LSO_2000_AFB-R1_v01_M DDI_MWI_1999_AFB-R1_v01_M Development Economics Data Group 2020-08-17 Metadata Editor Version 01 (September 2020) MWI_1999_AFB-R1_v01_M Afrobarometer Survey 1999 Round 1 AFB-R1 1999 The Institute for Democracy in South Africa (IDASA) Ghana Centre for Democratic Development (CDD-Ghana) Michigan State University (MSU) Department for International Development Swedish Internation Development Cooperation Agency United States Agency for International Development World Bank Group Metadata Editor For general inquiries For general inquiries For data Public Opinion Survey Afrobarometer collects and disseminates information regarding Africans’ views on democracy, governance, economic reform, civil society, and quality of life. Round 1 surveys were conducted between 1999 and 2001. At that time, the project covered seven countries in Southern Africa (Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe), three countries in West Africa (Ghana, Nigeria and Mali) and two in East Africa (Uganda and Tanzania). Version 01: Edited, anonymized dataset for public distribution conflict, security and peace [4.1] domestic political issues [4.2] government, political systems and organisations [4.4] mass political behaviour, attitudes/opinion [4.6] political ideology [4.7] business/industrial management and organisation [2.2] mass media [7.4] social exclusion [12.9] cultural activities and participation [13.2] cultural and national identity [13.3] religion and values [13.5] social behaviour and attitudes [13.6] social change [13.7] social conditions and indicators [13.8] The Afrobarometer is a comparative series of public attitude surveys that assess African citizen's attitudes to democracy and governance, markets, and civil society, among other topics. The initial (Round 1) survey covered 7 countries. Malawi National coverage Individuals The sample universe for Afrobarometer surveys includes all citizens of voting age within the country. In other words, we exclude anyone who is not a citizen and anyone who has not attained this age (usually 18 years) on the day of the survey. Also excluded are areas determined to be either inaccessible or not relevant to the study, such as those experiencing armed conflict or natural disasters, as well as national parks and game reserves. As a matter of practice, we have also excluded people living in institutionalized settings, such as students in dormitories and persons in prisons or nursing homes. Sample survey data [ssd] Centre for Social Research Face-to-face [f2f] In Rounds 1 through 3, the Afrobarometer did only minimal weighting of data to correct for over- or under-samples of certain populations, usually based on region or urban-rural location. Public use files, available to all The user of the data acknowledges that the original collector of the data, the authorized distributor of the data, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for use of the data or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses. mlw_r1_data.sav 1208 322 .sav Afrobarometer round 1 survey data. Satisfaction with Economic conditions 1. At the moment, are you dissatisfied, neither dissatisfied nor satisfied, or satisfied with economic conditions in Malawi? Enumerator probed for strength of opinion. 1208 1 6 1 Very dissatisfied 373 2 Dissatisfied 459 3 Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied 53 4 Satisfied 258 5 Very satisfied 51 6 Dont Know 14 Evaluations of Economic conditions 2. How do economic conditions in Malawi compare to one year ago? Are they: 1208 1 99 1 Much worse 301 2 Worse 349 3 About the same 245 4 Better 248 5 Much better 43 6 Don't Know 20 99 Missing Data 2 Economic expectations 3. What about in twelve months time? Do you expect economic conditions in Malawi to be worse, the same, or better than they are now? Enumerator probed for strength of opinion. 1208 1 6 1 Much worse 376 2 Worse 208 3 About the same 204 4 Better 199 5 Much better 106 6 Don't Know 115 Evaluations of personal economic conditions compared to other Malawians? 4. Now let us speak about your personal economic conditions. Would you say they are worse, the same, or better than other Malawians? Enumerator probed for strength of opinion. 1208 1 6 1 Much worse 223 2 Worse 417 3 About the same 213 4 Better 300 5 Much better 52 6 Don't Know 3 How do you currently obtain food 5A. What about you? Describe how you currently obtain the food you and your family eat each month? Is there anything else? Prior to question 5, the enumerator read the following passage to the respondent: “People get their basic necessities of life such as food, safety, health care, or income in a variety of ways. For instance, some people have to: steal or beg for it, pretend they’re eligible for government assistance, or do a favour for, or bribe a government official. Other people get these things from: local traditional leaders, government relief programmes, local cooperative groups, or friends or family. Still other people provide for it themselves, or pay for it in cash or in kind. Finally some people are not able to get these things at all.” Respondent could give up to four answers. 1208 1 99 1 Pay for it (cash/kind) 2 2 Work for it 5 3 Doing piece work 5 4 Vending 0 5 Crocheting 1 6 Dressmaking 1 7 348 8 Own crops/livestock 1 9 Grow maize 224 10 Farming 534 11 Rear chickens 0 12 Grow vegetables in garden 1 13 Local community/cooperative group 0 14 Relatives provides 2 15 Husband provides 10 16 Friends 0 17 From my village 1 18 Govt food programme 2 19 Govt assistance 0 20 Pensioner 0 21 Traditional leader 0 22 Know someone who helps me get govt assistance 0 23 Favour/Bribe govt official 0 24 Pretend to be eligible for govt assistance 1 25 Steal it 0 26 Ask anyone I can 0 27 Beg for it 1 28 3 29 Sit at home 0 30 Breadwinner does not work 0 31 Boyfriend provides 0 32 Parents provide 2 33 From hand to mouth 0 34 African Evangelist Church 0 35 Social workers 0 36 It will never happen 0 37 Get credit 0 38 Buy on account 0 39 Find food somewhere 0 40 Trade/barter/exchange 1 41 Gold panning 0 42 Fishing 2 43 Building 0 44 Cross-border training 0 45 Commercial sex 0 46 Beer brewing 2 47 Business (small-scale) 9 48 Business (medium to large) 2 49 Selling livestock 0 50 Sell my belongings 4 51 Provided by employer 3 52 Casual work 31 53 Hunting bush animals 0 54 Borrow foodstuff 0 55 Looking for employment 1 56 Buying maize husks 6 57 Complain to govt officials 1 58 Govt will distribute free food 0 59 Praying to God 0 60 Nothing I can do 1 96 No further response 0 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 1 How do you currently obtain food? 5B. What about you? Describe how you currently obtain the food you and your family eat each month? Is there anything else? Prior to question 5, the enumerator read the following passage to the respondent: “People get their basic necessities of life such as food, safety, health care, or income in a variety of ways. For instance, some people have to: steal or beg for it, pretend they’re eligible for government assistance, or do a favour for, or bribe a government official. Other people get these things from: local traditional leaders, government relief programmes, local cooperative groups, or friends or family. Still other people provide for it themselves, or pay for it in cash or in kind. Finally some people are not able to get these things at all.” Respondent could give up to four answers. 1208 2 99 1 Pay for it (cash/kind) 0 2 Work for it 2 3 Doing piece work 8 4 Vending 0 5 Crocheting 0 6 Dressmaking 0 7 339 8 Own crops/livestock 0 9 Grow maize 44 10 Farming 124 11 Rear chickens 0 12 Grow vegetables in garden 3 13 Local community/cooperative group 3 14 Relatives provides 0 15 Husband provides 5 16 Friends 1 17 From my village 6 18 Govt food programme 3 19 Govt assistance 1 20 Pensioner 1 21 Traditional leader 1 22 Know someone who helps me get govt assistance 0 23 Favour/Bribe govt official 0 24 Pretend to be eligible for govt assistance 0 25 Steal it 0 26 Ask anyone I can 1 27 Beg for it 3 28 4 29 Sit at home 0 30 Breadwinner does not work 0 31 Boyfriend provides 0 32 Parents provide 4 33 From hand to mouth 1 34 African Evangelist Church 0 35 Social workers 0 36 It will never happen 0 37 Get credit 0 38 Buy on account 0 39 Find food somewhere 0 40 Trade/barter/exchange 5 41 Gold panning 0 42 Fishing 3 43 Building 0 44 Cross-border training 0 45 Commercial sex 0 46 Beer brewing 5 47 Business (small-scale) 22 48 Business (medium to large) 1 49 Selling livestock 2 50 Sell my belongings 7 51 Provided by employer 3 52 Casual work 32 53 Hunting bush animals 0 54 Borrow foodstuff 0 55 Looking for employment 1 56 Buying maize husks 3 57 Complain to govt officials 2 58 Govt will distribute free food 0 59 Praying to God 0 60 Nothing I can do 2 96 No further response 565 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 1 How do you currently obtain food? 5C. What about you? Describe how you currently obtain the food you and your family eat each month? Is there anything else? Prior to question 5, the enumerator read the following passage to the respondent: “People get their basic necessities of life such as food, safety, health care, or income in a variety of ways. For instance, some people have to: steal or beg for it, pretend they’re eligible for government assistance, or do a favour for, or bribe a government official. Other people get these things from: local traditional leaders, government relief programmes, local cooperative groups, or friends or family. Still other people provide for it themselves, or pay for it in cash or in kind. Finally some people are not able to get these things at all.” Respondent could give up to four answers. 