises empty for the survey period 1 4 Not a citizen/Spoke only a foreign language 3 5 Deaf/Did not speak a survey language 4 6 Did not fit gender quota 3 7 No adults in household 2 8 Other 0 9997 Interview was successful 1163 Reason for Unsuccessful Call Household 2 NOCALL - Reasons for Unsuccessful Calls - Household 2 Answered by interviewer, after instructions, “It is your job is to select a random (this means any) household. A household is a group of people who presently eat together from the same spot. Start your walk pattern from the start point that has been randomly chosen by your Field Supervisor. Team members must walk in opposite directions to each other. If A walks towards the sun, B must walk away from the sun; C and D must walk at right angles to A and B. Use a 5 / 10 interval pattern to select a household. That is, walking in your designated direction away from the start point, select the 5th household for the first interview, counting houses on both the right and the left (and starting with those on the right if they are opposite each other). Once you leave your first interview, continue on in the same direction, this time selecting the 10th household, again counting houses on both the right and the left. If the settlement comes to an end and there are no more houses, turn at right angles to the right and keep walking, continuing to count until finding the tenth dwelling.” 1200 1 9997 1 Refused to be interviewed 1 2 Person selected was never at home 2 3 Household/Premises empty for the survey period 0 4 Not a citizen/Spoke only a foreign language 1 5 Deaf/Did not speak a survey language 0 6 Did not fit gender quota 3 7 No adults in household 0 8 Other 0 9997 Interview was successful 1193 Reason for Unsuccessful Call Household 3 NOCALL - Reasons for Unsuccessful Calls - Household 3 Answered by interviewer, after instructions, “It is your job is to select a random (this means any) household. A household is a group of people who presently eat together from the same spot. Start your walk pattern from the start point that has been randomly chosen by your Field Supervisor. Team members must walk in opposite directions to each other. If A walks towards the sun, B must walk away from the sun; C and D must walk at right angles to A and B. Use a 5 / 10 interval pattern to select a household. That is, walking in your designated direction away from the start point, select the 5th household for the first interview, counting houses on both the right and the left (and starting with those on the right if they are opposite each other). Once you leave your first interview, continue on in the same direction, this time selecting the 10th household, again counting houses on both the right and the left. If the settlement comes to an end and there are no more houses, turn at right angles to the right and keep walking, continuing to count until finding the tenth dwelling.” 1200 6 9997 1 Refused to be interviewed 0 2 Person selected was never at home 0 3 Household/Premises empty for the survey period 0 4 Not a citizen/Spoke only a foreign language 0 5 Deaf/Did not speak a survey language 0 6 Did not fit gender quota 1 7 No adults in household 0 8 Other 0 9997 Interview was successful 1199 Reason for Unsuccessful Call Household 4 NOCALL - Reasons for Unsuccessful Calls - Household 4 Answered by interviewer, after instructions, “It is your job is to select a random (this means any) household. A household is a group of people who presently eat together from the same spot. Start your walk pattern from the start point that has been randomly chosen by your Field Supervisor. Team members must walk in opposite directions to each other. If A walks towards the sun, B must walk away from the sun; C and D must walk at right angles to A and B. Use a 5 / 10 interval pattern to select a household. That is, walking in your designated direction away from the start point, select the 5th household for the first interview, counting houses on both the right and the left (and starting with those on the right if they are opposite each other). Once you leave your first interview, continue on in the same direction, this time selecting the 10th household, again counting houses on both the right and the left. If the settlement comes to an end and there are no more houses, turn at right angles to the right and keep walking, continuing to count until finding the tenth dwelling.” 1200 9997 9997 1 Refused to be interviewed 0 2 Person selected was never at home 0 3 Household/Premises empty for the survey period 0 4 Not a citizen/Spoke only a foreign language 0 5 Deaf/Did not speak a survey language 0 6 Did not fit gender quota 0 7 No adults in household 0 8 Other 0 9997 Interview was successful 1200 Reason for Unsuccessful Call Household 5 NOCALL - Reasons for Unsuccessful Calls - Household 5 Answered by interviewer, after instructions, “It is your job is to select a random (this means any) household. A household is a group of people who presently eat together from the same spot. Start your walk pattern from the start point that has been randomly chosen by your Field Supervisor. Team members must walk in opposite directions to each other. If A walks towards the sun, B must walk away from the sun; C and D must walk at right angles to A and B. Use a 5 / 10 interval pattern to select a household. That is, walking in your designated direction away from the start point, select the 5th household for the first interview, counting houses on both the right and the left (and starting with those on the right if they are opposite each other). Once you leave your first interview, continue on in the same direction, this time selecting the 10th household, again counting houses on both the right and the left. If the settlement comes to an end and there are no more houses, turn at right angles to the right and keep walking, continuing to count until finding the tenth dwelling.” 1200 9997 9997 1 Refused to be interviewed 0 2 Person selected was never at home 0 3 Household/Premises empty for the survey period 0 4 Not a citizen/Spoke only a foreign language 0 5 Deaf/Did not speak a survey language 0 6 Did not fit gender quota 0 7 No adults in household 0 8 Other 0 9997 Interview was successful 1200 Reason for Unsuccessful Call Household 6 NOCALL - Reasons for Unsuccessful Calls - Household 6 Answered by interviewer, after instructions, “It is your job is to select a random (this means any) household. A household is a group of people who presently eat together from the same spot. Start your walk pattern from the start point that has been randomly chosen by your Field Supervisor. Team members must walk in opposite directions to each other. If A walks towards the sun, B must walk away from the sun; C and D must walk at right angles to A and B. Use a 5 / 10 interval pattern to select a household. That is, walking in your designated direction away from the start point, select the 5th household for the first interview, counting houses on both the right and the left (and starting with those on the right if they are opposite each other). Once you leave your first interview, continue on in the same direction, this time selecting the 10th household, again counting houses on both the right and the left. If the settlement comes to an end and there are no more houses, turn at right angles to the right and keep walking, continuing to count until finding the tenth dwelling.” 1200 9997 9997 1 Refused to be interviewed 0 2 Person selected was never at home 0 3 Household/Premises empty for the survey period 0 4 Not a citizen/Spoke only a foreign language 0 5 Deaf/Did not speak a survey language 0 6 Did not fit gender quota 0 7 No adults in household 0 8 Other 0 9997 Interview was successful 1200 Reason for Unsuccessful Call Household 7 NOCALL - Reasons for Unsuccessful Calls - Household 7 Answered by interviewer, after instructions, “It is your job is to select a random (this means any) household. A household is a group of people who presently eat together from the same spot. Start your walk pattern from the start point that has been randomly chosen by your Field Supervisor. Team members must walk in opposite directions to each other. If A walks towards the sun, B must walk away from the sun; C and D must walk at right angles to A and B. Use a 5 / 10 interval pattern to select a household. That is, walking in your designated direction away from the start point, select the 5th household for the first interview, counting houses on both the right and the left (and starting with those on the right if they are opposite each other). Once you leave your first interview, continue on in the same direction, this time selecting the 10th household, again counting houses on both the right and the left. If the settlement comes to an end and there are no more houses, turn at right angles to the right and keep walking, continuing to count until finding the tenth dwelling.” 1200 9997 9997 1 Refused to be interviewed 0 2 Person selected was never at home 0 3 Household/Premises empty for the survey period 0 4 Not a citizen/Spoke only a foreign language 0 5 Deaf/Did not speak a survey language 0 6 Did not fit gender quota 0 7 No adults in household 0 8 Other 0 9997 Interview was successful 1200 Reason for Unsuccessful Call Household 8 NOCALL - Reasons for Unsuccessful Calls - Household 8 Answered by interviewer, after instructions, “It is your job is to select a random (this means any) household. A household is a group of people who presently eat together from the same spot. Start your walk pattern from the start point that has been randomly chosen by your Field Supervisor. Team members must walk in opposite directions to each other. If A walks towards the sun, B must walk away from the sun; C and D must walk at right angles to A and B. Use a 5 / 10 interval pattern to select a household. That is, walking in your designated direction away from the start point, select the 5th household for the first interview, counting houses on both the right and the left (and starting with those on the right if they are opposite each other). Once you leave your first interview, continue on in the same direction, this time selecting the 10th household, again counting houses on both the right and the left. If the settlement comes to an end and there are no more houses, turn at right angles to the right and keep walking, continuing to count until finding the tenth dwelling.” 1200 9997 9997 1 Refused to be interviewed 0 2 Person selected was never at home 0 3 Household/Premises empty for the survey period 0 4 Not a citizen/Spoke only a foreign language 0 5 Deaf/Did not speak a survey language 0 6 Did not fit gender quota 0 7 No adults in household 0 8 Other 0 9997 Interview was successful 1200 This interview, gender This interview must be with a: 1200 1 2 1 Male 601 2 Female 599 Number of adults in household Total number of adult citizens in household 1200 1 20 1 173 2 463 3 233 4 133 5 86 6 41 7 22 8 21 9 11 10 5 11 3 12 4 13 1 14 1 15 1 16 1 20 1 Number of calls How many calls were made to the household where the interview actually took place? 1200 1 2 1 1162 2 38 Date of interview Date of interview Inscrivez le jour, le mois et l’année 1200 2016-12-24 34 2016-12-25 114 2016-12-26 186 2016-12-27 191 2016-12-28 204 2016-12-29 201 2016-12-30 184 2016-12-31 70 2017-01-01 8 2017-01-02 8 Time interview started Time interview started Inscrivez l’heure et les minutes, utilisez le temps de 24 heures 1200 Q1. Age 1. How old are you? 1200 18 999 -1 Missing 0 18 46 19 39 20 53 21 29 22 45 23 44 24 26 25 83 26 33 27 37 28 45 29 10 30 62 31 19 32 26 33 27 34 16 35 65 36 14 37 13 38 21 39 8 40 54 41 17 42 26 43 9 44 8 45 52 46 12 47 13 48 13 49 4 50 44 51 7 52 15 53 12 54 11 55 21 56 11 57 3 58 3 59 5 60 29 61 2 62 5 63 3 64 6 65 13 66 4 67 1 68 1 69 1 70 9 71 3 74 2 75 6 76 1 77 4 78 1 79 1 80 4 85 2 998 Refused 0 999 Don't know 1 Q2a. Respondent's mother tongue 2a. Which Beninese language is your mother tongue or language of origin? 1200 2 9995 -1 Missing 0 2 French 7 100 Adjagbé 182 101 Baatonum 94 102 Dendi 53 103 Ditammari 37 104 Fongbé 416 105 Fulfuldé 78 106 Yoruba 142 107 Lopka 25 108 Waama 16 109 Yom 17 110 Gourmantché 19 9995 Other 114 9998 Refused 0 9999 Don't know 0 Q2aother. Respondent's mother tongue (verbatim) 2a. Which Beninese language is your mother tongue or language of origin? Other 1200 Q2b. Language spoken in home 2b. What is the primary language you speak in your home now? 1200 2 9998 -1 Missing 0 2 French 54 100 Adjagbé 167 101 Baatonum 93 102 Dendi 58 103 Ditammari 37 104 Fongbé 415 105 Fulfuldé 75 106 Yoruba 124 107 Lopka 25 108 Waama 15 109 Yom 14 110 Gourmantché 14 111 Torigbé 12 9995 Other 96 9998 Refused 1 9999 Don't know 0 Q2bother. Language spoken in home (verbatim) 2b. What is the primary language you speak in your home now? Other 1200 Q3. Overall direction of the country 3. Let's start with your general view about the current direction of our country. Some people might think the country is going in the wrong direction. Others may feel it is going in the right direction. So let me ask YOU about the overall direction of the country: Would you say that the country is going in the wrong direction or going in the right direction? 