1208 2 99 1 Pay for it (cash/kind) 0 2 Work for it 1 3 Doing piece work 0 4 Vending 0 5 Crocheting 0 6 Dressmaking 0 7 24 8 Own crops/livestock 1 9 Grow maize 2 10 Farming 7 11 Rear chickens 0 12 Grow vegetables in garden 1 13 Local community/cooperative group 1 14 Relatives provides 0 15 Husband provides 2 16 Friends 0 17 From my village 0 18 Govt food programme 4 19 Govt assistance 1 20 Pensioner 0 21 Traditional leader 0 22 Know someone who helps me get govt assistance 0 23 Favour/Bribe govt official 0 24 Pretend to be eligible for govt assistance 0 25 Steal it 0 26 Ask anyone I can 0 27 Beg for it 0 28 9 29 Sit at home 0 30 Breadwinner does not work 0 31 Boyfriend provides 0 32 Parents provide 5 33 From hand to mouth 0 34 African Evangelist Church 0 35 Social workers 0 36 It will never happen 0 37 Get credit 0 38 Buy on account 0 39 Find food somewhere 1 40 Trade/barter/exchange 6 41 Gold panning 0 42 Fishing 0 43 Building 0 44 Cross-border training 0 45 Commercial sex 0 46 Beer brewing 1 47 Business (small-scale) 3 48 Business (medium to large) 0 49 Selling livestock 4 50 Sell my belongings 4 51 Provided by employer 0 52 Casual work 36 53 Hunting bush animals 0 54 Borrow foodstuff 1 55 Looking for employment 0 56 Buying maize husks 1 57 Complain to govt officials 0 58 Govt will distribute free food 0 59 Praying to God 0 60 Nothing I can do 1 96 No further response 1091 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 1 How do you currently obtain food? 5D. What about you? Describe how you currently obtain the food you and your family eat each month? Is there anything else? Prior to question 5, the enumerator read the following passage to the respondent: “People get their basic necessities of life such as food, safety, health care, or income in a variety of ways. For instance, some people have to: steal or beg for it, pretend they’re eligible for government assistance, or do a favour for, or bribe a government official. Other people get these things from: local traditional leaders, government relief programmes, local cooperative groups, or friends or family. Still other people provide for it themselves, or pay for it in cash or in kind. Finally some people are not able to get these things at all.” Respondent could give up to four answers. 1208 6 99 1 Pay for it (cash/kind) 0 2 Work for it 0 3 Doing piece work 0 4 Vending 0 5 Crocheting 0 6 Dressmaking 1 7 0 8 Own crops/livestock 0 9 Grow maize 0 10 Farming 0 11 Rear chickens 0 12 Grow vegetables in garden 0 13 Local community/cooperative group 0 14 Relatives provides 1 15 Husband provides 0 16 Friends 0 17 From my village 0 18 Govt food programme 0 19 Govt assistance 0 20 Pensioner 0 21 Traditional leader 0 22 Know someone who helps me get govt assistance 0 23 Favour/Bribe govt official 0 24 Pretend to be eligible for govt assistance 0 25 Steal it 0 26 Ask anyone I can 1 27 Beg for it 0 28 2 29 Sit at home 0 30 Breadwinner does not work 0 31 Boyfriend provides 0 32 Parents provide 0 33 From hand to mouth 0 34 African Evangelist Church 0 35 Social workers 0 36 It will never happen 0 37 Get credit 0 38 Buy on account 0 39 Find food somewhere 0 40 Trade/barter/exchange 1 41 Gold panning 0 42 Fishing 1 43 Building 0 44 Cross-border training 0 45 Commercial sex 0 46 Beer brewing 0 47 Business (small-scale) 0 48 Business (medium to large) 0 49 Selling livestock 2 50 Sell my belongings 0 51 Provided by employer 1 52 Casual work 3 53 Hunting bush animals 0 54 Borrow foodstuff 1 55 Looking for employment 1 56 Buying maize husks 0 57 Complain to govt officials 0 58 Govt will distribute free food 0 59 Praying to God 0 60 Nothing I can do 1 96 No further response 1191 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 1 What other methods would you use to obtain food? 6A. If you could no longer obtain food in this way, what other methods would you be most likely to use? Is there anything else? Respondent could give up to three answers. 1208 1 96 1 Pay for it (cash/kind) 1 2 Work for it 5 3 Doing piece work 16 4 Vending 1 5 Crocheting 0 6 Dressmaking 6 7 149 8 Own crops/livestock 0 9 Grow maize 0 10 Farming 73 11 Rear chickens 0 12 Grow vegetables in garden 2 13 Local community/cooperative group 2 14 Relatives provides 2 15 Husband provides 2 16 Friends 0 17 From my village 6 18 Govt food programme 10 19 Govt assistance 13 20 Pensioner 1 21 Traditional leader 0 22 Know someone who helps me get govt assistance 4 23 Favour/Bribe govt official 1 24 Pretend to be eligible for govt assistance 0 25 Steal it 4 26 Ask anyone I can 6 27 Beg for it 13 28 146 29 Sit at home 0 30 Breadwinner does not work 0 31 Boyfriend provides 0 32 Parents provide 3 33 From hand to mouth 0 34 African Evangelist Church 0 35 Social workers 0 36 It will never happen 0 37 Get credit 4 38 Buy on account 1 39 Find food somewhere 0 40 Trade/barter/exchange 9 41 Gold panning 0 42 Fishing 2 43 Building 0 44 Cross-border training 0 45 Commercial sex 0 46 Beer brewing 2 47 Business (small-scale) 29 48 Business (medium to large) 0 49 Selling livestock 10 50 Sell my belongings 4 51 Provided by employer 2 52 Casual work 86 53 Hunting bush animals 1 54 Borrow foodstuff 18 55 Looking for employment 10 56 Buying maize husks 4 57 Complain to govt officials 1 58 Govt will distribute free food 0 59 Praying to God 1 60 Nothing I can do 553 96 No further response 5 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 0 What other methods would you use to obtain food? 6B. If you could no longer obtain food in this way, what other methods would you be most likely to use? Is there anything else? Respondent could give up to three answers. 1208 3 96 1 Pay for it (cash/kind) 0 2 Work for it 0 3 Doing piece work 1 4 Vending 0 5 Crocheting 0 6 Dressmaking 1 7 5 8 Own crops/livestock 0 9 Grow maize 0 10 Farming 3 11 Rear chickens 0 12 Grow vegetables in garden 1 13 Local community/cooperative group 0 14 Relatives provides 0 15 Husband provides 0 16 Friends 0 17 From my village 0 18 Govt food programme 6 19 Govt assistance 4 20 Pensioner 0 21 Traditional leader 0 22 Know someone who helps me get govt assistance 0 23 Favour/Bribe govt official 0 24 Pretend to be eligible for govt assistance 1 25 Steal it 1 26 Ask anyone I can 5 27 Beg for it 1 28 25 29 Sit at home 0 30 Breadwinner does not work 0 31 Boyfriend provides 0 32 Parents provide 0 33 From hand to mouth 0 34 African Evangelist Church 0 35 Social workers 0 36 It will never happen 0 37 Get credit 0 38 Buy on account 0 39 Find food somewhere 0 40 Trade/barter/exchange 5 41 Gold panning 0 42 Fishing 0 43 Building 0 44 Cross-border training 0 45 Commercial sex 0 46 Beer brewing 0 47 Business (small-scale) 0 48 Business (medium to large) 0 49 Selling livestock 2 50 Sell my belongings 1 51 Provided by employer 0 52 Casual work 13 53 Hunting bush animals 1 54 Borrow foodstuff 4 55 Looking for employment 6 56 Buying maize husks 0 57 Complain to govt officials 0 58 Govt will distribute free food 0 59 Praying to God 0 60 Nothing I can do 1 96 No further response 1121 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 0 What other methods would you use to obtain food? 6C. If you could no longer obtain food in this way, what other methods would you be most likely to use? Is there anything else? Respondent could give up to three answers. 1208 3 96 1 Pay for it (cash/kind) 0 2 Work for it 0 3 Doing piece work 1 4 Vending 0 5 Crocheting 0 6 Dressmaking 2 7 1 8 Own crops/livestock 0 9 Grow maize 0 10 Farming 0 11 Rear chickens 0 12 Grow vegetables in garden 0 13 Local community/cooperative group 0 14 Relatives provides 0 15 Husband provides 0 16 Friends 0 17 From my village 0 18 Govt food programme 0 19 Govt assistance 0 20 Pensioner 0 21 Traditional leader 0 22 Know someone who helps me get govt assistance 0 23 Favour/Bribe govt official 0 24 Pretend to be eligible for govt assistance 0 25 Steal it 0 26 Ask anyone I can 0 27 Beg for it 0 28 2 29 Sit at home 0 30 Breadwinner does not work 0 31 Boyfriend provides 0 32 Parents provide 0 33 From hand to mouth 0 34 African Evangelist Church 0 35 Social workers 0 36 It will never happen 0 37 Get credit 0 38 Buy on account 0 39 Find food somewhere 0 40 Trade/barter/exchange 0 41 Gold panning 0 42 Fishing 0 43 Building 0 44 Cross-border training 0 45 Commercial sex 0 46 Beer brewing 0 47 Business (small-scale) 0 48 Business (medium to large) 0 49 Selling livestock 0 50 Sell my belongings 0 51 Provided by employer 0 52 Casual work 0 53 Hunting bush animals 0 54 Borrow foodstuff 0 55 Looking for employment 0 56 Buying maize husks 0 57 Complain to govt officials 0 58 Govt will distribute free food 0 59 Praying to God 0 60 Nothing I can do 0 96 No further response 1202 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 0 What safety measures do you have for your home? 7A. Describe the things you currently rely on for the safety of your home? Is there anything else? Respondent could give up to four answers. 1208 1 96 1 Pay someone to watch house 5 2 Someone guards the house 48 3 It is insured 0 4 Watch it myself/guard it myself 22 5 Have durawall/brick wall/fence 50 6 Keep all doors locked 480 7 Dogs will protect home 187 8 Alarm/security system 3 9 Rely on community group 12 10 Neighbours provide/help 4 11 Neighbourhood watch 21 12 Rely on friends/family 0 13 Rely on police 11 14 Rely on traditional leader 0 15 Go to chief 0 16 Go to headman 0 17 Use traditional medicine 0 18 Rely on people I know in the police 0 19 Bribe police 0 20 Pretend to pay to watch house 0 21 Steal things to make home safe 0 22 Ask anyone to help me 2 23 Nothing I can do 15 24 Go to council 0 25 Look for more secure place 1 26 Don't know 0 27 Do not use anything 95 28 Rely on God/Allah 5 29 Protection from soldiers/army 1 30 Burglar bars 16 31 Get a gun 1 32 7 33 Being alert while sleeping 49 34 Blow whistle for help 2 35 Security company 3 36 Self-defence 11 37 Rely on black medicine/sorcery 6 38 Close door with poles 9 39 Not revealing household schedules 1 40 Keeping weapons (eg knife,panga,baton,spears,clubs,etc) 22 41 Securing the windows 14 42 Somebody always at home 94 43 Noisy alarm apparatus behind door 0 44 Do not allow strangers in 1 45 Security lights 0 46 Do not switch off lights 3 47 Not fraternising with people 0 48 Store valuables at friends 0 49 Put thorns/glass around house 2 50 Electric fence 0 51 Nothing 0 52 No other methods 1 96 No further answer 4 97 N/A 0 98 refused 0 99 Missing 0 What safety measures do you have for your home? 7B. Describe the things you currently rely on for the safety of your home? Is there anything else? Respondent could give up to four answers. 1208 1 96 1 Pay someone to watch house 3 2 Someone guards the house 28 3 It is insured 0 4 Watch it myself/guard it myself 5 5 Have durawall/brick wall/fence 21 6 Keep all doors locked 141 7 Dogs will protect home 67 8 Alarm/security system 4 9 Rely on community group 8 10 Neighbours provide/help 20 11 Neighbourhood watch 8 12 Rely on friends/family 1 13 Rely on police 9 14 Rely on traditional leader 0 15 Go to chief 0 16 Go to headman 0 17 Use traditional medicine 0 18 Rely on people I know in the police 0 19 Bribe police 0 20 Pretend to pay to watch house 1 21 Steal things to make home safe 0 22 Ask anyone to help me 3 23 Nothing I can do 0 24 Go to council 0 25 Look for more secure place 2 26 Don't know 0 27 Do not use anything 0 28 Rely on God/Allah 1 29 Protection from soldiers/army 0 30 Burglar bars 21 31 Get a gun 0 32 0 33 Being alert while sleeping 13 34 Blow whistle for help 1 35 Security company 1 36 Self-defence 4 37 Rely on black medicine/sorcery 3 38 Close door with poles 9 39 Not revealing household schedules 0 40 Keeping weapons (eg knife,panga,baton,spears,clubs,etc) 11 41 Securing the windows 14 42 Somebody always at home 84 43 Noisy alarm apparatus behind door 1 44 Do not allow strangers in 1 45 Security lights 0 46 Do not switch off lights 7 47 Not fraternising with people 1 48 Store valuables at friends 0 49 Put thorns/glass around house 1 50 Electric fence 0 51 Nothing 0 52 No other methods 0 96 No further answer 714 97 N/A 0 98 refused 0 99 Missing 0 What safety measures do you have for your home? 7C. Describe the things you currently rely on for the safety of your home? Is there anything else? Respondent could give up to four answers. 1208 1 96 1 Pay someone to watch house 1 2 Someone guards the house 3 3 It is insured 1 4 Watch it myself/guard it myself 0 5 Have durawall/brick wall/fence 7 6 Keep all doors locked 27 7 Dogs will protect home 14 8 Alarm/security system 0 9 Rely on community group 0 10 Neighbours provide/help 2 11 Neighbourhood watch 0 12 Rely on friends/family 0 13 Rely on police 1 14 Rely on traditional leader 0 15 Go to chief 0 16 Go to headman 0 17 Use traditional medicine 0 18 Rely on people I know in the police 0 19 Bribe police 0 20 Pretend to pay to watch house 0 21 Steal things to make home safe 0 22 Ask anyone to help me 0 23 Nothing I can do 0 24 Go to council 0 25 Look for more secure place 0 26 Don't know 0 27 Do not use anything 0 28 Rely on God/Allah 1 29 Protection from soldiers/army 0 30 Burglar bars 6 31 Get a gun 0 32 1 33 Being alert while sleeping 2 34 Blow whistle for help 0 35 Security company 0 36 Self-defence 0 37 Rely on black medicine/sorcery 0 38 Close door with poles 0 39 Not revealing household schedules 0 40 Keeping weapons (eg knife,panga,baton,spears,clubs,etc) 0 41 Securing the windows 3 42 Somebody always at home 15 43 Noisy alarm apparatus behind door 0 44 Do not allow strangers in 0 45 Security lights 0 46 Do not switch off lights 1 47 Not fraternising with people 0 48 Store valuables at friends 0 49 Put thorns/glass around house 1 50 Electric fence 1 51 Nothing 0 52 No other methods 0 96 No further answer 1121 97 N/A 0 98 refused 0 99 Missing 0 What safety measures do you have for your home? 7D. Describe the things you currently rely on for the safety of your home? Is there anything else? Respondent could give up to four answers. 1208 1 96 1 Pay someone to watch house 1 2 Someone guards the house 0 3 It is insured 0 4 Watch it myself/guard it myself 0 5 Have durawall/brick wall/fence 2 6 Keep all doors locked 3 7 Dogs will protect home 2 8 Alarm/security system 0 9 Rely on community group 0 10 Neighbours provide/help 0 11 Neighbourhood watch 1 12 Rely on friends/family 0 13 Rely on police 0 14 Rely on traditional leader 0 15 Go to chief 0 16 Go to headman 0 17 Use traditional medicine 0 18 Rely on people I know in the police 0 19 Bribe police 0 20 Pretend to pay to watch house 0 21 Steal things to make home safe 0 22 Ask anyone to help me 0 23 Nothing I can do 0 24 Go to council 0 25 Look for more secure place 0 26 Don't know 0 27 Do not use anything 0 28 Rely on God/Allah 0 29 Protection from soldiers/army 0 30 Burglar bars 1 31 Get a gun 0 32 0 33 Being alert while sleeping 0 34 Blow whistle for help 0 35 Security company 0 36 Self-defence 0 37 Rely on black medicine/sorcery 0 38 Close door with poles 0 39 Not revealing household schedules 0 40 Keeping weapons (eg knife,panga,baton,spears,clubs,etc) 0 41 Securing the windows 0 42 Somebody always at home 2 43 Noisy alarm apparatus behind door 0 44 Do not allow strangers in 0 45 Security lights 0 46 Do not switch off lights 0 47 Not fraternising with people 0 48 Store valuables at friends 0 49 Put thorns/glass around house 0 50 Electric fence 0 51 Nothing 0 52 No other methods 0 96 No further answer 1196 97 N/A 0 98 refused 0 99 Missing 0 What other methods would you use to protect your home? 8A. If you could no longer protect your home in this way, what other methods would you be most likely to use? Is there anything else? Respondent could give up to four answers. 1208 1 97 1 Pay someone to watch house 56 2 Someone guards the house 6 3 It is insured 2 4 Watch it myself/guard it myself 6 5 Have durawall/brick wall/fence 30 6 Keep all doors locked 29 7 Dogs will protect home 134 8 Alarm/security system 6 9 Rely on community group 9 10 Neighbours provide/help 20 11 Neighbourhood watch 5 12 Rely on friends/family 0 13 Rely on police 28 14 Rely on traditional leader 0 15 Go to chief 2 16 Go to headman 2 17 Use traditional medicine 0 18 Rely on people I know in the police 0 19 Bribe police 0 20 Pretend to pay to watch house 0 21 Steal things to make home safe 0 22 Ask anyone to help me 23 23 Nothing I can do 132 24 Go to council 0 25 Look for more secure place 1 26 Don't know 1 27 Do not use anything 0 28 Rely on God/Allah 5 29 Protection from soldiers/army 0 30 Burglar bars 5 31 Get a gun 2 32 2 33 Being alert while sleeping 3 34 Blow whistle for help 2 35 Security company 0 36 Self-defence 1 37 Rely on black medicine/sorcery 32 38 Close door with poles 0 39 Not revealing household schedules 0 40 Keeping weapons (eg knife,panga,baton,spears,clubs,etc) 6 41 Securing the windows 1 42 Somebody always at home 92 43 Noisy alarm apparatus behind door 1 44 Do not allow strangers in 0 45 Security lights 0 46 Do not switch off lights 2 47 Not fraternising with people 1 48 Store valuables at friends 0 49 Put thorns/glass around house 3 50 Electric fence 2 51 Nothing 1 52 No other methods 443 96 No further answer 5 97 Not Applicable 107 98 refused 0 99 Missing 0 What other methods would you use to protect your home? 8B. If you could no longer protect your home in this way, what other methods would you be most likely to use? Is there anything else? Respondent could give up to four answers. 1208 1 97 1 Pay someone to watch house 6 2 Someone guards the house 2 3 It is insured 0 4 Watch it myself/guard it myself 1 5 Have durawall/brick wall/fence 22 6 Keep all doors locked 3 7 Dogs will protect home 29 8 Alarm/security system 1 9 Rely on community group 0 10 Neighbours provide/help 5 11 Neighbourhood watch 1 12 Rely on friends/family 0 13 Rely on police 4 14 Rely on traditional leader 0 15 Go to chief 1 16 Go to headman 0 17 Use traditional medicine 0 18 Rely on people I know in the police 0 19 Bribe police 0 20 Pretend to pay to watch house 2 21 Steal things to make home safe 0 22 Ask anyone to help me 2 23 Nothing I can do 0 24 Go to council 0 25 Look for more secure place 0 26 Don't know 0 27 Do not use anything 0 28 Rely on God/Allah 0 29 Protection from soldiers/army 0 30 Burglar bars 4 31 Get a gun 0 32 1 33 Being alert while sleeping 2 34 Blow whistle for help 0 35 Security company 0 36 Self-defence 0 37 Rely on black medicine/sorcery 7 38 Close door with poles 0 39 Not revealing household schedules 0 40 Keeping weapons (eg knife,panga,baton,spears,clubs,etc) 1 41 Securing the windows 0 42 Somebody always at home 4 43 Noisy alarm apparatus behind door 0 44 Do not allow strangers in 0 45 Security lights 0 46 Do not switch off lights 1 47 Not fraternising with people 0 48 Store valuables at friends 0 49 Put thorns/glass around house 1 50 Electric fence 1 51 Nothing 0 52 No other methods 1 96 No further answer 1068 97 Not Applicable 38 98 refused 0 99 Missing 0 What other methods would you use to protect your home? 8C. If you could no longer protect your home in this way, what other methods would you be most likely to use? Is there anything else? Respondent could give up to four answers. 1208 1 97 1 Pay someone to watch house 1 2 Someone guards the house 0 3 It is insured 0 4 Watch it myself/guard it myself 0 5 Have durawall/brick wall/fence 3 6 Keep all doors locked 0 7 Dogs will protect home 0 8 Alarm/security system 0 9 Rely on community group 0 10 Neighbours provide/help 0 11 Neighbourhood watch 0 12 Rely on friends/family 1 13 Rely on police 0 14 Rely on traditional leader 0 15 Go to chief 0 16 Go to headman 0 17 Use traditional medicine 0 18 Rely on people I know in the police 0 19 Bribe police 0 20 Pretend to pay to watch house 1 21 Steal things to make home safe 0 22 Ask anyone to help me 0 23 Nothing I can do 0 24 Go to council 0 25 Look for more secure place 0 26 Don't know 0 27 Do not use anything 0 28 Rely on God/Allah 0 29 Protection from soldiers/army 0 30 Burglar bars 0 31 Get a gun 0 32 0 33 Being alert while sleeping 0 34 Blow whistle for help 0 35 Security company 0 36 Self-defence 0 37 Rely on black medicine/sorcery 1 38 Close door with poles 1 39 Not revealing household schedules 0 40 Keeping weapons (eg knife,panga,baton,spears,clubs,etc) 0 41 Securing the windows 1 42 Somebody always at home 0 43 Noisy alarm apparatus behind door 0 44 Do not allow strangers in 0 45 Security lights 0 46 Do not switch off lights 0 47 Not fraternising with people 0 48 Store valuables at friends 0 49 Put thorns/glass around house 1 50 Electric fence 0 51 Nothing 0 52 No other methods 0 96 No further answer 1160 97 Not Applicable 38 98 refused 0 99 Missing 0 How do you currently obtain health care? 9A. Describe the things you currently do to obtain health care for yourself or your family? Is there anything else? Respondent could give up to four answers. 1208 1 99 1 1 8 2 2 2 3 3 13 4 4 0 5 5 0 6 6 0 7 7 13 8 8 7 9 9 1 10 10 16 11 11 0 12 12 44 13 13 3 14 14 0 15 15 6 16 16 0 17 17 0 18 18 0 19 19 35 20 20 871 21 21 0 22 22 1 23 23 5 24 24 9 25 25 0 26 26 1 27 27 0 28 28 0 29 29 1 30 30 0 31 31 0 32 32 0 33 33 8 34 34 0 35 35 7 36 36 2 37 37 0 38 38 0 39 39 1 40 40 0 41 41 0 42 42 1 43 43 72 44 44 1 45 45 0 46 46 1 47 47 0 48 48 64 49 49 0 50 50 1 96 51 13 97 52 0 98 53 0 99 54 1 How do you currently obtain health care? 9B. Describe the things you currently do to obtain health care for yourself or your family? Is there anything else? Respondent could give up to four answers. 