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Going in the wrong direction 663 2 Going in the right direction 528 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 9 Q4a. Country’s present economic condition 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Bad 472 2 Fairly Bad 338 3 Neither good nor bad 64 4 Fairly Good 237 5 Very good 84 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 5 Q4b. Your present living conditions 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Bad 341 2 Fairly Bad 360 3 Neither good nor bad 108 4 Fairly Good 302 5 Very good 88 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 1 Q5. Your living conditions vs. others 5. In general, how do you rate your living conditions compared to those of other Beninese? 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Much worse 120 2 Worse 340 3 Same 352 4 Better 362 5 Much better 19 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 7 Q6. Country’s economic condition compared to 12 months ago Q6. Country's economic condition compared to 12 months ago 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Much worse 263 2 Worse 446 3 Same 174 4 Better 278 5 Much better 33 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 6 Q7. Country’s economic condition in 12 months’ time 7. Looking ahead, do you expect economic conditions in this country to be better or worse in twelve months’ time? 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Much worse 91 2 Worse 143 3 Same 119 4 Better 685 5 Much better 106 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 56 Q8a. How often gone without food 1200 0 4 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 543 1 Just once or twice 121 2 Several times 323 3 Many times 168 4 Always 45 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know 0 Q8b. How often gone without water 1200 0 4 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 509 1 Just once or twice 83 2 Several times 219 3 Many times 165 4 Always 224 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know 0 Q8c. How often gone without medical care 1200 0 4 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 461 1 Just once or twice 120 2 Several times 323 3 Many times 208 4 Always 88 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know 0 Q8d. How often gone without cooking fuel 1200 0 4 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 744 1 Just once or twice 82 2 Several times 220 3 Many times 97 4 Always 57 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know 0 Q8e. How often gone without cash income 1200 0 4 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 80 1 Just once or twice 77 2 Several times 349 3 Many times 425 4 Always 269 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know 0 Q8f. Frequency going without basic necessities 8. When you say you went without [insert item] [insert frequency] would you say this occurred: Interviewer was instructed to identify the most intense (highest) code circled on Q8. If it is a 2, 3 or 4, i.e., if the respondent went without any item in Q8A-E “several times,” “many times,” or “always,” take the most frequent response given and ask 8F. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 About once every two or three months 141 2 About once a month 124 3 Two or three times a month 202 4 About once a week 138 5 Several times a week 277 6 Every day 215 7 Not Applicable 101 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t Know 2 Q9. How dependent on receiving remittances 9. Considering ALL the activities you engage in to secure a livelihood, how much, if at all, do you depend on receiving remittances from relatives or friends living in other countries? 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all / Does not receive remittances 1037 1 A little bit 61 2 Somewhat 63 3 A lot 37 7 Not Applicable 0 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 2 Q10a. How often felt unsafe walking in neighbourhood 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 619 1 Just once or twice 123 2 Several times 267 3 Many times 117 4 Always 73 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know 1 Q10b. How often feared crime in home 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 766 1 Just once or twice 104 2 Several times 165 3 Many times 99 4 Always 65 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know 1 Q11a. Had something stolen from house Interviewer was instructed to follow up by asking, “Did this happen once, twice, or three or more times?” if the respondent answered yes initially. 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No 832 1 Yes, once 118 2 Yes, twice 72 3 Yes, three or more times 177 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know 1 Q11b. Have been physically attacked Interviewer was instructed to follow up by asking, “Did this happen once, twice, or three or more times?” if the respondent answered yes initially. 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No 1072 1 Yes, once 61 2 Yes, twice 30 3 Yes, three or more times 36 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know 1 Q12a. Radio news 1200 0 4 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 263 1 Less than once a month 59 2 A few times a month 152 3 A few times a week 295 4 Every day 431 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know 0 Q12b. Television news 1200 0 4 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 654 1 Less than once a month 77 2 A few times a month 112 3 A few times a week 155 4 Every day 202 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know 0 Q12c. Newspaper news 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 985 1 Less than once a month 59 2 A few times a month 47 3 A few times a week 49 4 Every day 58 8 Refused 1 9 Don't Know 1 Q12d. Internet news 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 1008 1 Less than once a month 12 2 A few times a month 27 3 A few times a week 35 4 Every day 113 8 Refused 2 9 Don't Know 3 Q12e. Social media news 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 989 1 Less than once a month 14 2 A few times a month 28 3 A few times a week 43 4 Every day 117 8 Refused 1 9 Don't Know 8 Q13. Discuss politics 13. When you get together with your friends or family, would you say you discuss political matters? 1200 0 2 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 368 1 Occasionally 605 2 Frequently 227 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know 0 Q14. Freedom to say what you think 14. In this country, how free are you to say what you think? 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Not at all free 120 2 Not very free 262 3 Somewhat free 370 4 Completely free 443 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 5 Q15. Government bans organizations vs. join any Interviewer probed for strength of opinion asking “Do you agree or agree very strongly?” 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Agree very strongly with 1 151 2 Agree with 1 127 3 Agree with 2 347 4 Agree very strongly with 2 563 5 Agree with neither 5 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 7 Q16. Men only as leaders vs. women leaders Interviewer probed for strength of opinion asking “Do you agree or agree very strongly?” 1200 1 5 -1 Missing 0 1 Agree very strongly with 1 148 2 Agree with 1 100 3 Agree with 2 255 4 Agree very strongly with 2 691 5 Agree with neither 6 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 0 Q17. Newspapers free to publish vs. government control Interviewer probed for strength of opinion asking “Do you agree or agree very strongly?” 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Agree very strongly with 1 304 2 Agree with 1 224 3 Agree with 2 246 4 Agree very strongly with 2 423 5 Agree with neither 2 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 1 Q18a. Access to information: school budget 18a. How likely is it that you could get the following information from government or other public institutions, or haven’t you heard enough to say? If you went to the local school to find out what the school’s budget is and how the funds have been used. 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all likely 467 1 Not very likely 227 2 Somewhat likely 246 3 Very likely 244 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard 15 Q18b. Access to information: land ownership 18b. How likely is it that you could get the following information from government or other public institutions, or haven’t you heard enough to say? If you went to the local council to find out who owns a piece of land in your community. 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all likely 438 1 Not very likely 230 2 Somewhat likely 266 3 Very likely 250 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard 15 Q18c. Access to information: local government development plan and budget 18c. How likely is it that you could get the following information from government or other public institutions, or haven’t you heard enough to say? If you went to the town hall to find out about the locality’s development plan and budgets. 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all likely 474 1 Not very likely 252 2 Somewhat likely 254 3 Very likely 206 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard 13 Q18d. Access to information: business registration 18d. How likely is it that you could get the following information from government or other public institutions, or haven’t you heard enough to say? If you went to the town hall to find out how to register a new business in your community. 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all likely 316 1 Not very likely 179 2 Somewhat likely 313 3 Very likely 326 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard 65 Q19a. Better or worse: freedom to say what you think 19a. Please tell me if there is more or less freedom now for each of the following things compared to a few years ago, or are things about the same? Your own freedom to say what you think about politics? 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Much less freedom 132 2 Somewhat less freedom 209 3 Same 242 4 Somewhat more freedom 289 5 Much more freedom 321 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know 6 Q19b. Better or worse: freedom to join political organizations 19b. Please tell me if there is more or less freedom now for each of the following things compared to a few years ago, or are things about the same? Your own freedom to join any political organization you want? 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Much less freedom 101 2 Somewhat less freedom 177 3 Same 250 4 Somewhat more freedom 243 5 Much more freedom 415 8 Refused 2 9 Don’t know 12 Q19c. Better or worse: media freedom to investigate, report 19c. Please tell me if there is more or less freedom now for each of the following things compared to a few years ago, or are things about the same? The media’s freedom to investigate and report on government mistakes or to criticize government actions or performance? 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Much less freedom 157 2 Somewhat less freedom 227 3 Same 239 4 Somewhat more freedom 274 5 Much more freedom 262 8 Refused 2 9 Don’t know 39 Q19d. Better or worse: freedom of NGOs/groups to speak, act 19d. Please tell me if there is more or less freedom now for each of the following things compared to a few years ago, or are things about the same? The freedom of independent groups or non-governmental organizations to speak, hold meetings, or advocate their views freely, including criticizing the government if they choose? 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Much less freedom 149 2 Somewhat less freedom 210 3 Same 260 4 Somewhat more freedom 294 5 Much more freedom 246 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know 40 Q19e. Better or worse: freedom of opposition to function 19e. Please tell me if there is more or less freedom now for each of the following things compared to a few years ago, or are things about the same? The freedom of opposition parties or candidates to speak or hold rallies, state their views, or criticize the government? 