1208 2 96 1 1 0 2 2 6 3 3 68 4 4 1 5 5 1 6 6 2 7 7 3 8 8 7 9 9 0 10 10 7 11 11 0 12 12 8 13 13 6 14 14 2 15 15 1 16 16 0 17 17 0 18 18 1 19 19 7 20 20 108 21 21 0 22 22 0 23 23 94 24 24 76 25 25 0 26 26 0 27 27 0 28 28 0 29 29 1 30 30 0 31 31 1 32 32 0 33 33 3 34 34 0 35 35 0 36 36 6 37 37 0 38 38 0 39 39 0 40 40 0 41 41 1 42 42 1 43 43 44 44 44 1 45 45 1 46 46 1 47 47 0 48 48 340 49 49 0 50 50 0 96 51 410 97 52 0 98 53 0 99 54 0 How do you currently obtain health care? 9C. Describe the things you currently do to obtain health care for yourself or your family? Is there anything else? Respondent could give up to four answers. 1208 3 96 1 1 0 2 2 0 3 3 5 4 4 1 5 5 0 6 6 0 7 7 0 8 8 1 9 9 0 10 10 4 11 11 0 12 12 0 13 13 0 14 14 0 15 15 1 16 16 0 17 17 0 18 18 4 19 19 0 20 20 17 21 21 0 22 22 0 23 23 70 24 24 37 25 25 0 26 26 0 27 27 0 28 28 0 29 29 0 30 30 0 31 31 0 32 32 0 33 33 9 34 34 0 35 35 2 36 36 0 37 37 0 38 38 0 39 39 0 40 40 0 41 41 1 42 42 0 43 43 9 44 44 0 45 45 0 46 46 0 47 47 0 48 48 41 49 49 1 50 50 0 96 51 1005 97 52 0 98 53 0 99 54 0 How do you currently obtain health care? 9D. Describe the things you currently do to obtain health care for yourself or your family? Is there anything else? Respondent could give up to four answers. 1208 12 96 1 1 0 2 2 0 3 3 0 4 4 0 5 5 0 6 6 0 7 7 0 8 8 0 9 9 0 10 10 0 11 11 0 12 12 1 13 13 0 14 14 0 15 15 0 16 16 0 17 17 0 18 18 0 19 19 0 20 20 0 21 21 0 22 22 0 23 23 6 24 24 5 25 25 0 26 26 0 27 27 0 28 28 0 29 29 0 30 30 0 31 31 0 32 32 0 33 33 3 34 34 0 35 35 4 36 36 0 37 37 0 38 38 0 39 39 0 40 40 0 41 41 0 42 42 0 43 43 2 44 44 0 45 45 0 46 46 0 47 47 0 48 48 3 49 49 0 50 50 0 96 51 1184 97 52 0 98 53 0 99 54 0 What other methods would you use to obtain health care? 10A. If you could no longer get health care in this way, what other methods would you be most likely to use? Is there anything else? Respondent could give up to four answers. 1208 1 96 1 Pay for it 2 2 Pay if we have money 2 3 Buy medicine from chemist 18 4 Medical Aid 1 5 Employer pays medical bills 7 6 Treat myself 0 7 Eating good food 3 8 Keeping yard clean 0 9 Washing hands after using toilet 1 10 Being hygienic 1 11 Having discipline 0 12 Balanced diet 1 13 Using toilets 0 14 Using pits for rubbish 0 15 Drink clean water 0 16 Local community/co-operative group 1 17 Friends/family 1 18 Help from others 6 19 Government clinics 1 20 Govt Hospital 35 21 Govt assistance 0 22 Go to a doctor 1 23 From traditional healer 250 24 Use traditional medicine 84 25 Someone helps me get govt assistance 0 26 Bribe govt official 0 27 Pretend I'm eligible for govt assistance 0 28 Steal medical goods 0 29 Ask anyone to help me 1 30 Use Holy water 0 31 Going to church 1 32 Going to prophet 1 33 Praying 51 34 Don't know 0 35 Nothing I can do 550 36 Exercise 0 37 Ask Pastors/ministers for help 1 38 Church 0 39 Using contraceptives 0 40 Using condoms 0 41 Use health education 0 42 Wait for death 1 43 Private hospital 20 44 Have a First Aid kit 0 45 Abstaining from sex 0 46 Don't overwork ourselves 0 47 Being faithful to partner 1 48 Buy medicine from shops 153 96 No further response 13 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 0 What other methods would you use to obtain health care? 10B. If you could no longer get health care in this way, what other methods would you be most likely to use? Is there anything else? Respondent could give up to four answers. 1208 3 96 1 Pay for it 0 2 Pay if we have money 0 3 Buy medicine from chemist 3 4 Medical Aid 0 5 Employer pays medical bills 0 6 Treat myself 0 7 Eating good food 0 8 Keeping yard clean 0 9 Washing hands after using toilet 0 10 Being hygienic 0 11 Having discipline 0 12 Balanced diet 0 13 Using toilets 0 14 Using pits for rubbish 0 15 Drink clean water 0 16 Local community/co-operative group 0 17 Friends/family 0 18 Help from others 4 19 Government clinics 0 20 Govt Hospital 1 21 Govt assistance 0 22 Go to a doctor 1 23 From traditional healer 26 24 Use traditional medicine 14 25 Someone helps me get govt assistance 0 26 Bribe govt official 0 27 Pretend I'm eligible for govt assistance 0 28 Steal medical goods 1 29 Ask anyone to help me 0 30 Use Holy water 0 31 Going to church 0 32 Going to prophet 0 33 Praying 2 34 Don't know 0 35 Nothing I can do 1 36 Exercise 0 37 Ask Pastors/ministers for help 0 38 Church 0 39 Using contraceptives 0 40 Using condoms 0 41 Use health education 0 42 Wait for death 1 43 Private hospital 2 44 Have a First Aid kit 0 45 Abstaining from sex 0 46 Don't overwork ourselves 0 47 Being faithful to partner 0 48 Buy Medicine from Shops 13 96 No further response 1139 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 0 What other methods would you use to obtain health care? 10C. If you could no longer get health care in this way, what other methods would you be most likely to use? Is there anything else? Respondent could give up to four answers. 1208 3 96 1 Pay for it 0 2 Pay if we have money 0 3 Buy medicine from chemist 2 4 Medical Aid 0 5 Employer pays medical bills 0 6 Treat myself 0 7 Eating good food 0 8 Keeping yard clean 0 9 Washing hands after using toilet 0 10 Being hygienic 0 11 Having discipline 0 12 Balanced diet 0 13 Using toilets 0 14 Using pits for rubbish 0 15 Drink clean water 0 16 Local community/co-operative group 0 17 Friends/family 0 18 Help from others 0 19 Government clinics 0 20 Govt Hospital 0 21 Govt assistance 0 22 Go to a doctor 0 23 From traditional healer 0 24 Use traditional medicine 0 25 Someone helps me get govt assistance 0 26 Bribe govt official 0 27 Pretend I'm eligible for govt assistance 0 28 Steal medical goods 0 29 Ask anyone to help me 0 30 Use Holy water 0 31 Going to church 0 32 Going to prophet 0 33 Praying 0 34 Don't know 0 35 Nothing I can do 0 36 Exercise 0 37 Ask Pastors/ministers for help 0 38 Church 0 39 Using contraceptives 0 40 Using condoms 0 41 Use health education 0 42 Wait for death 0 43 Private hospital 0 44 Have a First Aid kit 0 45 Abstaining from sex 0 46 Don't overwork ourselves 0 47 Being faithful to partner 0 48 Buy Medicine from shops 0 96 No further response 1206 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 0 How do you normally obtain cash income? 11A. Please describe how you normally obtain cash income? Is there anything else? Respondent could give up to four answers. 1208 1 96 1 From Employer 212 2 Piece work 46 3 Work for other people 2 4 Work for myself 2 5 Selling vegetables 30 6 From renting out property 7 7 Sell goods at tuck shop 26 8 Rearing chickens 1 9 Rely on God 0 10 Grow crops for sale 254 11 Moulding bricks 5 12 Selling goods 92 13 Farming 48 14 Keeping livestock 0 15 Crocheting 0 16 Subsistence farming 0 17 Start small business 11 18 Sell livestock 15 19 Informal trader 16 20 Local community/co-operative association 0 21 Friends/family 25 22 Husband provides 55 23 Boyfriend provides 0 24 Traditional leader 1 25 Someone helps me get govt assistance 0 26 Favour/Bribe govt official 0 27 Pretend I'm eligible for govt assistance 0 28 Steal/sell illegal goods 0 29 Ask anyone to help me 0 30 Looking for a job 0 31 Nothing I can do 2 32 Don't know 0 33 Own a business 173 34 Casual work 130 35 Part-time work 3 36 From Children 8 37 From parents 29 38 Govt pension 0 39 Pension 3 40 Would give up 0 41 Pray 0 42 Go to my village 0 43 Make a loan 0 44 Washing cars 0 45 Do anything 0 46 Self-help projects 0 47 Ask the govt 0 48 Gold panning 0 49 Fishing 2 50 Building 1 51 Investment 0 52 Commercial sex 1 53 Begging 6 96 No further responses 2 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 0 How do you normally obtain cash income? 11B. Please describe how you normally obtain cash income? Is there anything else? Respondent could give up to four answers. 1208 1 96 1 From Employer 19 2 Piece work 8 3 Work for other people 3 4 Work for myself 2 5 Selling vegetables 21 6 From renting out property 4 7 Sell goods at tuck shop 8 8 Rearing chickens 0 9 Rely on God 1 10 Grow crops for sale 63 11 Moulding bricks 1 12 Selling goods 64 13 Farming 24 14 Keeping livestock 0 15 Crocheting 3 16 Subsistence farming 0 17 Start small business 3 18 Sell livestock 31 19 Informal trader 16 20 Local community/co-operative association 3 21 Friends/family 24 22 Husband provides 19 23 Boyfriend provides 2 24 Traditional leader 1 25 Someone helps me get govt assistance 0 26 Favour/Bribe govt official 0 27 Pretend I'm eligible for govt assistance 0 28 Steal/sell illegal goods 0 29 Ask anyone to help me 1 30 Looking for a job 0 31 Nothing I can do 0 32 Don't know 1 33 Own a business 85 34 Casual work 71 35 Part-time work 1 36 From Children 4 37 From parents 13 38 Govt pension 1 39 Pension 4 40 Would give up 0 41 Pray 0 42 Go to my village 0 43 Make a loan 4 44 Washing cars 0 45 Do anything 0 46 Self-help projects 0 47 Ask the govt 0 48 Gold panning 0 49 Fishing 3 50 Building 4 51 Investment 0 52 Commercial sex 0 53 Begging 3 96 No further responses 693 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 0 How do you normally obtain cash income? 11C. Please describe how you normally obtain cash income? Is there anything else? Respondent could give up to four answers. 1208 1 96 1 From Employer 2 2 Piece work 2 3 Work for other people 0 4 Work for myself 1 5 Selling vegetables 5 6 From renting out property 1 7 Sell goods at tuck shop 2 8 Rearing chickens 0 9 Rely on God 0 10 Grow crops for sale 7 11 Moulding bricks 1 12 Selling goods 17 13 Farming 2 14 Keeping livestock 0 15 Crocheting 0 16 Subsistence farming 0 17 Start small business 0 18 Sell livestock 5 19 Informal trader 1 20 Local community/co-operative association 0 21 Friends/family 4 22 Husband provides 1 23 Boyfriend provides 1 24 Traditional leader 0 25 Someone helps me get govt assistance 0 26 Favour/Bribe govt official 0 27 Pretend I'm eligible for govt assistance 0 28 Steal/sell illegal goods 0 29 Ask anyone to help me 0 30 Looking for a job 0 31 Nothing I can do 1 32 Don't know 0 33 Own a business 11 34 Casual work 17 35 Part-time work 0 36 From Children 1 37 From parents 0 38 Govt pension 0 39 Pension 0 40 Would give up 0 41 Pray 0 42 Go to my village 0 43 Make a loan 2 44 Washing cars 0 45 Do anything 0 46 Self-help projects 0 47 Ask the govt 0 48 Gold panning 0 49 Fishing 0 50 Building 0 51 Investment 0 52 Commercial sex 0 53 Begging 1 96 No further responses 1123 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 0 How do you normally obtain cash income? 11D. Please describe how you normally obtain cash income? Is there anything else? Respondent could give up to four answers. 