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Much less freedom 149 2 Somewhat less freedom 223 3 Same 251 4 Somewhat more freedom 282 5 Much more freedom 274 8 Refused 2 9 Don’t know 19 Q20a. Member of religious group 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not a Member 634 1 Inactive Member 216 2 Active Member 219 3 Official Leader 128 8 Refused 1 9 Don't Know 2 Q20b. Member of voluntary association or community group 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not a Member 776 1 Inactive Member 175 2 Active Member 145 3 Official Leader 100 8 Refused 2 9 Don't Know 2 Q21a. Attend a community meeting 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No, would never do this 96 1 No, but would do if had the chance 481 2 Yes, once or twice 94 3 Yes, several times 237 4 Yes, often 291 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know 1 Q21b. Join others to raise an issue 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No, would never do this 93 1 No, but would do if had the chance 479 2 Yes, once or twice 83 3 Yes, several times 283 4 Yes, often 260 8 Refused 1 9 Don't Know 1 Q21c_BEN. Attend a public meeting organised by the local council 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No, would never do this 139 1 No, but would do if had the chance 680 2 Yes, once or twice 97 3 Yes, several times 143 4 Yes, often 140 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know 1 Q21d_BEN. Attend a public accounts meeting of the local council 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No, would never do this 173 1 No, but would do if had the chance 816 2 Yes, once or twice 53 3 Yes, several times 70 4 Yes, often 82 8 Refused 1 9 Don't Know 5 Q22. Voting in the most recent national election 22. Understanding that some people were unable to vote in the most recent national election in 2016, which of the following statements is true for you? 1200 0 8 -1 Missing 0 0 You were not registered to vote 74 1 You voted in the elections 913 2 You decided not to vote 36 3 You could not find the polling station 32 4 You were prevented from voting 10 5 You did not have time to vote 21 6 You did not vote because your name not in the register 68 7 Did not vote for some other reason 27 8 You were too young to vote 19 9 Don’t Know / Can’t remember 0 98 Refused 0 Q23. Freeness and fairness of the last national election 23. On the whole, how would you rate the freeness and fairness of the last national election, held in March 2016. Was it: 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Not free and fair 86 2 Free and fair, with major problems 133 3 Free and fair, but with minor problems 305 4 Completely free and fair 665 8 Do not understand question 0 9 Don’t know 11 98 Refused 0 Q24a. Last national election: attend a campaign rally 1200 0 1 -1 Missing 0 0 No 454 1 Yes 746 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know 0 Q24b. Last national election: work for a candidate or party 1200 0 1 -1 Missing 0 0 No 659 1 Yes 541 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know 0 Q25a. Contact local government councillor 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 906 1 Only once 61 2 A few times 125 3 Often 103 8 Refused 2 9 Don’t know 3 Q25b. Contact MP 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 1090 1 Only once 29 2 A few times 38 3 Often 39 8 Refused 2 9 Don’t know 2 Q25c. Contact official of a government agency 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 1106 1 Only once 27 2 A few times 42 3 Often 22 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know 2 Q25d. Contact political party official 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 955 1 Only once 55 2 A few times 122 3 Often 64 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know 3 Q25e. Contact traditional leader 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 861 1 Only once 51 2 A few times 116 3 Often 169 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know 2 Q25f. Contact religious leader 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 691 1 Only once 65 2 A few times 201 3 Often 240 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know 2 Q25g_BEN. Contact civil society leader 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 1030 1 Only once 36 2 A few times 87 3 Often 42 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know 4 Q26a. Join others to request government action 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No, would never do this 153 1 No, but would do if had the chance 776 2 Yes, once or twice 72 3 Yes, several times 107 4 Yes, often 90 8 Refused 1 9 Don't Know 1 Q26b. Contact media 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No, would never do this 214 1 No, but would do if had the chance 850 2 Yes, once or twice 33 3 Yes, several times 48 4 Yes, often 52 8 Refused 2 9 Don't Know 1 Q26c. Contact official for help 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No, would never do this 186 1 No, but would do if had the chance 890 2 Yes, once or twice 36 3 Yes, several times 42 4 Yes, often 44 8 Refused 1 9 Don't Know 1 Q26d. Refuse to pay tax or fee to government 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No, would never do this 842 1 No, but would do if had the chance 276 2 Yes, once or twice 17 3 Yes, several times 17 4 Yes, often 34 8 Refused 2 9 Don't Know 12 Q26e. Attend a demonstration or protest march 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No, would never do this 577 1 No, but would do if had the chance 500 2 Yes, once or twice 37 3 Yes, several times 50 4 Yes, often 31 8 Refused 1 9 Don't Know 4 Q27a. Reject one-party rule 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly Disapprove 605 2 Disapprove 339 3 Neither Approve Nor Disapprove 15 4 Approve 132 5 Strongly Approve 104 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 5 Q27b. Reject military rule 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly Disapprove 534 2 Disapprove 307 3 Neither Approve Nor Disapprove 25 4 Approve 205 5 Strongly Approve 122 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 7 Q27c. Reject one-man rule 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly Disapprove 720 2 Disapprove 383 3 Neither Approve Nor Disapprove 11 4 Approve 51 5 Strongly Approve 29 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 6 Q28. Support for democracy Interviewer was instructed to “read the question in the language of the interview, but always read ‘democracy’ in English. Translate ‘democracy’ into local language only if respondent does not understand English term.” 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 STATEMENT 3: Doesn't matter 161 2 STATEMENT 2: Sometimes non-democratic preferable 151 3 STATEMENT 1: Democracy preferable 872 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 16 Q29. Govt gets things done vs. Govt accountable to citizens Interviewer probed for strength of opinion asking “Do you agree or agree very strongly?” 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Agree very strongly with 1 129 2 Agree with 1 126 3 Agree with 2 294 4 Agree very strongly with 2 643 5 Agree with neither 7 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 1 Q30. Choose leaders through elections vs. other methods Interviewer probed for strength of opinion asking “Do you agree or agree very strongly?” 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Agree very strongly with 1 718 2 Agree with 1 265 3 Agree with 2 83 4 Agree very strongly with 2 129 5 Agree with neither 1 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 4 Q31. Political parties divisive vs. many parties needed Interviewer probed for strength of opinion asking “Do you agree or agree very strongly?” 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Agree very strongly with 1 194 2 Agree with 1 192 3 Agree with 2 242 4 Agree very strongly with 2 560 5 Agree with neither 6 8 Refused 2 9 Don't know 4 Q32. President monitored by parliament vs. free to act on own Interviewer probed for strength of opinion asking “Do you agree or agree very strongly?” 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Agree very strongly with 1 604 2 Agree with 1 335 3 Agree with 2 106 4 Agree very strongly with 2 149 5 Agree with neither 3 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 3 Q33. President free to act vs. obey the laws and courts Interviewer probed for strength of opinion asking “Do you agree or agree very strongly?” 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Agree very strongly with 1 106 2 Agree with 1 125 3 Agree with 2 309 4 Agree very strongly with 2 651 5 Agree with neither 6 8 Refused 1 9 Don't know 2 Q34. Presidential two term limit vs. no term limits Interviewer probed for strength of opinion asking “Do you agree or agree very strongly?” 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Agree very strongly with 1 737 2 Agree with 1 277 3 Agree with 2 87 4 Agree very strongly with 2 82 5 Agree with neither 15 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 2 Q35. Extent of democracy 35. In your opinion how much of a democracy is Benin today? Interviewer was instructed to “read the question in the language of the interview, but always read ‘democracy’ in English. Translate ‘democracy’ into local language only if respondent does not understand English term.” 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Not a democracy 40 2 A democracy, with major problems 343 3 A democracy, but with minor problems 476 4 A full democracy 316 8 Do not understand question / democracy 17 9 Don't know 8 98 Refused 0 Q36. Satisfaction with democracy 36. Overall, how satisfied are you with the way democracy works in Benin? Are you: Interviewer was instructed to “Read the question in the language of the interview, but always read ‘democracy’ in English. Translate “democracy” into local language only if respondent does not understand English term.” 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 The country is not a democracy 1 1 Not at all satisfied 193 2 Not very satisfied 370 3 Fairly satisfied 436 4 Very satisfied 179 8 Refused 1 9 Do not know 20 Q37. Obey government always vs. only if vote for it Interviewer probed for strength of opinion asking “Do you agree or agree very strongly?” 1200 1 4 -1 Missing 0 1 Agree very strongly with 1 789 2 Agree with 1 329 3 Agree with 2 35 4 Agree very strongly with 2 47 5 Agree with neither 0 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 0 Q38a. Courts make binding decisions Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly Disagree 126 2 Disagree 200 3 Neither Agree Nor Disagree 20 4 Agree 531 5 Strongly Agree 315 8 Refused 2 9 Don’t Know 6 Q38b. People must obey the law Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly Disagree 128 2 Disagree 149 3 Neither Agree Nor Disagree 20 4 Agree 501 5 Strongly Agree 394 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t Know 7 Q38c. People must pay taxes Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly Disagree 165 2 Disagree 307 3 Neither Agree Nor Disagree 23 4 Agree 471 5 Strongly Agree 229 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t Know 5 Q38d. Men have more right to job Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly Disagree 377 2 Disagree 321 3 Neither Agree Nor Disagree 11 4 Agree 281 5 Strongly Agree 207 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t Know 3 Q38e. Women have equal right to land Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly Disagree 80 2 Disagree 149 3 Neither Agree Nor Disagree 7 4 Agree 487 5 Strongly Agree 475 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t Know 2 Q38f. Better if woman takes care of household Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly Disagree 157 2 Disagree 261 3 Neither Agree Nor Disagree 36 4 Agree 353 5 Strongly Agree 389 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t Know 4 Q38g. Government information for official use only Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly Disagree 249 2 Disagree 409 3 Neither Agree Nor Disagree 45 4 Agree 352 5 Strongly Agree 117 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t Know 28 Q39a. How often party competition leads to conflict 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 170 1 Rarely 465 2 Often 411 3 Always 148 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know 5 Q39b. How often president ignores laws 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 485 1 Rarely 385 2 Often 227 3 Always 66 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 37 Q39c. How often president ignores parliament 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 578 1 Rarely 356 2 Often 163 3 Always 72 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 31 Q40. How much fear political intimidation or violence 40. During election campaigns in this country, how much do you personally fear becoming a victim of political intimidation or violence? 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 A lot 131 1 Somewhat 126 2 A little bit 240 3 Not at all 701 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 2 Q41. Elections: opposition prevented from running 41. In your opinion, during this country’s elections, how often are opposition candidates prevented from running for office? 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 732 1 Sometimes 308 2 Often 105 3 Always 26 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 29 Q42a. How often careful what you say 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 190 1 Rarely 224 2 Often 339 3 Always 444 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 3 Q42b. How often careful which organisations joined 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 172 1 Rarely 199 2 Often 372 3 Always 454 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 3 Q42c. How often careful how vote 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 139 1 Rarely 134 2 Often 259 3 Always 665 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know 2 Q42d. How often people treated unequally 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 322 1 Rarely 259 2 Often 354 3 Always 255 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 10 Q42e. How often officials unpunished 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 196 1 Rarely 267 2 Often 443 3 Always 274 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 20 Q42f. How often ordinary people unpunished 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 635 1 Rarely 214 2 Often 129 3 Always 216 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 6 Q43a. Trust president 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all 265 1 Just a little 302 2 Somewhat 271 3 A lot 358 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard enough 4 Q43b. Trust parliament/national assembly 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all 246 1 Just a little 310 2 Somewhat 305 3 A lot 327 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard enough 12 Q43c. Trust national electoral commission 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all 261 1 Just a little 345 2 Somewhat 299 3 A lot 281 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard enough 14 Q43d. Trust your elected local government council 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all 266 1 Just a little 296 2 Somewhat 281 3 A lot 354 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard enough 3 Q43e. Trust the ruling party 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all 284 1 Just a little 352 2 Somewhat 266 3 A lot 288 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard enough 10 Q43f. Trust opposition political parties 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all 401 1 Just a little 360 2 Somewhat 260 3 A lot 166 8 Refused 2 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard enough 11 Q43g. Trust police 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all 262 1 Just a little 305 2 Somewhat 253 3 A lot 374 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard enough 6 Q43h. Trust army 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all 203 1 Just a little 298 2 Somewhat 270 3 A lot 420 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard enough 9 Q43i. Trust courts of law 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all 245 1 Just a little 306 2 Somewhat 315 3 A lot 320 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard enough 14 Q43j. Trust traditional leaders 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all 232 1 Just a little 263 2 Somewhat 235 3 A lot 458 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard enough 11 Q43k. Trust religious leaders 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all 168 1 Just a little 190 2 Somewhat 253 3 A lot 579 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard enough 10 Q43l_BEN. Trust civil society organisations 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all 213 1 Just a little 342 2 Somewhat 318 3 A lot 296 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard enough 31 Q44a. Corruption: office of the Presidency 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 None 139 1 Some of them 494 2 Most of them 274 3 All of them 233 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know/ Haven’t heard 60 Q44b. Corruption: Members of Parliament 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 None 108 1 Some of them 542 2 Most of them 264 3 All of them 241 8 Refused 1 9 Don't know/ Haven’t heard 44 Q44c. Corruption: government officials 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 None 76 1 Some of them 550 2 Most of them 298 3 All of them 241 8 Refused 1 9 Don't know/ Haven’t heard 34 Q44d. Corruption: local government councillors 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 None 119 1 Some of them 563 2 Most of them 250 3 All of them 237 8 Refused 1 9 Don't know/ Haven’t heard 30 Q44e. Corruption: police 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 None 88 1 Some of them 435 2 Most of them 320 3 All of them 329 8 Refused 2 9 Don't know/ Haven’t heard 26 Q44f. Corruption: judges and magistrates 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 None 101 1 Some of them 507 2 Most of them 263 3 All of them 283 8 Refused 2 9 Don't know/ Haven’t heard 44 Q44g. Corruption: traditional leaders 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 None 311 1 Some of them 524 2 Most of them 174 3 All of them 159 8 Refused 1 9 Don't know/ Haven’t heard 31 Q44h. Corruption: religious leaders 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 None 427 1 Some of them 477 2 Most of them 132 3 All of them 132 8 Refused 1 9 Don't know/ Haven’t heard 31 Q44i. Corruption: business executives 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 None 93 1 Some of them 432 2 Most of them 314 3 All of them 316 8 Refused 1 9 Don't know/ Haven’t heard 44 Q44j. Corruption: non-governmental organisations 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 None 226 1 Some of them 592 2 Most of them 185 3 All of them 152 8 Refused 1 9 Don't know/ Haven’t heard 44 Q45. Level of corruption 45. In your opinion, over the past year, has the level of corruption in this country increased, decreased, or stayed the same? 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Increased a lot 232 2 Increased somewhat 174 3 Stayed the same 252 4 Decreased somewhat 424 5 Decreased a lot 101 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know 16 Q46. Ordinary people can fight corruption 46. Please tell me whether you agree or disagree with the following statement: Ordinary people can make a difference in the fight against corruption? Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly Disagree 214 2 Disagree 306 3 Neither Agree Nor Disagree 17 4 Agree 433 5 Strongly Agree 220 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t Know 10 Q47. Ordinary people can report corruption without fear 47. In this country, can ordinary people report incidents of corruption without fear, or do they risk retaliation or other negative consequences if they speak out? 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Can report without fear 405 1 Risk retaliation 784 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 11 Q48a. Ordinary person: pay bribe to avoid taxes 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all likely 471 1 Not very likely 242 2 Somewhat likely 323 3 Very likely 157 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard 7 Q48b. Ordinary person: pay bribe to avoid going to court 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all likely 510 1 Not very likely 255 2 Somewhat likely 278 3 Very likely 150 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard 7 Q48c. Ordinary person: pay bribe to register land not theirs 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all likely 576 1 Not very likely 207 2 Somewhat likely 237 3 Very likely 174 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard 6 Q48d. Rich person: pay bribe to avoid taxes 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all likely 173 1 Not very likely 110 2 Somewhat likely 304 3 Very likely 608 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard 5 Q48e. Rich person: pay bribe to avoid going to court 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all likely 188 1 Not very likely 103 2 Somewhat likely 260 3 Very likely 644 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard 5 Q48f. Rich person: pay bribe to register land not theirs 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all likely 222 1 Not very likely 102 2 Somewhat likely 234 3 Very likely 637 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard 5 Q49a. Contact with public school 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No 760 1 Yes 439 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know 1 Q49b. Difficulty to obtain public school services 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very easy 127 2 Easy 187 3 Difficult 88 4 Very Difficult 36 7 No contact 760 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know 2 Q49c. Pay bribe for public school services Interviewer was asked to do the following: If ‘no’ at A, circle 7 for both parts B and C and continue to D. If ‘yes,’ continue with parts B and C. 1200 0 7 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 397 1 Once or twice 16 2 A few times 15 3 Often 12 7 No contact 760 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know 0 Q49d. Contact with public clinic or hospital 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No 564 1 Yes 635 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know 1 Q49e. Difficulty to obtain medical care Interviewer was asked to do the following: If ‘no’ at D, circle 7 for parts E, F and G and continue to H. If ‘yes,’ continue with parts E, F and G. 1200 1 7 -1 Missing 0 1 Very easy 134 2 Easy 278 3 Difficult 157 4 Very Difficult 67 7 No contact 564 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know 0 Q49f. Time taken to receive medical care 1200 0 7 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 4 1 After a long time 152 2 After a short time 266 3 Right away 214 7 No contact 564 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 0 Q49g. Pay bribe for medical care 1200 0 7 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 559 1 Once or twice 30 2 A few times 25 3 Often 22 7 No contact 564 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know 0 Q49h. Tried to obtain identity document 1200 0 1 -1 Missing 0 0 No 674 1 Yes 526 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know 0 Q49i. Difficulty to obtain identity document Interviewer was asked to do the following: If ‘no’ at H, circle 7 for parts I, J and K and continue to L. If ‘yes,’ continue with parts I, J and K. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very easy 98 2 Easy 236 3 Difficult 122 4 Very Difficult 69 7 No contact 674 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know 1 Q49j. Time taken to obtain identity document 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 14 1 After a long time 146 2 After a short time 253 3 Right away 112 7 No contact 674 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 1 Q49k. Pay bribe for identity document 1200 0 7 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 452 1 Once or twice 39 2 A few times 24 3 Often 11 7 No contact 674 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know 0 Q49l. Tried to obtain household services 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No 989 1 Yes 209 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know 2 Q49m. Difficulty to obtain household services Interviewer was asked to do the following: If ‘no’ at L, circle 7 for parts M and N and continue to O. If ‘yes,’ continue with parts M and N. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very easy 18 2 Easy 40 3 Difficult 49 4 Very Difficult 102 7 No contact 989 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know 2 Q49n. Pay bribe for household services 1200 0 7 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 159 1 Once or twice 14 2 A few times 21 3 Often 17 7 No contact 989 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know 0 Q49o. Requested police assistance 1200 0 1 -1 Missing 0 0 No 1121 1 Yes 79 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know 0 Q49p. Difficulty to obtain police assistance Interviewer was asked to do the following: If ‘no’ at O, circle 7 for parts P, Q and R and continue to S. If ‘yes,’ continue with parts P, Q and R. 1200 1 7 -1 Missing 0 1 Very easy 9 2 Easy 28 3 Difficult 30 4 Very Difficult 12 7 No contact 1121 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know 0 Q49q. Time taken to receive police assistance 1200 0 7 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 7 1 After a long time 24 2 After a short time 25 3 Right away 23 7 No contact 1121 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 0 Q49r. Pay bribe to receive police assistance 1200 0 7 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 52 1 Once or twice 13 2 A few times 6 3 Often 8 7 No contact 1121 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know 0 Q49s. Contact with police in other situations 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 973 1 Once or twice 104 2 A few times 74 3 Often 48 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know 1 Q49t. Pay bribe to avoid problem with police 1200 -1 7 -1 Missing 1 0 Never 102 1 Once or twice 44 2 A few times 46 3 Often 34 7 No contact 973 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know 0 Q50. Respected by public officials 50. In general, when dealing with public officials, how much do you feel that they treat you with respect? 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all 318 1 A little bit 309 2 Somewhat 332 3 A lot 227 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 14 Q51. Treatment by public officials compared to others 51. In general, when dealing with public officials, do you think that they treat you better, the same, or worse than other people? 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Much Worse 84 1 Worse 250 2 Same 523 3 Better 254 4 Much Better 70 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 19 Q52. Get correct amount when buying grain 52. When a vendor sells you a kilogramme of maize, rice, sorghum, millet or fonio, how sure are you that you get the correct amount? 