1208 2 96 1 From Employer 0 2 Piece work 1 3 Work for other people 0 4 Work for myself 0 5 Selling vegetables 0 6 From renting out property 1 7 Sell goods at tuck shop 0 8 Rearing chickens 0 9 Rely on God 1 10 Grow crops for sale 2 11 Moulding bricks 0 12 Selling goods 3 13 Farming 0 14 Keeping livestock 0 15 Crocheting 0 16 Subsistence farming 0 17 Start small business 0 18 Sell livestock 1 19 Informal trader 0 20 Local community/co-operative association 0 21 Friends/family 0 22 Husband provides 0 23 Boyfriend provides 0 24 Traditional leader 0 25 Someone helps me get govt assistance 0 26 Favour/Bribe govt official 0 27 Pretend I'm eligible for govt assistance 0 28 Steal/sell illegal goods 0 29 Ask anyone to help me 0 30 Looking for a job 0 31 Nothing I can do 0 32 Don't know 0 33 Own a business 0 34 Casual work 3 35 Part-time work 0 36 From Children 0 37 From parents 0 38 Govt pension 0 39 Pension 0 40 Would give up 0 41 Pray 0 42 Go to my village 0 43 Make a loan 5 44 Washing cars 0 45 Do anything 0 46 Self-help projects 0 47 Ask the govt 0 48 Gold panning 0 49 Fishing 1 50 Building 0 51 Investment 0 52 Commercial sex 0 53 Begging 0 96 No further responses 1190 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 0 What other methods would you use to obtain cash? 12A. If you could no longer get a cash income in this way, what other methods would you be most likely to use? Is there anything else? Respondent could give up to four answers. 1208 1 99 1 From Employer 6 2 Piece work 24 3 Work for other people 3 4 Work for myself 3 5 Selling vegetables 8 6 From renting out property 1 7 Sell goods at tuck shop 9 8 Rearing chickens 4 10 Grow crops for sale 57 11 Moulding bricks 1 12 Selling goods 45 13 Farming 27 14 Keeping livestock 1 15 Crocheting 0 16 Subsistence farming 0 17 Start small business 11 18 Sell livestock 31 19 Informal trader 3 20 Local community/co-operative association 0 21 Friends/family 18 22 Husband provides 4 23 Boyfriend provides 1 24 Traditional leader 0 25 Someone helps me get govt assistance 0 26 Favour/Bribe govt official 0 27 Pretend I'm eligible for govt assistance 1 28 Steal/sell illegal goods 2 29 Ask anyone to help me 1 30 Looking for a job 47 31 Nothing I can do 567 32 Don't know 1 33 Own a business 79 34 Casual work 72 35 Part-time work 0 36 From Children 1 37 From parents 2 38 Govt pension 0 39 Pension 0 40 Would give up 0 41 Pray 0 42 Go to my village 0 43 Make a loan 122 44 Washing cars 0 45 Do anything 0 46 Self-help projects 0 47 Ask the govt 0 48 Gold panning 0 49 Fishing 1 50 Building 0 51 Investment 1 52 Commercial sex 0 53 Begging 50 96 No further responses 2 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 2 What other methods would you use to obtain cash? 12B. If you could no longer get a cash income in this way, what other methods would you be most likely to use? Is there anything else? Respondent could give up to four answers. 1208 1 99 1 From Employer 3 2 Piece work 4 3 Work for other people 3 4 Work for myself 5 5 Selling vegetables 2 6 From renting out property 1 7 Sell goods at tuck shop 1 8 Rearing chickens 1 10 Grow crops for sale 7 11 Moulding bricks 0 12 Selling goods 9 13 Farming 1 14 Keeping livestock 0 15 Crocheting 0 16 Subsistence farming 1 17 Start small business 1 18 Sell livestock 9 19 Informal trader 2 20 Local community/co-operative association 1 21 Friends/family 1 22 Husband provides 0 23 Boyfriend provides 0 24 Traditional leader 0 25 Someone helps me get govt assistance 0 26 Favour/Bribe govt official 0 27 Pretend I'm eligible for govt assistance 0 28 Steal/sell illegal goods 0 29 Ask anyone to help me 0 30 Looking for a job 8 31 Nothing I can do 1 32 Don't know 0 33 Own a business 11 34 Casual work 7 35 Part-time work 0 36 From Children 0 37 From parents 0 38 Govt pension 0 39 Pension 0 40 Would give up 0 41 Pray 0 42 Go to my village 0 43 Make a loan 21 44 Washing cars 0 45 Do anything 0 46 Self-help projects 0 47 Ask the govt 0 48 Gold panning 0 49 Fishing 0 50 Building 0 51 Investment 0 52 Commercial sex 0 53 Begging 6 96 No further responses 1101 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 1 What other methods would you use to obtain cash? 12C. If you could no longer get a cash income in this way, what other methods would you be most likely to use? Is there anything else? Respondent could give up to four answers. 1208 1 99 1 From Employer 1 2 Piece work 3 3 Work for other people 2 4 Work for myself 5 5 Selling vegetables 2 6 From renting out property 0 7 Sell goods at tuck shop 0 8 Rearing chickens 0 10 Grow crops for sale 4 11 Moulding bricks 0 12 Selling goods 4 13 Farming 0 14 Keeping livestock 0 15 Crocheting 0 16 Subsistence farming 0 17 Start small business 0 18 Sell livestock 1 19 Informal trader 0 20 Local community/co-operative association 0 21 Friends/family 0 22 Husband provides 0 23 Boyfriend provides 0 24 Traditional leader 0 25 Someone helps me get govt assistance 0 26 Favour/Bribe govt official 0 27 Pretend I'm eligible for govt assistance 0 28 Steal/sell illegal goods 0 29 Ask anyone to help me 0 30 Looking for a job 0 31 Nothing I can do 0 32 Don't know 0 33 Own a business 0 34 Casual work 1 35 Part-time work 0 36 From Children 0 37 From parents 0 38 Govt pension 0 39 Pension 0 40 Would give up 0 41 Pray 0 42 Go to my village 0 43 Make a loan 3 44 Washing cars 0 45 Do anything 0 46 Self-help projects 0 47 Ask the govt 0 48 Gold panning 0 49 Fishing 0 50 Building 1 51 Investment 0 52 Commercial sex 0 53 Begging 0 96 No further responses 1180 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 1 How often have you gone without enough food to eat? Respondent could give up to three answers. 1208 1 4 1 Often 239 2 Sometimes 216 3 Rarely 228 4 Never 525 5 Don't know 0 How often have you felt unsafe from crime in your home? Respondent could give up to three answers. 1208 1 5 1 Often 233 2 Sometimes 221 3 Rarely 300 4 Never 453 5 Don't know 1 How often have you gone without necessary medical treatment? Respondent could give up to three answers. 1208 1 5 1 Often 306 2 Sometimes 284 3 Rarely 282 4 Never 334 5 Don't know 2 How often have you gone without a cash income? 1208 1 99 1 Often 481 2 Sometimes 357 3 Rarely 215 4 Never 150 5 Don't know 1 99 Missing Data 4 How often have you gone without enough clean water to drink 1208 1 99 1 Often 190 2 Sometimes 172 3 Rarely 269 4 Never 574 5 Don't know 2 99 Missing Data 1 How often have you gone without shelter? 1208 1 99 1 Often 18 2 Sometimes 46 3 Rarely 61 4 Never 1069 5 Don't know 4 99 Missing Data 10 how often have you gone without electricity in your home? 1208 1 6 1 Often 39 2 Sometimes 43 3 Rarely 78 4 Never 81 5 Don't know 1 6 Not applicable 966 How often did you have insufficient fuel for cooking? 1208 1 99 1 Often 193 2 Sometimes 153 3 Rarely 257 4 Never 595 5 Don't know 2 99 Missing Data 8 How much has physical health reduced amount of work? 1208 1 4 1 Often 194 2 Sometimes 324 3 Rarely 253 4 Never 437 5 Don't know 0 How much worried or anxious, feel tired? 1208 1 5 1 Often 246 2 Sometimes 301 3 Rarely 296 4 Never 363 5 Don't know 2 Is there a nearby school which your kids could attend? 15. Is there a school close by where you could afford to send your children? 1208 1 3 1 Yes 1127 2 No 75 3 Don't know 6 99 Missing data 0 Do you have an electricity hook-up into home? 16. Do you have an electricity hook-up into this household? 1208 1 99 1 Yes 191 2 No 1012 3 Don't know 4 99 Missing data 1 Do you have piped water into home? 17. Do you have water piped into your home? 1208 1 99 1 Yes 215 2 No 989 3 Don't know 3 99 Missing data 1 How often do you attend church group meetings? 1208 1 4 1 Never 428 2 Once or twice 182 3 A few times 214 4 Often 384 5 Don't know 0 99 Missing data 0 Attend self-help association? 1208 1 99 1 Never 675 2 Once or twice 112 3 A few times 147 4 Often 272 5 Don't know 0 99 Missing data 2 Attend group concerned with local matters? 1208 1 99 1 Never 670 2 Once or twice 177 3 A few times 145 4 Often 211 5 Don't know 4 99 Missing data 1 Attend local commercial organisation? 1208 1 99 1 Never 836 2 Once or twice 95 3 A few times 92 4 Often 184 5 Don't know 0 99 Missing data 1 Attend group that looks after the community? 1208 1 99 1 Never 769 2 Once or twice 97 3 A few times 111 4 Often 224 5 Don't know 5 99 Missing data 2 Attend a trade union? 1208 1 99 1 Never 1113 2 Once or twice 17 3 A few times 16 4 Often 20 5 Don't know 39 99 Missing data 3 People responsible for well-being VS govt. responsibilty 19. A. People should be responsible for their own success and well being. B. Government should bear the main responsibility for ensuring the success and well-being of people. The enumerator introduced the pair of statements by saying, “Here are several pairs of statements. Please tell me whether you most agree with Statement A or Statement B?.” Then, the enumerator probed for strength of opinion. 1208 1 6 1 Well-being = own responsibility : Agree strongly 770 2 Well-being = own responsibility : Agree somewhat 116 3 Well-being = govt responsibility : Agree somewhat 77 4 Well-being = govt responsibility : Agree strongly 223 5 Don't know 1 6 Do not agree with either 21 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 0 Free to earn VS limited income 20. A. People should be free to earn as much as they can, even if this leads to differences in income. B. Government should place limits on how much rich people can earn, even if this discourages some people from working hard. The enumerator introduced the pair of statements by saying, “Here are several pairs of statements. Please tell me whether you most agree with Statement A or Statement B?.” Then, the enumerator probed for strength of opinion. 1208 1 6 1 Free to earn : Agree strongly 716 2 Free to earn : Agree somewhat 158 3 Limit income: Agree somewhat 55 4 Limit income: Agree strongly 208 5 Don't know 27 6 Do not agree with either 44 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 0 Start own business VS govt. employment. 21. A. The best way to create jobs is to encourage people to start their own large or small businesses. B. The government should help to provide employment for everyone who wants to work. The enumerator introduced the pair of statements by saying, “Here are several pairs of statements. Please tell me whether you most agree with Statement A or Statement B?.” Then, the enumerator probed for strength of opinion. 1208 1 6 1 Create jobs -start businesses- : Agree strongly 700 2 Create jobs -start businesses- : Agree somewhat 123 3 Govt provide employment -- : Agree somewhat 78 4 Govt provide employment -- : Agree strongly 287 5 Don't know 2 6 Do not agree with either 18 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 0 New business risky VS invest to start business 22. A. There is no sense in trying to start a new business because it might lose money. B. If a person has a good idea for a business, they should invest their own savings or borrow money to try to make it succeed. The enumerator introduced the pair of statements by saying, “Here are several pairs of statements. Please tell me whether you most agree with Statement A or Statement B?.” Then, the enumerator probed for strength of opinion. 1208 1 6 1 Too risky to start businesses- : Agree strongly 83 2 Too risky to start businesses- : Agree somewhat 43 3 Invest to make business succeed: Agree somewhat 162 4 Invest to make business succeed: Agree strongly 908 5 Don't know 3 6 Do not agree with either 9 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 0 Who should take responsibilty for schools and clinics? 1208 1 99 1 Govt 609 2 Private business 9 3 Individuals 56 4 55 5 235 6 6 7 All three 236 8 Don't know 1 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 1 Responsibility for creating jobs? 1208 1 99 1 Govt 631 2 Private business 78 3 Individuals 50 4 173 5 64 6 15 7 All three 192 8 Don't know 4 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 1 Responsibility for building houses? 1208 1 99 1 Govt 337 2 Private business 31 3 Individuals 406 4 79 5 112 6 18 7 All three 206 8 Don't know 18 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 1 Responsibility for reducing crime? 1208 1 99 1 Govt 605 2 Private business 5 3 Individuals 86 4 20 5 233 6 9 7 All three 248 8 Don't know 0 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 2 Responsibility for buying or selling tobacco? 1208 1 99 1 Govt 455 2 Private business 116 3 Individuals 144 4 119 5 79 6 104 7 All three 175 8 Don't know 13 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 3 Responsibility for helping farmers borrow money? 1208 1 99 1 Govt 842 2 Private business 39 3 Individuals 26 4 195 5 35 6 11 7 All three 51 8 Don't know 8 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 1 Variety of goods at high prices VS shortages at low prices? 24. A. It is better to have a wide variety of goods and many goods in the market, even if prices are high. B. It is better to have low prices, even if there are shortages of goods. The enumerator introduced the pair of statements by saying, “Here are several more pairs of statements. Please tell me whether you most agree with Statement A or Statement B.” Then, the enumerator probed for strength of opinion. 1208 1 99 1 Better to have variety : Agree strongly 409 2 Better to have variety : Agree somewhat 89 3 Better to have low prices: Agree somewhat 130 4 Better to have low prices: Agree strongly 503 5 Don't know 4 6 Do not agree with either 70 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 3 Free healthcare, lower standards VS pay for better health care 25. A. It is better to be able to visit clinics and get medicine for free, even if it means we cannot raise health care standards. B. It is better to raise health care standards, even if we have to pay medical fees. The enumerator introduced the pair of statements by saying, “Here are several more pairs of statements. Please tell me whether you most agree with Statement A or Statement B.” Then, the enumerator probed for strength of opinion. 1208 1 99 1 Free medicine better : Agree strongly 411 2 Free medicine better : Agree somewhat 126 3 Improved health better: Agree somewhat 109 4 Improved health better: Agree strongly 473 5 Don't know 3 6 Do not agree with either 85 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 1 Keep govt employees VS retrench govt employees 26. A. The number of people who work for government should not be reduced, even if paying their salaries is costly to the country. B. The government cannot afford so many public employees and should lay off/retrench some of them. The enumerator introduced the pair of statements by saying, “Here are several more pairs of statements. Please tell me whether you most agree with Statement A or Statement B.” Then, the enumerator probed for strength of opinion. 1208 1 99 1 Keep govt employees : Agree strongly 690 2 Keep govt employees : Agree somewhat 191 3 Retrench govt employees: Agree somewhat 56 4 Retrench govt employees: Agree strongly 194 5 Don't know 28 6 Do not agree with either 48 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 1 Govt owns factories VS privatization 27. A. The government should retain ownership of its factories, businesses, and farms. B. It is better for the government to sell its businesses to private companies and individuals. The enumerator introduced the pair of statements by saying, “Here are several more pairs of statements. Please tell me whether you most agree with Statement A or Statement B.” Then, the enumerator probed for strength of opinion. 1208 1 99 1 Govt should retain factories : Agree strongly 558 2 Govt should retain factories : Agree somewhat 125 3 Govt should sell factories : Agree somewhat 49 4 Govt should sell factories : Agree strongly 341 5 Don't know 98 6 Do not agree with either 36 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 1 What does democracy mean? - first response 28A. What, if anything, do you understand by the word “democracy”? What comes to your mind when you hear the word? Respondent could give up to three answers. 1208 1 126 1 Don't know 66 2 When country is run by the people 1 3 To be independent 0 4 The right to everything 2 5 Freedom in everything except crime 20 6 Freedom of speech 141 7 Equal rights 1 8 Different groups must have different rights 2 9 To own property/land 0 10 Freedom of movement 7 11 Freedom in general 96 12 Free education 2 13 Reduce crime 0 14 Free medical treatment 0 15 Be able to criticise govt 7 16 Peace 11 17 Justice 0 18 No war 1 19 Human rights 58 20 Unity 6 21 Never heard of such a word 1 22 Right to vote 0 23 Improve living conditions 0 24 Development 4 25 Right to join any political party 1 26 Police protection 1 27 To advise each other when ruling 0 28 To have rules formulated by people 0 29 Ruling without discrimination 1 30 Many political parties 116 31 Majority rule 5 32 Good leadership 0 33 Freedom of expression 74 34 To rule satisfactorily 0 35 To live in harmony 0 36 Having what people want 1 37 People help the ruler 0 38 Govt assist the people 3 39 Govt promotes development 0 40 Autocracy 0 41 Oppression of majority 1 42 Fair elections 0 43 Working together with govt 0 44 Nothing 1 45 Democracy is meaningless 1 46 Enough food 1 47 Self-rule 19 49 Taking authority to change things 0 50 Can't explain it properly 4 51 Govt of people,by people,for people 35 52 No civil war 0 53 Good standard of living 1 54 Power-sharing 1 55 No discrimination 0 56 Providing services 0 57 Govt being fair to people 3 58 Elected govt 2 59 Accountable govt 2 60 Good governance 4 61 No dictatorship 0 62 Stability 0 63 Too afraid to give opinion 0 64 Freedom religion/worship 8 65 Employment 0 66 Having one constitution for country 0 67 Colonialism 1 68 Respecting other people's freedom 2 69 Does not matter 0 70 Doing things without fear/intimidation 100 71 Responsive govt 1 72 No coercion 0 73 Freedom of the press 5 74 Freedom of association 15 75 Health care for all 0 76 Freedom of dress 1 77 Freedom of choice 6 78 Change of things from bad to good 44 79 Freedom of birthright 114 80 Doing things that benefit the nation 4 81 Competition between political parties 7 82 Change of ruling parties 9 83 Having opposition parties 18 84 Freedom to conduct business 0 85 Gender equality 1 86 Lowering prices 3 87 Politics/anything to do with politics 8 88 Foreign idea 3 89 Everyone being happy 2 90 Living freely 20 91 Living without problems 4 92 Govt helping poor 0 93 Consultation 0 94 Smooth-running of country 2 95 Control over one's life 1 96 No further answer 5 97 Having basic necessities 1 98 Refused 1 99 Missing 0 100 No restrictions 0 101 Responsible conduct of citizens 0 102 Food distribution 1 103 0 104 Do not know the meaning 23 105 Helping each other 3 106 Independence 2 107 Govt represents all people 2 108 Change of President 2 109 New govt 2 110 Govt of unity 2 111 Change of govt 8 112 Change of laws 1 113 Govt protecting people 1 114 No more taxes 1 115 Everyone being able to make money 0 116 3 117 Rebellious people 3 118 Elections 0 119 Participation in govt 0 120 Elected representation 1 121 Removal of old govt 2 122 Coming of UDF 2 123 Youth help govt 0 124 Govt giving id cards 0 125 Party that oppose the govt 3 126 To do what ever one wants 57 What does democracy mean? - second response 28B. What, if anything, do you understand by the word “democracy”? What comes to your mind when you hear the word? Respondent could give up to three answers. 1208 1 126 1 Don't know 1 2 When country is run by the people 0 3 To be independent 6 4 The right to everything 1 5 Freedom in everything except crime 2 6 Freedom of speech 50 7 Equal rights 0 8 Different groups must have different rights 0 9 To own property/land 0 10 Freedom of movement 3 11 Freedom in general 7 12 Free education 3 13 Reduce crime 0 14 Free medical treatment 0 15 Be able to criticise govt 5 16 Peace 3 17 Justice 0 18 No war 0 19 Human rights 14 20 Unity 3 21 Never heard of such a word 0 22 Right to vote 0 23 Improve living conditions 0 24 Development 3 25 Right to join any political party 2 26 Police protection 0 27 To advise each other when ruling 0 28 To have rules formulated by people 0 29 Ruling without discrimination 0 30 Many political parties 14 31 Majority rule 0 32 Good leadership 0 33 Freedom of expression 36 34 To rule satisfactorily 0 35 To live in harmony 0 36 Having what people want 0 37 People help the ruler 0 38 Govt assist the people 2 39 Govt promotes development 0 40 Autocracy 0 41 Oppression of majority 0 42 Fair elections 0 43 Working together with govt 0 44 Nothing 0 45 Democracy is meaningless 0 46 Enough food 0 47 Self-rule 2 49 Taking authority to change things 0 50 Can't explain it properly 2 51 Govt of people,by people,for people 1 52 No civil war 0 53 Good standard of living 1 54 Power-sharing 0 55 No discrimination 1 56 Providing services 0 57 Govt being fair to people 1 58 Elected govt 0 59 Accountable govt 0 60 Good governance 0 61 No dictatorship 0 62 Stability 0 63 Too afraid to give opinion 0 64 Freedom religion/worship 