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 275 1 Sometimes 596 2 Always 316 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 13 Q53a. Likelihood of response: reporting teacher misconduct 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all likely 268 1 Not very likely 171 2 Somewhat likely 345 3 Very likely 397 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard 18 Q53b. Likelihood of response: reporting corruption 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all likely 318 1 Not very likely 248 2 Somewhat likely 373 3 Very likely 239 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard 22 Q53c. Likelihood of response: reporting crime 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all likely 174 1 Not very likely 149 2 Somewhat likely 383 3 Very likely 477 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard 17 Q54a. MPs listen 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 534 1 Only Sometimes 423 2 Often 157 3 Always 72 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 14 Q54b. Local government councillors listen 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 386 1 Only Sometimes 397 2 Often 236 3 Always 172 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 9 Q55pt1. Most important problems - 1st response 55. In your opinion, what are the most important problems facing this country that government should address? 1st response 1200 0 9999 -1 Missing 0 0 Nothing/ no problems 2 1 Management of the economy 231 2 Wages, incomes and salaries 24 3 Unemployment 198 4 Poverty/destitution 151 5 Rates and Taxes 3 6 Loans / credit 18 7 Farming/agriculture 30 8 Food shortage/famine 13 9 Drought 1 10 Land 5 11 Transportation 10 12 Communications 1 13 Infrastructure / roads 79 14 Education 49 15 Housing 7 16 Electricity 76 17 Water supply 163 18 Orphans/street children/homeless children 0 19 Services (other) 2 20 Health 23 21 AIDS 0 22 Sickness / Disease 3 23 Crime and Security 28 24 Corruption 32 25 Political violence 3 26 Political instability / ethnic tensions 2 27 Discrimination/ inequality 3 28 Gender issues / women’s rights 0 29 Democracy/political rights 1 30 War (international) 0 31 Civil war 0 32 Agricultural marketing 25 9995 Other 14 9998 Refused 0 9999 Don’t know 3 Q55pt1other. MIP - 1st response (verbatim other) 55. In your opinion, what are the most important problems facing this country that government should address? 1st response, other 1200 1148 AGRICULTURE 1 ASSAINISSEMENT 1 AUTO SUFFISANCE ALIMENTAIRE 1 BRAQUAGE 1 CHASSER LES ÉLEVEURS LOIN DE NOUS, POUR QU'ILS NE DÉTRUISENT PAS NOS SEMENCE 1 CHAUMAGE 1 CHOIX DU PRESIDENT 1 CHÔMAGE 5 COMMERCE 2 CONSTRUCTION DE MARCHÉ POUR LA VENTE 1 CONSTRUCTION DE MARCHE 1 CONSTRUCTION DU MARCHE 1 CRÉDITS 1 CRÉER L'EMPLOI POUR LES JEUNES 1 CRÉER UN MARCHÉ 1 ÉCOLE 1 ÉDUCATION 1 ÉLECTRICITÉ 1 EMPLOI DES JEUNES 1 ÉROSION COTIERE 1 FAMINE 2 INDISPONIBILITÉ D'ENGRAIS ET CHÈRETE QUAND IL EST DISPONIBLE. 1 INJUSTICE 1 L'ENCOMBREMENT DES EAUX PAR LA POPULATION 1 L’AGENT NE CIRCULE PAS 1 LA PAIX 1 LA SCOLARISATION DES FILLES QUI EST DEVENU PAYANTE 1 MANQUE D EAU POTABLE 1 MANQUE D’EAU 1 MANQUE D’EAU POTABLE 3 MANQUE DE PLACE PUBLIQUE 1 METTRE DE LAMPADAIRE DANS LES VONS 1 MISÈRE 2 PAUVRETÉ 2 PISTE DE TRANSUMENCE POUR LES ELEVEURS PEUHL 1 PRÊTS 1 PRÊTS AU X POPULATIONX 1 PROBLEME FRONTALIERS AVEC LES PAYS LIMITROPHES 1 RETENUE D'EAU (BARRAGE) 1 ROUTE 2 VOLS 1 Q55pt2. Most important problems - 2nd response 55. In your opinion, what are the most important problems facing this country that government should address? 2nd response 1200 1 9996 -1 Missing 0 1 Management of the economy 89 2 Wages, incomes and salaries 18 3 Unemployment 118 4 Poverty/destitution 103 5 Rates and Taxes 4 6 Loans / credit 35 7 Farming/agriculture 35 8 Food shortage/famine 41 9 Drought 7 10 Land 3 11 Transportation 21 12 Communications 3 13 Infrastructure / roads 102 14 Education 89 15 Housing 11 16 Electricity 143 17 Water supply 138 18 Orphans/street children/homeless children 5 19 Services (other) 2 20 Health 70 21 AIDS 0 22 Sickness / Disease 5 23 Crime and Security 42 24 Corruption 22 25 Political violence 1 26 Political instability / ethnic tensions 3 27 Discrimination/ inequality 4 28 Gender issues / women’s rights 1 29 Democracy/political rights 3 30 War (international) 0 31 Civil war 0 32 Agricultural marketing 33 9995 Other 18 9996 No further reply 31 9998 Refused 0 Q55pt2other. MIP - 2nd response (verbatim other) 55. In your opinion, what are the most important problems facing this country that government should address? 2nd response, other 1200 1141 AGRICULTURE 1 AUTO EMPLOI 1 AUTO SUFISANCE ALIMENTAIRE 1 CHÈRETE DES PRIX DES DENRÉES 1 CHOIX DES DEPUTES 1 CHÔMAGE 3 COMMERCE 2 COMMERCIALISATION AGRICOLE 1 CRÉATION D'ÉCOLE 1 EAU 2 ÉDUCATION 1 ÉLECTRICITÉ 4 EMPLOI 1 ÉVITER DE CASSER LES PETITS COMMERCES QUI SONT AU BORD DES VOIES. 1 FAIRE EN SORTE QU'IL Y AIT DE LA NOURRITURE DANS LE PAYS 1 GESTION DU SPORT 1 IMPORTATION VERS L'EXTÉRIEUR DU PAYS 1 IMPUNITÉ 2 INJUSTICE 1 INSÉCURITÉ 1 INSTABILITE DES PRIX 1 L'AMOUR ENTRE LES DIRIGEANTS DU PAYS 1 LA DIPLOMATIE AVEC LE NIGERIA 1 LA FAMINE 1 LANCER LES CONCOURS 1 LE COMMERCE 1 LES DOUNIERS NOUS DEMANDENT DE L’ARGENT AUX FRONTIERES AFIN DE NOUS PERMETTRE DE PASSER 1 LES RETRAITES NE CEDENT PAS DE PLACE OU N'AIMENT PAS PARTIR 1 MANQUE D'ENSEIGNANTS QUALIFIES 1 MANQUE D AUPITAUX DE SOIN 1 MANQUE D’ECOLE 1 MANQUE D’ELECTRICITE 2 MANQUE D’ELETRICITE 1 MARCHE 1 METTRE EN PLACE DES ORGANISATIONS POUR AIDER LES AGRICULTEURS 1 MEVENTE 1 MISÈRE 2 PARESSE DES CITOYENS 1 PRÊTS 2 RECASEMENT ET LOTISSEMENT 1 REGLEMENT DE COMPTE DE POLITIQUE 1 ROUTE 3 SANTE 1 SANTÉ 1 TRAVAIL 1 VETEMENTS 1 Q55pt3. Most important problems - 3rd response 55. In your opinion, what are the most important problems facing this country that government should address? 3rd response 1200 1 9998 -1 Missing 0 1 Management of the economy 57 2 Wages, incomes and salaries 14 3 Unemployment 62 4 Poverty/destitution 72 5 Rates and Taxes 4 6 Loans / credit 43 7 Farming/agriculture 41 8 Food shortage/famine 31 9 Drought 2 10 Land 7 11 Transportation 26 12 Communications 5 13 Infrastructure / roads 115 14 Education 87 15 Housing 11 16 Electricity 102 17 Water supply 118 18 Orphans/street children/homeless children 1 19 Services (other) 7 20 Health 120 21 AIDS 0 22 Sickness / Disease 1 23 Crime and Security 46 24 Corruption 28 25 Political violence 2 26 Political instability / ethnic tensions 7 27 Discrimination/ inequality 8 28 Gender issues / women’s rights 5 29 Democracy/political rights 4 30 War (international) 0 31 Civil war 0 32 Agricultural marketing 38 9995 Other 29 9996 No further reply 106 9998 Refused 1 Q55pt3other. MIP - 3rd response (verbatim other) 55. In your opinion, what are the most important problems facing this country that government should address? 3rd response, other 1200 Q56a. Handling managing the economy 56a. Now let’s speak about the performance of the present government of this country. How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough to say: Managing the economy? Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Badly 420 2 Fairly Badly 344 3 Fairly Well 315 4 Very Well 99 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know / Haven’t heard enough 22 Q56b. Handling improving living standards of the poor Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Badly 532 2 Fairly Badly 396 3 Fairly Well 216 4 Very Well 51 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know / Haven’t heard enough 5 Q56c. Handling creating jobs Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Badly 483 2 Fairly Badly 419 3 Fairly Well 227 4 Very Well 57 8 Refused 1 9 Don't Know / Haven’t heard enough 13 Q56d. Handling keeping prices stable Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Badly 376 2 Fairly Badly 396 3 Fairly Well 342 4 Very Well 65 8 Refused 1 9 Don't Know / Haven’t heard enough 20 Q56e. Handling narrowing income gaps Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Badly 510 2 Fairly Badly 410 3 Fairly Well 204 4 Very Well 49 8 Refused 2 9 Don't Know / Haven’t heard enough 25 Q56f. Handling reducing crime Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Badly 334 2 Fairly Badly 272 3 Fairly Well 448 4 Very Well 135 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know / Haven’t heard enough 11 Q56g. Handling improving basic health services Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Badly 262 2 Fairly Badly 315 3 Fairly Well 489 4 Very Well 119 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know / Haven’t heard enough 15 Q56h. Handling addressing educational needs Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Badly 249 2 Fairly Badly 282 3 Fairly Well 509 4 Very Well 152 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know / Haven’t heard enough 8 Q56i. Handling providing water and sanitation services Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Badly 416 2 Fairly Badly 333 3 Fairly Well 352 4 Very Well 89 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know / Haven’t heard enough 10 Q56j. Handling ensuring enough to eat Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Badly 364 2 Fairly Badly 403 3 Fairly Well 355 4 Very Well 67 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know / Haven’t heard enough 11 Q56k. Handling fighting corruption Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Badly 274 2 Fairly Badly 363 3 Fairly Well 407 4 Very Well 132 8 Refused 1 9 Don't Know / Haven’t heard enough 23 Q56l. Handling maintaining roads and bridges Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Badly 465 2 Fairly Badly 278 3 Fairly Well 349 4 Very Well 99 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know / Haven’t heard enough 9 Q56m. Handling providing reliable electric supply Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Badly 478 2 Fairly Badly 292 3 Fairly Well 339 4 Very Well 74 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know / Haven’t heard enough 17 Q56n. Handling preventing election violence Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Badly 137 2 Fairly Badly 255 3 Fairly Well 612 4 Very Well 164 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know / Haven’t heard enough 32 Q56o. Handling preventing or resolving violent community conflict Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Badly 139 2 Fairly Badly 252 3 Fairly Well 623 4 Very Well 143 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know / Haven’t heard enough 43 Q56q. Handling promoting equal rights/opportunities for women Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Badly 136 2 Fairly Badly 247 3 Fairly Well 600 4 Very Well 197 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know / Haven’t heard enough 20 Q56r. Handling addressing needs of youth Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Badly 351 2 Fairly Badly 449 3 Fairly Well 311 4 Very Well 74 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know / Haven’t heard enough 15 Q56s. Handling protecting rights, promoting opportunities for disabled Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Badly 285 2 Fairly Badly 338 3 Fairly Well 413 4 Very Well 111 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know / Haven’t heard enough 53 Q56t_BEN. Handling improving prison conditions Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Badly 286 2 Fairly Badly 331 3 Fairly Well 351 4 Very Well 58 8 Refused 2 9 Don't Know / Haven’t heard enough 172 Q56u_BEN. Handling fight against child marriage Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Badly 192 2 Fairly Badly 205 3 Fairly Well 505 4 Very Well 264 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know / Haven’t heard enough 34 Q56v_BEN. Handling fight against counterfeit medicines Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Badly 207 2 Fairly Badly 238 3 Fairly Well 491 4 Very Well 238 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know / Haven’t heard enough 26 Q57a. Better or worse: access to medical care Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Much worse 97 2 Worse 233 3 Same 413 4 Better 389 5 Much Better 57 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know 10 Q57b. Better or worse: personal safety Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Much worse 94 2 Worse 231 3 Same 417 4 Better 392 5 Much Better 62 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 4 Q57c. Better or worse: government effectiveness on education Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Much worse 101 2 Worse 259 3 Same 317 4 Better 445 5 Much Better 73 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 5 Q57d. Better or worse: get assistance from police Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Much worse 100 2 Worse 209 3 Same 421 4 Better 386 5 Much Better 71 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 13 Q57e. Better or worse: government assists people to resolve problems Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Much worse 139 2 Worse 325 3 Same 479 4 Better 210 5 Much Better 29 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 18 Q57f. Better or worse: MPs listen Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Much worse 176 2 Worse 302 3 Same 470 4 Better 205 5 Much Better 30 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know 16 Q57g. Better or worse: equal opportunities and treatment for women Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Much worse 87 2 Worse 182 3 Same 416 4 Better 437 5 Much Better 70 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 8 Q58a. Performance: President Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly Disapprove 250 2 Disapprove 280 3 Approve 453 4 Strongly Approve 202 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know / haven't heard enough 14 Q58b. Performance: MP/National Assembly rep Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly Disapprove 177 2 Disapprove 312 3 Approve 534 4 Strongly Approve 157 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know / haven't heard enough 20 Q58c. Performance: local government councillor Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly Disapprove 163 2 Disapprove 280 3 Approve 568 4 Strongly Approve 178 7 Not Applicable 0 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know / haven't heard enough 11 Q58d. Performance: traditional leader Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly Disapprove 106 2 Disapprove 173 3 Approve 571 4 Strongly Approve 210 7 Not Applicable 112 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know / haven't heard enough 28 Q58e. Performance: your Mayor Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly Disapprove 157 2 Disapprove 250 3 Approve 568 4 Strongly Approve 213 7 Not Applicable 0 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know / haven't heard enough 12 Q59a. Who responsible: MPs do jobs 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 The President / Executive 284 1 The Parliament / County Assembly 150 2 Their Political Party 130 3 The Voters 622 4 No One 7 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 7 Q59b. Who responsible: local councillors do jobs 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 The President / Executive 156 1 The Parliament / County Assembly 179 2 Their Political Party 117 3 The Voters 735 4 No One 5 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know 7 Q59c. Who responsible: president does job 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 The President / Executive 64 1 The Parliament / County Assembly 434 2 Their Political Party 73 3 The Voters 613 4 No One 7 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 9 Q60a. Feared violence in neighbourhood 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No, Never 863 1 Yes, feared but didn't experience 217 2 Yes, Feared and experienced 119 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 1 Q60b. Feared violence at political event 1200 0 2 -1 Missing 0 0 No, Never 811 1 Yes, feared but didn't experience 285 2 Yes, Feared and experienced 104 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 0 Q60c. Feared violence during public protest 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No, Never 948 1 Yes, feared but didn't experience 173 2 Yes, Feared and experienced 73 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 6 Q61a. Armed forces protect from security threats rappelez au répondant le premier problème identifié 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Never 94 2 Rarely 186 3 Sometimes 290 4 Often 291 5 Always 333 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know / Haven’t heard enough 6 Q61b. Armed forces get necessary resources 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Never 84 2 Rarely 252 3 Sometimes 280 4 Often 283 5 Always 226 8 Refused 1 9 Don't know / Haven’t heard enough 74 Q61c. Armed forces are professional and respectful to citizens 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Never 146 2 Rarely 190 3 Sometimes 327 4 Often 279 5 Always 235 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know / Haven’t heard enough 23 Q62. Free to move when public security threatened vs impose curfews Interviewer probed for strength of opinion asking “Do you agree or agree very strongly?” 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Agree very strongly with 1 232 2 Agree with 1 254 3 Agree with 2 236 4 Agree very strongly with 2 459 5 Agree with neither 13 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 6 Q63. Government should monitor private communication vs right to privacy Interviewer probed for strength of opinion asking “Do you agree or agree very strongly?” 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Agree very strongly with 1 389 2 Agree with 1 215 3 Agree with 2 209 4 Agree very strongly with 2 379 5 Agree with neither 7 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 1 Q64 Absolute freedom of religion vs government regulates what is said Interviewer probed for strength of opinion asking “Do you agree or agree very strongly?” 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Agree very strongly with 1 273 2 Agree with 1 240 3 Agree with 2 260 4 Agree very strongly with 2 415 5 Agree with neither 6 8 Refused 1 9 Don't know 5 Q65. Country governed by religious law vs secular law Interviewer probed for strength of opinion asking “Do you agree or agree very strongly?” 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Agree very strongly with 1 142 2 Agree with 1 113 3 Agree with 2 304 4 Agree very strongly with 2 597 5 Agree with neither 41 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 3 Q66. Difficulty to move across borders 66. In your opinion, how easy or difficult is it for people in West Africa to cross international borders in order to work or trade in other countries, or haven’t you heard enough to say? Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very difficult 381 2 Difficult 393 3 Easy 156 4 Very easy 127 7 Never try 133 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 10 Q67. Lived outside country 67. During the past three years, have you or anyone in your household gone to live in another country outside Benin for more than three months? 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No 828 1 Yes 371 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 1 Q68a. Considered emigration to other country 68a. How much, if at all, have you considered moving to another country to live? Interviewer was instructed to skip to Q71 if respondent answered, “Not at all.” 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all 725 1 A little bit 116 2 Somewhat 114 3 A lot 243 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 2 Q68b. Planned emigration to other country 68b. How much planning or preparation have you done in order to move to another country to live? Interviewer was instructed to circle 7=Not applicable if the response to Q68A was 0=Not at all. 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 You are not currently making any specific plans or preparations 246 1 You are planning to move in the next year or two but not yet making preparations 178 2 You are currently making preparations to move, like getting a visa 44 7 Not Applicable 725 8 Refused 1 9 Don't know 6 Q69. Most likely country for emigration 69. If you were to move to another country, where would you be most likely to go? Interviewer was instructed to circle 97=Not applicable if the response to Q68A was 0=Not at all. 1200 1 99 -1 Missing 0 1 Nigeria 129 2 Another country in West Africa 97 3 Elsewhere in Africa 47 4 Europe 87 5 North America 49 6 Central/South America 11 7 Middle East 4 8 Asia 7 9 Australia 2 10 Outside of Africa 31 97 Not Applicable 725 98 Refused 0 99 Don't know 11 Q70. Most important reason for emigrating 70. There are several reasons why people leave their home to live in another country for an extended period of time. What about you? What is the most important reason why you would consider moving from Benin? 1200 1 9999 -1 Missing 0 1 Find work 204 2 Economic hardship 141 3 Lower taxes at destination 0 4 Poverty 44 5 Poor infrastructure/ services 1 6 Better business prospects 10 7 Natural Disasters 2 8 Better democratic environment 3 9 Political persecution 1 10 Religious persecution 2 11 Civil war 4 12 Crime 3 13 Better schools 2 14 Better medical services 2 15 To pursue an education 13 16 To accompany family members who are moving for work 1 17 To join spouse/ family members who have already migrated 13 18 Travel/tourism/adventure/experience other cultures 26 9995 Other 2 9997 Not Applicable 725 9998 Refused 0 9999 Don’t know 1 Q70other. Most important reason for emigrating (verbatim) 70. There are several reasons why people leave their home to live in another country for an extended period of time. What about you? What is the most important reason why you would consider moving from Benin? Other 1200 1192 ÉTUDIER À L'EXTÉRIEUR 1 JUSTE POUR ALLER DÉCOUVRIR 1 LA MISERE 1 LES ETUDES 1 MESENTENTE ET LA MISÈRE 1 MISSION POUR JESUS 1 POUR PARLER LA LANGUE ANGLAISE 1 TOURISME 1 Q71. Climate conditions compared to ten years ago 71. In your experience, would you say climate conditions for agricultural production in your area have gotten better, gotten worse, or stayed about the same over the last 10 years or haven’t you heard enough to say? Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No experience 23 1 Much worse 366 2 Worse 410 3 About the same 211 4 Better 146 5 Much better 14 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard enough to say 30 Q72a. Severity of droughts Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Much more severe 456 2 Somewhat more severe 286 3 Stayed the same 196 4 Somewhat less severe 172 5 Much less severe 84 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know 5 Q72b. Severity of flooding Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Much more severe 292 2 Somewhat more severe 203 3 Stayed the same 263 4 Somewhat less severe 205 5 Much less severe 226 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 11 Q73a. Heard about climate change 73a. Have you heard about climate change or haven’t you had the chance to hear about this yet? Interviewer was instructed to skip to Q77 if respondent answered, “No.” 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No 469 1 Yes 722 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t Know/Haven't heard enough 9 Q73b. Climage change: meaning 73b. What does the phrase “climate change” mean to you? Interviewer was instructed to circle 7=Not applicable if the response to Q73A was 0=No. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Negative changes in the weather 555 2 Positive changes in the weather 133 3 Other changes in weather patterns 27 7 Not Applicable 469 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know/ Haven’t heard enough 16 Q74. Climate change: main cause 74. People have different ideas about what causes climate change. What about you, which of the following do you think is the main cause of climate change, or haven't you heard enough to say? Interviewer was instructed to code from response and to circle 7=Not applicable if the response to Q73A was 0=No. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Human Activity 461 2 Natural processes 190 3 Both human activity and natural processes 68 4 None of these 0 7 Not Applicable 469 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know / Haven’t heard enough 12 Q75. Climate change: affecting country 75. Do you think climate change is making life in Benin better or worse, or haven’t you heard enough to say? Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. Interviewer was instructed to circle 7=Not applicable if the response to Q73A was 0=No. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Much better 27 2 Somewhat better 64 3 Neither/ no change / about the same [Do not read] 22 4 Somewhat worse 327 5 Much worse 280 7 Not Applicable 469 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know / Haven’t heard enough to say 11 Q76. Climate change needs to be stopped? By ordinary people? 76. Do you think that climate change needs to be stopped? [If yes] How much do you think that ordinary Benin can do to stop climate change? Interviewer was instructed to circle 7=Not applicable if the response to Q73A was 0=No. 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No, climate change doesn’t need to be stopped 123 1 Yes, Ordinary Beninese can do nothing at all 141 2 Yes, Ordinary Beninese can do a little bit 257 3 Yes, Ordinary Beninese can do a lot 196 7 Not Applicable 469 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 14 Q77a. Girls and boys have equal chance at education Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly Disagree 26 2 Disagree 48 3 Neither Agree Nor Disagree 1 4 Agree 413 5 Strongly Agree 711 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t Know 1 Q77b. Women and men have equal chance to earn income Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 5 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly Disagree 34 2 Disagree 116 3 Neither Agree Nor Disagree 8 4 Agree 436 5 Strongly Agree 606 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t Know 0 Q77c. Women and men have equal chance of paying job Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 5 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly Disagree 31 2 Disagree 125 3 Neither Agree Nor Disagree 10 4 Agree 436 5 Strongly Agree 598 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t Know 0 Q77d. Women and men have equal chance to own/inherit land Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 5 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly Disagree 104 2 Disagree 176 3 Neither Agree Nor Disagree 9 4 Agree 387 5 Strongly Agree 524 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t Know 0 Q78a. Justified for parents to physically discipline children 1200 1 3 -1 Missing 0 1 Never justified 265 2 Sometimes justified 560 3 Always justified 375 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 0 Q78b. Justified for men to beat their wives 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Never justified 663 2 Sometimes justified 372 3 Always justified 164 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 1 Q79_BEN. Interventions to tackle youth unemployment 79-BEN. Today we are witnessing an increase in youth unemployment, especially among young graduates. Which of these following government interventions would you say is the best way to handle youth unemployment in this country? 