7 65 Employment 0 66 Having one constitution for country 0 67 Colonialism 0 68 Respecting other people's freedom 1 69 Does not matter 0 70 Doing things without fear/intimidation 26 71 Responsive govt 0 72 No coercion 0 73 Freedom of the press 1 74 Freedom of association 17 75 Health care for all 0 76 Freedom of dress 9 77 Freedom of choice 2 78 Change of things from bad to good 3 79 Freedom of birthright 20 80 Doing things that benefit the nation 0 81 Competition between political parties 1 82 Change of ruling parties 1 83 Having opposition parties 2 84 Freedom to conduct business 4 85 Gender equality 0 86 Lowering prices 1 87 Politics/anything to do with politics 0 88 Foreign idea 0 89 Everyone being happy 2 90 Living freely 5 91 Living without problems 2 92 Govt helping poor 0 93 Consultation 0 94 Smooth-running of country 0 95 Control over one's life 1 96 No further answer 908 97 Having basic necessities 2 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 0 100 No restrictions 0 101 Responsible conduct of citizens 0 102 Food distribution 0 103 0 104 Do not know the meaning 1 105 Helping each other 1 106 Independence 0 107 Govt represents all people 0 108 Change of President 0 109 New govt 1 110 Govt of unity 0 111 Change of govt 1 112 Change of laws 0 113 Govt protecting people 1 114 No more taxes 1 115 Everyone being able to make money 0 116 1 117 Rebellious people 0 118 Elections 1 119 Participation in govt 0 120 Elected representation 0 121 Removal of old govt 0 122 Coming of UDF 1 123 Youth help govt 0 124 Govt giving id cards 1 125 Party that oppose the govt 1 126 To do what ever one wants 19 What does democracy mean? - third response 28C. What, if anything, do you understand by the word “democracy”? What comes to your mind when you hear the word? Respondent could give up to three answers. 1208 1 122 1 Don't know 4 2 When country is run by the people 0 3 To be independent 5 4 The right to everything 3 5 Freedom in everything except crime 0 6 Freedom of speech 12 7 Equal rights 0 8 Different groups must have different rights 0 9 To own property/land 0 10 Freedom of movement 4 11 Freedom in general 1 12 Free education 2 13 Reduce crime 0 14 Free medical treatment 1 15 Be able to criticise govt 1 16 Peace 0 17 Justice 1 18 No war 0 19 Human rights 3 20 Unity 1 21 Never heard of such a word 0 22 Right to vote 1 23 Improve living conditions 0 24 Development 0 25 Right to join any political party 4 26 Police protection 0 27 To advise each other when ruling 0 28 To have rules formulated by people 0 29 Ruling without discrimination 0 30 Many political parties 2 31 Majority rule 0 32 Good leadership 0 33 Freedom of expression 5 34 To rule satisfactorily 0 35 To live in harmony 1 36 Having what people want 0 37 People help the ruler 0 38 Govt assist the people 0 39 Govt promotes development 0 40 Autocracy 0 41 Oppression of majority 0 42 Fair elections 0 43 Working together with govt 0 44 Nothing 0 45 Democracy is meaningless 0 46 Enough food 1 47 Self-rule 0 49 Taking authority to change things 0 50 Can't explain it properly 1 51 Govt of people,by people,for people 0 52 No civil war 0 53 Good standard of living 0 54 Power-sharing 0 55 No discrimination 0 56 Providing services 0 57 Govt being fair to people 0 58 Elected govt 0 59 Accountable govt 1 60 Good governance 0 61 No dictatorship 0 62 Stability 0 63 Too afraid to give opinion 0 64 Freedom religion/worship 6 65 Employment 0 66 Having one constitution for country 0 67 Colonialism 0 68 Respecting other people's freedom 0 69 Does not matter 0 70 Doing things without fear/intimidation 2 71 Responsive govt 1 72 No coercion 0 73 Freedom of the press 1 74 Freedom of association 8 75 Health care for all 0 76 Freedom of dress 5 77 Freedom of choice 3 78 Change of things from bad to good 0 79 Freedom of birthright 4 80 Doing things that benefit the nation 0 81 Competition between political parties 0 82 Change of ruling parties 0 83 Having opposition parties 0 84 Freedom to conduct business 3 85 Gender equality 1 86 Lowering prices 0 87 Politics/anything to do with politics 0 88 Foreign idea 0 89 Everyone being happy 0 90 Living freely 1 91 Living without problems 1 92 Govt helping poor 0 93 Consultation 0 94 Smooth-running of country 0 95 Control over one's life 0 96 No further answer 1113 97 Having basic necessities 2 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 0 100 No restrictions 1 101 Responsible conduct of citizens 0 102 Food distribution 0 103 1 104 Do not know the meaning 0 105 Helping each other 0 106 Independence 0 107 Govt represents all people 0 108 Change of President 0 109 New govt 0 110 Govt of unity 0 111 Change of govt 0 112 Change of laws 0 113 Govt protecting people 0 114 No more taxes 0 115 Everyone being able to make money 0 116 0 117 Rebellious people 0 118 Elections 0 119 Participation in govt 0 120 Elected representation 0 121 Removal of old govt 0 122 Coming of UDF 1 123 Youth help govt 0 124 Govt giving id cards 0 125 Party that oppose the govt 0 126 To do what ever one wants 0 Who is the vice president? 29. First of all, can you tell me who presently holds the following positions: The Vice President? 1208 1 98 1 Don't know 146 2 Know but can't remember 38 3 Right answer 958 4 Wrong answer 64 5 Could not determine 1 98 Refused 1 99 Missing 0 Who is the minister of finance? 30. First of all, can you tell me who presently holds the following positions: The Minister of Finance? The enumerator wrote down the names given by the respondent, if any, and the supervisor coded the responses as 3 (right) or 4 (wrong). Blank responses were later post coded as 1 (Don’t know). 1208 1 98 1 Don't know 599 2 Know but can't remember 127 3 Right answer 315 4 Wrong answer 156 5 Could not determine 10 98 Refused 1 99 Missing 0 Who is the member of parliament for this constituency? 31. First of all, can you tell me who presently holds the following positions: A member of parliament who has been assigned to represent this area? The enumerator wrote down the names given by the respondent, if any, and the supervisor coded the responses as 3 (right) or 4 (wrong). Blank responses were later post coded as 1 (Don’t know). 1208 1 99 1 Don't know 101 2 Know but can't remember 49 3 Right answer 1014 4 Wrong answer 35 5 Could not determine 3 98 Refused 2 99 Missing 4 Who is your local councillor? 32. First of all, can you tell me who presently holds the following positions: Your local councilor? The enumerator wrote down the names given by the respondent, if any, and the supervisor coded the responses as 3 (right) or 4 (wrong). Blank responses were later post coded as 1 (Don’t know). 1208 97 97 1 Don't know 0 2 Know but can't remember 0 3 Right answer 0 4 Wrong answer 0 5 Could not determine 0 97 Not applicable 1208 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 0 Have you contacted govt official or political party official 33. In the past year, have you contacted a government official or political party official about some important problem or to give them your views? If Yes: Was it just once, twice, a few times, or frequently? Enumerators skips to question 35, if respondent answers 1 (no). 1208 1 99 1 No 1097 2 Once or twice 65 3 A few times 29 4 Frequently 15 5 Don't know 0 97 NA 0 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 2 What type of official did you contact? 34A. What type of official was it? Enumerator only asked the question if they indicate contact in question 33. Enumerator probed for most specific answer, and respondent could give more than one answer. If question 34 is skipped, enumerator post coded answer as 97 (No Contact). 1208 1 99 1 local councillor 3 2 Regional/Prov representative 3 3 MP 58 4 Council meeting/hearing 0 5 Regional/Prov meeting 0 6 Nat parliament meeting 0 7 Nat govt meeting/hearing 3 8 Local council official 1 9 Regional/Prov official 1 10 Nat govt official/civil servant 6 11 Party official 25 97 No contact 1106 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 2 What type of official did you contact? 34B. What type of official was it? Enumerator only asked the question if they indicate contact in question 33. Enumerator probed for most specific answer, and respondent could give more than one answer. If question 34 is skipped, enumerator post coded answer as 97 (No Contact). 1208 3 99 1 local councillor 0 2 Regional/Prov representative 0 3 MP 1 4 Council meeting/hearing 0 5 Regional/Prov meeting 0 6 Nat parliament meeting 0 7 Nat govt meeting/hearing 0 8 Local council official 0 9 Regional/Prov official 0 10 Nat govt official/civil servant 0 11 Party official 0 97 No contact 1205 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 2 What type of official did you contact? 34C. What type of official was it? Enumerator only asked the question if they indicate contact in question 33. Enumerator probed for most specific answer, and respondent could give more than one answer. If question 34 is skipped, enumerator post coded answer as 97 (No Contact). 1208 97 99 1 local councillor 0 2 Regional/Prov representative 0 3 MP 0 4 Council meeting/hearing 0 5 Regional/Prov meeting 0 6 Nat parliament meeting 0 7 Nat govt meeting/hearing 0 8 Local council official 0 9 Regional/Prov official 0 10 Nat govt official/civil servant 0 11 Party official 0 97 No contact 1206 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 2 What type of official did you contact? 34D. What type of official was it? Enumerator only asked the question if they indicate contact in question 33. Enumerator probed for most specific answer, and respondent could give more than one answer. If question 34 is skipped, enumerator post coded answer as 97 (No Contact). 1208 4 99 1 local councillor 0 2 Regional/Prov representative 0 3 MP 0 4 Council meeting/hearing 1 5 Regional/Prov meeting 0 6 Nat parliament meeting 0 7 Nat govt meeting/hearing 0 8 Local council official 0 9 Regional/Prov official 0 10 Nat govt official/civil servant 0 11 Party official 0 97 No contact 1205 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 2 What type of official did you contact? 34E. What type of official was it? Enumerator only asked the question if they indicate contact in question 33. Enumerator probed for most specific answer, and respondent could give more than one answer. If question 34 is skipped, enumerator post coded answer as 97 (No Contact). 