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Nothing can be done 1 1 Provide credit to private enterprises 406 2 Improve education and training 335 3 Increase the financial autonomy of the National Employment Agency 157 4 Provide credit for the financing of business activities 290 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 11 Q80a_BEN. Free schools vs. better to pay for better quality education Interviewer probed for strength of opinion asking “Do you agree or agree very strongly?” 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Agree very strongly with 1 90 2 Agree with 1 98 3 Agree with 2 286 4 Agree very strongly with 2 710 5 Agree with neither 13 8 Refused 1 9 Don't know 2 Q80b_BEN. Free primary education helps enrolment 80B-BEN. For each of the following statements regarding policy on free tuition fees in Benin’s education system, please tell me if you agree, disagree, or have you heard enough to say: Free tuition fee policies for primary education favors the education of students and their success. Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Strongly agree 325 1 Agree 479 2 Neither agree nor disagree 20 3 Disagree 247 4 Strongly disagree 128 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 1 Q80c_BEN. Free schooling promotes girls education 80C-BEN. For each of the following statements regarding policy on free tuition fees in Benin’s education system, please tell me if you agree, disagree, or have you heard enough to say: Free tuition fee policies are important to promote girls’ education up to the third grade. Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Strongly agree 469 1 Agree 530 2 Neither agree nor disagree 14 3 Disagree 111 4 Strongly disagree 72 8 Refused 1 9 Don't know 3 Q80d_BEN. Free education at university level 80D-BEN. For each of the following statements regarding policy on free tuition fees in Benin’s education system, please tell me if you agree, disagree, or have you heard enough to say: Free tuition fee policies should be extended to the university level. Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Strongly agree 363 1 Agree 432 2 Neither agree nor disagree 19 3 Disagree 196 4 Strongly disagree 183 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 7 Q81a_BEN. Responsible for poor results: CEP 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Nobody 27 1 Government 297 2 Teachers 453 3 Parents 117 4 Schools 299 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 7 Q81b_BEN. Responsible for poor results: BEPC 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Nobody 25 1 Government 284 2 Teachers 425 3 Parents 93 4 Schools 365 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 8 Q81c_BEN. Responsible for poor results: Baccalaureate 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Nobody 37 1 Government 297 2 Teachers 390 3 Parents 76 4 Schools 393 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 7 Q82_BEN. Child marriage allowed vs. banned Interviewer probed for strength of opinion asking “Do you agree or agree very strongly?” 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Agree very strongly with 1 99 2 Agree with 1 44 3 Agree with 2 247 4 Agree very strongly with 2 799 5 Agree with neither 9 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 2 Q83_BEN. The constitution should be revised to establish a single mandate 83-BEN. Please tell me if you agree or disagree with the following statement: The Constitution should be revised to allow the President of Benin to only serve one term. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly disagree 323 2 Disagree 299 3 Neither agree nor disagree 28 4 Agree 241 5 Strongly agree 283 6 It depends on length of mandate 20 8 Refused 1 9 Don't know 5 Q84. Ethnic community, cultural group or tribe 84. Let us get back to talking about you. What is your ethnic community, cultural group or tribe? Interviewer entered respondent’s exact response. If respondent did not identify any group on this question—that is, if they “Refused” (9998), said “Don’t know” (9999), or “Beninese only” (9990)—then the interviewer marked “Not applicable” for questions Q85A-Q85B and continued to question 86. 1200 100 9995 -1 Missing 0 100 Adja 189 101 Bariba 97 102 Dendi 53 103 Fon 411 104 Otamari 43 105 Lopka 29 106 Peulh 78 107 Yoruba 145 108 Waama 12 109 Yom 17 110 Gourmantché 19 9990 Beninese only, or “doesn't think of self in those terms” 1 9995 Other 106 9998 Refused 0 9999 Don't know 0 Q84other. Ethnic community, cultural group or tribe (verbatim) 84. Let us get back to talking about you. What is your ethnic community, cultural group or tribe? Other Interviewer entered respondent’s exact response. If respondent did not identify any group on this question—that is, if they “Refused” (9998), said “Don’t know” (9999), or “Beninese only” (9990)—then the interviewer marked “Not applicable” for questions Q85A-Q85B and continued to question 86. 1200 Q85a. Ethnic group treated unfairly 85a. How often, if ever, are ___________s [R’s Ethnic Group] treated unfairly by the government? If respondent did not identify any group on Q84—that is, if they “Refused” (9998), said “Don’t know” (9999), or “Beninese only” (9990)—then the interviewer marked “Not applicable” for questions Q85A-Q85B and continued to question 86. 1200 -1 9 -1 Missing 154 0 Never 561 1 Sometimes 257 2 Often 118 3 Always 90 7 Not Applicable 4 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know 15 Q85b. Ethnic or national identity 85b. Let us suppose that you had to choose between being a Beninese and being a ________ [R’s Ethnic Group]. Which of the following statements best expresses your feelings? If respondent did not identify any group on Q84—that is, if they “Refused” (9998), said “Don’t know” (9999), or “Beninese only” (9990)—then the interviewer marked “Not applicable” for questions Q85A-Q85B and continued to question 86. 1200 -1 9 -1 Missing 154 1 I feel only (ethnic group) 83 2 I feel more (ethnic group) than (national identity) 162 3 I feel equally (national identity) and (ethnic group) 483 4 I feel more (national identity) than (ethnic group) 83 5 I feel only (national identity) 226 7 Not applicable 4 9 Don't know 5 98 Refused 0 Q86a. Experienced discrimination based on gender 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 1015 1 Once or twice 51 2 Several times 81 3 Many times 51 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know 2 Q86b. Experienced discrimination based on religion 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 1024 1 Once or twice 56 2 Several times 88 3 Many times 29 8 Refused 1 9 Don't Know 2 Q86c. Experienced discrimination based on ethnicity 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 953 1 Once or twice 67 2 Several times 130 3 Many times 48 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know 2 Q86d. Experienced discrimination based on disability 1200 0 7 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 377 1 Once or twice 17 2 Several times 17 3 Many times 22 7 Not Applicable (no disability) 767 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know 0 Q87a. Neighbours: people of different religion Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly dislike 34 2 Somewhat dislike 37 3 Would not care 295 4 Somewhat like 124 5 Strongly like 704 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 6 Q87b. Neighbours: people of different ethnicity Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly dislike 12 2 Somewhat dislike 20 3 Would not care 291 4 Somewhat like 136 5 Strongly like 738 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 3 Q87c. Neighbours: homosexuals Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly dislike 876 2 Somewhat dislike 57 3 Would not care 120 4 Somewhat like 44 5 Strongly like 81 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 22 Q87d. Neighbours: immigrants and foreign workers Interviewer probed for strength of opinion. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly dislike 31 2 Somewhat dislike 32 3 Would not care 275 4 Somewhat like 182 5 Strongly like 677 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 3 Q88a. Close to political party 88a. Do you feel close to any particular political party? 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No, not close to any party 840 1 Yes, feels close to a party 356 8 Refused 2 9 Don't know 2 Q88b. Which party 88b. Which party is that? 1200 100 9999 -1 Missing 0 100 Nouveau Départ 141 101 Union fait la Nation (UN) 15 102 Renaissance du Bénin (RB) 16 103 Parti du Renouveau Démocratique (PRD) 23 104 Force Cauris pour un Bénin Emergent (FCBE) 93 105 Alliance ABT 25 106 PIK-Nouvelle conscience 4 9995 Other 35 9997 Not applicable 844 9998 Refused 1 9999 Don't know 3 Q88bother. Which party (verbatim) 88b. Which party is that? Other 1200 1165 ADB 1 AJAVON SEBASTIEN 5 ALLIANCE SOLEIL 2 AND 4 ASG 1 FDU 3 GBEDO MARIE ÉLISE 1 GDD 1 GRANDE SOLIDARITÉ RÉPUBLICAINE 1 JE ME SENS PROCHE DU PLUS INTÉRESSANT 1 LE PARTI QUI VIENDRA 1 PARTI ADJAVON 1 PARTI NATIONAL ENSEMBLE 1 PRAD 1 RDI ANFANI 1 RDL VIVOTIN 1 UBF 1 UFED 1 UPR 4 UPR DE ISSA SALIFOU 1 XXL/12/24/24 1 YAYI BONI 1 Q89a. Own radio 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No, don’t own 287 1 Yes, someone else owns 297 2 Yes, do own 613 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know 2 Q89b. Own television Si "Oui" à Q89A 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No, don’t own 639 1 Yes, someone else owns 230 2 Yes, do own 325 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know 5 Q89c. Own motor vehicle, car or motorcycle 1200 0 8 -1 Missing 0 0 No, don’t own 338 1 Yes, someone else owns 407 2 Yes, do own 453 8 Refused 2 9 Don’t know 0 Q89d. Own computer 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No, don’t own 1014 1 Yes, someone else owns 88 2 Yes, do own 90 8 Refused 2 9 Don’t know 6 Q89e. Own bank account 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No, don’t own 857 1 Yes, someone else owns 108 2 Yes, do own 223 8 Refused 2 9 Don’t know 10 Q89f. Own mobile phone 1200 0 2 -1 Missing 0 0 No, don’t own 99 1 Yes, someone else owns 170 2 Yes, do own 931 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 0 Q90. Mobile phone access to internet 90. Does your phone have access to the internet? Interviewer was instructed to ask this question if the respondent responded “Yes, personally owns” to Q89F and to select 7=Not applicable if they did not. 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No, does not have internet access 644 1 Yes, has internet 283 7 Not Applicable 269 8 Refused 0 9 Don't Know 4 Q91a. How often use a mobile phone 1200 0 4 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 141 1 Less than once a month 25 2 A few times a month 42 3 A few times a week 128 4 Everyday 864 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 0 Q91b. How often use the internet 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 954 1 Less than once a month 14 2 A few times a month 50 3 A few times a week 67 4 Everyday 111 8 Refused 1 9 Don't know 3 Q92a. Source of water for household use 1200 1 3 -1 Missing 0 1 Inside the house 251 2 Inside the compound 137 3 Outside the compound 812 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 0 Q92b. Location of toilet or latrine 1200 0 3 -1 Missing 0 0 No latrine 320 1 Inside the house 295 2 Inside the compound 213 3 Outside the compound 372 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 0 Q93. Electric connection from mains 93. Do you have an electric connection to your home from the mains? [If yes] How often is the electricity actually available from this connection? Interviewer was instructed to not ask this question if it was 100% clear that there was no electricity supply to the home, e.g., in an unserved rural area. 1200 0 8 -1 Missing 0 0 No mains electric supply or connection to the home 746 1 Never 10 2 Occasionally 62 3 About half of the time 37 4 Most of the time 196 5 All of the time 148 8 Refused 1 9 Don't know 0 Q94. Employment status 94. Do you have a job that pays a cash income? [If yes, ask] Is it full-time or part-time? [If no, ask:] Are you presently looking for a job? 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No, not looking 531 1 No, looking 393 2 Yes, part time 84 3 Yes, full time 191 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 1 Q95a. Occupation of respondent 95a. What is your main occupation? [If unemployed, retired, or disabled, ask:] What was your last main occupation? 1200 0 98 -1 Missing 0 0 Never had a job 64 1 Student 127 2 Housewife / homemaker 117 3 Agriculture / farming / fishing / forestry 340 4 Trader / hawker / vendor 216 5 Retail / Shop 11 6 Unskilled manual worker 32 7 Artisan or skilled manual worker 147 8 Clerical or secretarial 11 9 Supervisor / Foreman / Senior Manager 2 10 Security services 11 11 Mid-level professional 50 12 Upper-level professional 12 95 Other 57 98 Refused 3 99 Don’t know 0 Q95b. Employer of respondent 95b. Do you work for yourself, for someone else in the private sector or the non-governmental sector, or for government? Interviewer was instructed to ask this question only if the response to Q95A was not 0=Never had a job, 1=Student, or 2=Housewife/homemaker and to select 7=Not applicable if it was. 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Works for self 741 2 Private sector 95 3 Non Governmental Organizations / Civil society sector 2 4 Government 49 7 Not Applicable 308 8 Refused 1 9 Don't know 4 Q95c. Who decides how money is used 95c. What is the main way that decisions are made about how to use any money that you have or earn, for example from a job, a business, selling things or other activities? 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 You make the decisions yourself 524 2 Your spouse makes the decisions 91 3 You make the decisions jointly with your spouse 384 4 You make the decisions jointly with other family members 127 5 Other family members make the decisions without you 34 6 None of the above / Some other response 4 7 Not applicable, no earnings 34 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 2 Q96a. Head of household 96a. Who is the head of this household, that is, the person who has primary responsibility for making decisions on behalf of the household? 1200 1 99 -1 Missing 0 1 You(respondent) 596 2 Respondent's spouse 372 3 Respondent's father 134 4 Respondent's mother 45 5 Respondent's son 3 6 Respondent's daughter 1 7 Respondent's grandfather 7 8 Respondent's grandmother 1 9 Another male relative 27 10 Another female relative 4 11 Someone else 7 12 More than one person 2 98 Refused 0 99 Don’t know 1 Q96b. Occupation of head of household 96b. What is the main occupation of the head of the household? [If unemployed, retired or disabled, ask:] What was his/her last main occupation? Interviewer was instructed to ask this question only if the response to Q96A was not 1=You (respondent) or 99=Don’t know and to select 97=Not applicable if it was. 1200 0 99 -1 Missing 0 0 Never had a job 13 1 Student 5 2 Housewife / homemaker 9 3 Agriculture / farming / fishing / forestry 302 4 Trader / hawker / vendor 57 5 Retail / Shop 3 6 Unskilled manual worker 25 7 Artisan or skilled manual worker 90 8 Clerical or secretarial 3 9 Supervisor / Foreman / Senior Manager 5 10 Security services 8 11 Mid-level professional 25 12 Upper-level professional 12 95 Other 44 97 Not Applicable (respondent is head of household) 597 98 Refused 0 99 Don’t know 2 Q97. Education of respondent 97. What is your highest level of education? 1200 0 99 -1 Missing 0 0 No formal schooling 445 1 Informal schooling only 16 2 Some primary schooling 242 3 Primary school completed 52 4 Some secondary school / high school 307 5 Secondary school / high school completed 37 6 Post-secondary qualifications, other than university 1 7 Some university 37 8 University completed 54 9 Post-graduate 5 98 Refused 2 99 Don’t know 2 Q98. Religion of respondent 98. What is your religion, if any? 1200 0 9998 -1 Missing 0 0 None 58 1 Christian only 71 2 Roman Catholic 319 3 Orthodox 5 4 Coptic 1 5 Anglican 1 6 Lutheran 0 7 Methodist 23 8 Presbyterian 0 9 Baptist 5 10 Quaker / Friends 0 11 Mennonite 0 12 Evangelical 141 13 Pentecostal 12 14 Independent 1 15 Jehovah’s Witness 4 16 Seventh Day Adventist 2 17 Mormon 0 18 Muslim only 266 19 Sunni only 2 20 Ismaeli 9 21 Mouridiya Brotherhood 0 22 Tijaniya Brotherhood 23 23 Qadiriya Brotherhood 0 24 Shia 0 25 Traditional / ethnic religion 122 26 Hindu 0 27 Bahai 0 28 Agnostic 0 29 Atheist 1 30 Dutch Reformed 0 31 Calvinist 0 32 Church of Christ 21 33 Zionist Christian Church 0 34 Jewish 0 100 Céleste 43 101 Vodou 12 9995 Other 57 9998 Refused 1 9999 Don't know 0 Q98other. Religion of respondent (verbatim) 98. What is your religion, if any? Other 1200 Q99. Vote for which party 99. If presidential elections were held tomorrow, which party’s candidate would you vote for? 1200 100 9999 -1 Missing 0 100 Nouveau Départ 492 101 Union fait la Nation (UN) 46 102 Renaissance du Bénin (RB) 20 103 Parti du Renouveau Démocratique (PRD) 36 104 Force Cauris pour un Bénin Emergent (FCBE) 258 105 Alliance ABT 61 106 PIK-Nouvelle conscience 17 107 Sebastien Ajavon 27 9995 Other 65 9997 Would not vote 50 9998 Refused 16 9999 Don't know 112 Q99other. Vote for which party (verbatim) 99. If presidential elections were held tomorrow, which party’s candidate would you vote for? Other 1200 Q100. Perceived survey sponsor 100. Just one more question: Who do you think sent us to do this interview? 1200 0 99 -1 Missing 0 0 No one 9 1 Afrobarometer 307 2 Research Company 30 3 Non-government or religious organization 51 4 University / School / College 3 5 Private company 5 6 Media 2 7 Political party or politician 17 8 Government 682 9 International organization or another country 12 10 God 8 95 Other 13 98 Refused 0 99 Don’t know 61 Time interview ended Time interview ended Inscrire heure et minute, utilisez le temps de 24 heures 1200 Length of interview Length of interview 1200 -1 194.71615 -1 Missing 18 Q101. Gender of respondent 101. Respondent’s gender Answered by interviewer 1200 1 2 1 Male 601 2 Female 599 Q102. Race of respondent 102. Respondent’s race 1200 1 6 1 Black / African 1198 2 White / European 0 3 Coloured / Mixed race 1 4 Arab / Lebanese / North African 0 5 South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, etc.) 0 6 East Asian (Chinese, Korean, Indonesian, etc.) 1 9995 Other 0 9999 Don't know 0 Q102other. Race of respondent (verbatim) 102. Respondent’s race, other Answered by interviewer 1200 1200 Q103. Language of interview 103. What was the primary language used in the interview? 1200 2 9995 -1 Missing 0 2 French 431 100 Adjagbé 116 101 Baatonum 125 102 Dendi 67 103 Ditammari 11 104 Fongbé 316 105 Fulfuldé 28 106 Yoruba 85 9995 Other 21 Q103other. Language of interview (verbatim) 103. What was the primary language used in the interview? Other 1200 1179 AÏZO 3 DENDI 1 GUN 4 GUNGBE 2 HOLI 1 IDAATCHA 1 LOPKA 3 SETOGBE 1 TOFINGBÈ 2 TORIGBÈ 1 WEMEGBE 1 ZEGBÈ 1 Q104. Type of shelter of respondent 104. In what type of shelter does the respondent live? Answered by interviewer 1200 1 8 1 Non-traditional / formal house 567 2 Traditional house / hut 423 3 Temporary structure / shack 38 4 Flat in a block of flats 15 5 Single room in a larger dwelling structure or backyard 152 7 Hostel in an industrial compound or farming compound 3 8 Other 2 Q105. Roof of respondent’s home 105. What was the roof of the respondent’s home or shelter made of? 1200 1 9 1 Metal, aluminum, tin or zinc 823 2 Tiles 37 3 Shingles 8 4 Thatch or grass 140 5 Plastic sheets 105 6 Asbestos 2 7 Multiple materials 9 8 Concrete 63 9 Some other material 13 10 Could not tell / could not see 0 Q106. Others present 106. Were there any other people immediately present who might be listening during the interview? Answered by interviewer 1200 1 5 1 No one 813 2 Spouse only 60 3 Children only 156 4 A few others 164 5 Small crowd 7 Q107a. Check with others 107a. Did the respondent check with others for information to answer any question? Answered by interviewer 1200 0 1 0 No 1181 1 Yes 19 Q107b. Influence by others 107b. Do you think anyone influenced the respondent’s answers during the interview? Answered by interviewer 1200 0 1 0 No 1177 1 Yes 23 Q107c. Approached by community/party representatives 107c. Were you approached by community and/or political party representatives? Answered by interviewer 1200 0 1 0 No 1188 1 Yes 12 Q107d. Feel threatened 107d. Did you feel threatened during the interview? Answered by interviewer 1200 0 1 0 No 1195 1 Yes 5 Q107e. Physically threatened 107e. Were you physically threatened during the interview? Answered by interviewer 1200 0 1 0 No 1199 1 Yes 1 Q108. Proportion difficulty answering 108. What proportion of the questions do you feel the respondent had difficulty answering? Answered by interviewer 1200 0 4 0 None 12 1 Few 1 2 Some 11 3 Most 125 4 All 1051 Q110a. Respondent friendly 110. What was the respondent’s attitude toward you during the interview? Was he or she: friendly, in between, or hostile? Answered by interviewer 1200 1 3 1 Friendly 1156 2 In between 41 3 Hostile 3 Q110b. Respondent interested 110. What was the respondent’s attitude toward you during the interview? Was he or she: interested, in between, or bored? Answered by interviewer 1200 1 3 1 Interested 1092 2 In between 95 3 Bored 13 Q110c. Respondent cooperative 110. What was the respondent’s attitude toward you during the interview? Was he or she: cooperative, in between, or uncooperative? Answered by interviewer 1200 1 3 1 Cooperative 1125 2 In between 73 3 Uncooperative 2 Q110d. Respondent patient 110. What was the respondent’s attitude toward you during the interview? Was he or she: patient, in between, or impatient? Answered by interviewer 1200 1 3 1 Patient 1096 2 In between 79 3 Impatient 25 Q110e. Respondent at ease 110. What was the respondent’s attitude toward you during the interview? Was he or she: at ease, in between, or suspicious? Answered by interviewer 1200 1 3 1 At ease 1104 2 In between 80 3 Suspicious 16 Q110f. Respondent honest 110. What was the respondent’s attitude toward you during the interview? Was he or she: honest, in between, or misleading? Answered by interviewer 1200 1 3 1 Honest 1137 2 In between 62 3 Misleading 1 Q112. Interviewer Number 112. Interviewer’s number Answered by interviewer 1200 Q113. Interviewer’s age 113. Interviewer’s age Answered by interviewer 1200 20 44 20 44 21 86 22 120 23 70 24 138 25 138 26 20 27 120 28 46 29 48 30 26 31 20 32 108 35 26 36 70 38 72 39 26 44 22 Q114. Interviewer’s gender 114. Interviewer’s gender Answered by interviewer 1200 1 2 1 Male 534 2 Female 666 Q115. Interviewer rural or urban 115. Do you come from a rural or urban area? Answered by interviewer 1200 1 2 1 Rural 438 2 Urban 762 Q116. Interviewer's home language 116. Interviewer’s home language Answered by interviewer 1200 2 114 -1 Missing 0 2 French 26 100 Adjagbé 234 101 Baatonum 122 102 Dendi 52 103 Ditammari 60 104 Fongbé 410 105 Peulh 48 106 Yoruba 154 107 Lokpa 26 112 Idaasha 22 113 Idatcha 22 114 Mahi 24 9995 Other 0 Q116other. Interviewer's home language (verbatim) 116. Interviewer’s home language, other Answered by interviewer 1200 1106 IDAASHA 22 IDATCHA 22 LOKPA 26 MAHI 24 Q117. Interviewer's ethnic group or tribe 117. Interviewer’s ethnic group/tribe: Answered by interviewer 1200 100 114 -1 Missing 0 100 Adjagbé 234 101 Baatonum 122 102 Dendi 78 103 Ditammari 60 104 Fongbé 410 105 Fulfuldé 48 106 Yoruba 176 107 Lokpa 26 112 Idaasha 22 114 Mahi 24 9995 Other 0 9998 Refused 0 9999 Don't know 0 Q117other. Interviewer's ethnic group or tribe (verbatim) 117. Interviewer’s ethnic group/tribe, other Answered by interviewer 1200 1128 IDAASHA 22 LOKPA 26 MAHI 24 Q118. Interviewer's education 118. Interviewer’s highest level of education Answered by interviewer 1200 7 9 3 Primary school completed 0 4 Some secondary school / high school 0 5 Secondary school / high school completed 0 6 Post-secondary qualifications, other than university 0 7 Some university 344 8 University completed 816 9 Post graduate 40 Q119. Other spoken languages_first 119. Which Beninese languages do you speak? Answered by interviewer 1200 2 106 -1 Missing 0 2 French 658 100 Adjagbé 164 101 Baatonum 0 102 Dendi 26 103 Ditammari 0 104 Fongbé 242 105 Fulfuldé 0 106 Yoruba 110 107 Lokpa 0 112 Idaasha 0 113 Idatcha 0 114 Mahi 0 9995 Other 0 9996 No further reply 0 Q119. Other spoken languages_second 119. Which Beninese languages do you speak? Answered by interviewer 1200 100 9996 -1 Missing 0 2 French 0 100 Adjagbé 68 101 Baatonum 196 102 Dendi 100 103 Ditammari 60 104 Fongbé 298 105 Fulfuldé 0 106 Yoruba 4 107 Lokpa 26 112 Idaasha 0 113 Idatcha 0 114 Mahi 0 9995 Other 0 9996 No further reply 448 Q119. Other spoken languages_third 119. Which Beninese languages do you speak? Answered by interviewer 1200 101 9996 -1 Missing 0 2 French 0 100 Adjagbé 0 101 Baatonum 24 102 Dendi 152 103 Ditammari 26 104 Fongbé 112 105 Fulfuldé 24 106 Yoruba 22 107 Lokpa 0 112 Idaasha 22 113 Idatcha 22 114 Mahi 0 9995 Other 0 9996 No further reply 796 Q119. Other spoken languages_fourth 119. Which Beninese languages do you speak? Answered by interviewer 1200 102 9996 -1 Missing 0 2 French 0 100 Adjagbé 0 101 Baatonum 0 102 Dendi 24 103 Ditammari 0 104 Fongbé 50 105 Fulfuldé 0 106 Yoruba 22 107 Lokpa 26 112 Idaasha 0 113 Idatcha 0 114 Mahi 0 9995 Other 0 9996 No further reply 1078 Q119. Other spoken languages_fifth 119. Which Beninese languages do you speak? Answered by interviewer 1200 104 9996 -1 Missing 0 2 French 0 100 Adjagbé 0 101 Baatonum 0 102 Dendi 0 103 Ditammari 0 104 Fongbé 24 105 Fulfuldé 24 106 Yoruba 0 107 Lokpa 0 112 Idaasha 0 113 Idatcha 0 114 Mahi 0 9995 Other 0 9996 No further reply 1152 Q119. Other spoken languages_sixth 119. Which Beninese languages do you speak? Answered by interviewer 1200 106 9996 -1 Missing 0 2 French 0 100 Adjagbé 0 101 Baatonum 0 102 Dendi 0 103 Ditammari 0 104 Fongbé 0 105 Fulfuldé 0 106 Yoruba 24 107 Lokpa 0 112 Idaasha 0 113 Idatcha 0 114 Mahi 0 9995 Other 0 9996 No further reply 1176 within country weighting factor Respondent number 1200 0.19566785447472 3.37628705853822