1208 97 97 1 local councillor 0 2 Regional/Prov representative 0 3 MP 0 4 Council meeting/hearing 0 5 Regional/Prov meeting 0 6 Nat parliament meeting 0 7 Nat govt meeting/hearing 0 8 Local council official 0 9 Regional/Prov official 0 10 Nat govt official/civil servant 0 11 Party official 0 97 No contact 1208 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 0 What type of official did you contact? 34F. What type of official was it? Enumerator only asked the question if they indicate contact in question 33. Enumerator probed for most specific answer, and respondent could give more than one answer. If question 34 is skipped, enumerator post coded answer as 97 (No Contact). 1208 3 99 1 local councillor 0 2 Regional/Prov representative 0 3 MP 2 4 Council meeting/hearing 1 5 Regional/Prov meeting 0 6 Nat parliament meeting 0 7 Nat govt meeting/hearing 0 8 Local council official 0 9 Regional/Prov official 0 10 Nat govt official/civil servant 0 11 Party official 0 97 No contact 1203 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 2 Paid a govt. official to get a job? Enumerator only asked the question if they indicate contact in question 33. Enumerator probed for most specific answer, and respondent could give more than one answer. If question 34 is skipped, enumerator postcoded answer as 97 (No Contact). 1208 1 4 1 Never 1153 2 Once or twice 21 3 A few times 9 4 Often 25 5 Don't know 0 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 0 Paid govt. official to get a maintenance payment, loan or pension? Enumerator only asked the question if they indicate contact in question 33. Enumerator probed for most specific answer, and respondent could give more than one answer. If question 34 is skipped, enumerator postcoded answer as 97 (No Contact). 1208 1 99 1 Never 1164 2 Once or twice 21 3 A few times 9 4 Often 13 5 Don't know 0 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 1 Paid govt. official to get water or electricity? Enumerator only asked the question if they indicate contact in question 33. Enumerator probed for most specific answer, and respondent could give more than one answer. If question 34 is skipped, enumerator postcoded answer as 97 (No Contact). 1208 1 99 1 Never 1171 2 Once or twice 13 3 A few times 7 4 Often 11 5 Don't know 5 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 1 Paid govt. offical to get housing or land? Enumerator only asked the question if they indicate contact in question 33. Enumerator probed for most specific answer, and respondent could give more than one answer. If question 34 is skipped, enumerator postcoded answer as 97 (No Contact). 1208 1 99 1 Never 1172 2 Once or twice 23 3 A few times 4 4 Often 8 5 Don't know 0 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 1 Contacted any other influential person? 36. In the past year, have you contacted any other influential person such as a church or community leader about some important problem or to give them your views? If Yes: Was it just once or twice, a few times, or frequently? Enumerator skipped to question 38 if respondent answered 1 (no). 1208 1 5 1 No 917 2 Once or twice 154 3 A few times 77 4 Frequently 58 5 Don't know 2 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 0 What type of influential person did you contact? 37A. If respondent made contact, what type of person was this? Enumerator only asked this question if they indicated contact in question 36. Respondent was encourage to mention as many people as possible. If enumerator skipped question 37, the answer was later post coded as 97 (No contact). 1208 1 97 1 Church leader 154 2 Community leader 28 3 Trade union official 2 4 Traditional leader 109 5 Traditional council meeting 6 97 No contact 909 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 0 What type of influential person did you contact? 37B. If respondent made contact, what type of person was this? Enumerator only asked this question if they indicated contact in question 36. Respondent was encourage to mention as many people as possible. If enumerator skipped question 37, the answer was later post coded as 97 (No contact). 1208 1 97 1 Church leader 6 2 Community leader 6 3 Trade union official 1 4 Traditional leader 10 5 Traditional council meeting 3 97 No contact 1182 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 0 What type of influential person did you contact? 37C. If respondent made contact, what type of person was this? Enumerator only asked this question if they indicated contact in question 36. Respondent was encourage to mention as many people as possible. If enumerator skipped question 37, the answer was later post coded as 97 (No contact). 1208 1 97 1 Church leader 1 2 Community leader 0 3 Trade union official 0 4 Traditional leader 1 5 Traditional council meeting 1 97 No contact 1205 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 0 What type of influential person did you contact? 37D. If respondent made contact, what type of person was this? Enumerator only asked this question if they indicated contact in question 36. Respondent was encourage to mention as many people as possible. If enumerator skipped question 37, the answer was later post coded as 97 (No contact). 1208 1 97 1 Church leader 1 2 Community leader 2 3 Trade union official 0 4 Traditional leader 2 5 Traditional council meeting 0 97 No contact 1203 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 0 What type of influential person did you contact? 37E. If respondent made contact, what type of person was this? Enumerator only asked this question if they indicated contact in question 36. Respondent was encourage to mention as many people as possible. If enumerator skipped question 37, the answer was later post coded as 97 (No contact). 1208 3 97 1 Church leader 0 2 Community leader 0 3 Trade union official 2 4 Traditional leader 0 5 Traditional council meeting 0 97 No contact 1206 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 0 What type of influential person did you contact? 37F. If respondent made contact, what type of person was this? Enumerator only asked this question if they indicated contact in question 36. Respondent was encourage to mention as many people as possible. If enumerator skipped question 37, the answer was later post coded as 97 (No contact). 1208 1 97 1 Church leader 6 2 Community leader 1 3 Trade union official 0 4 Traditional leader 0 5 Traditional council meeting 0 97 No contact 1201 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 0 Local traditional leader, chief or headman? 38. I would like to speak about traditional leadership. Do you have a traditional leader, chief, or headman? 1208 1 99 1 Yes 1123 2 No 61 3 Don't Know 23 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 1 Local chiefs interest in people? 39. How interested do you think your local chief is in what happens to you or hearing what people like you think? Are they: If respondent answered 2 (no) to question 38, enumerator post coded question as 97 (not applicable). 1208 1 97 1 Not at all interested 96 2 Not very interested 177 3 Interested 371 4 Very interested 433 5 Haven't heard enough to know 52 97 Not Applicable 79 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 0 How much of the time can local chief be trusted? If respondent answered 2 (no) to question 38, enumerator post coded question as 97 (not applicable). 40. How much of the time can you trust your local chief to do what is right? Is it: 1208 1 97 1 Never 103 2 Sometimes 288 3 Most times 366 4 Always 327 5 Haven't heard enough 44 97 Not Applicable 80 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 0 How many chiefs/traditional leaders involved in corruption If respondent answered 2 (no) to question 38, enumerator post coded question as 97 (not applicable). 41. What about corruption, that is where leaders take money intended for the community and use it for themselves? How many chiefs or traditional leaders are involved in corruption? Is it: 1208 1 97 1 Almost all 54 2 Most/a lot 170 3 A few/some 316 4 Almost none 358 5 Have'nt heard enough 234 97 Not Applicable 76 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 0 How often do you get news from radio? 1208 1 5 1 Everyday 737 2 Few times a week 165 3 Few times a month 92 4 Less than once a month 38 5 Never 176 6 Don't know 0 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 0 How often do you get news from tv? 1208 1 99 1 Everyday 66 2 Few times a week 25 3 Few times a month 31 4 Less than once a month 20 5 Never 1041 6 Don't know 24 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 1 How often do you get news from newspapers? 1208 1 99 1 Everyday 90 2 Few times a week 142 3 Few times a month 132 4 Less than once a month 106 5 Never 734 6 Don't know 3 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 1 Most people can be trusted Vs you must be careful? 43. Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted or that you can’t be too careful in dealing with people? 1208 1 3 1 Most people can be trusted 529 2 Can't be too careful 652 3 Don't know 27 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 0 Discuss political matters with friends? 44. When you get together with your friends, would you say you discuss political matters….? 1208 1 99 1 Frequently 225 2 Occasionally 545 3 Never 432 4 Don't know 5 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 1 Follow what is happening in govt and public affairs? 45. Some people seem to follow what’s going on in government and public affairs most of the time, whether there’s an election going on or not. Other’s aren’t that interested. Would you say you follow what’s going on in government and public affairs? 1208 1 5 1 Always/most of the time 211 2 Some of the time 383 3 356 4 Hardly 245 5 Don't know 13 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 0 Feel that you have little or no control over life? 1208 1 6 1 Strongly agree 136 2 Agree 243 3 Neither agree nor disagree 63 4 Disagree 314 5 Strongly disagree 440 6 Don't know 12 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 0 Insufficient info about political life and govt. actions? 1208 1 6 1 Strongly agree 273 2 Agree 392 3 Neither agree nor disagree 52 4 Disagree 265 5 Strongly disagree 218 6 Don't know 8 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 0 Political and govt. affairs too complicated to understand? 1208 1 6 1 Strongly agree 382 2 Agree 406 3 Neither agree nor disagree 43 4 Disagree 172 5 Strongly disagree 194 6 Don't know 11 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 0 Careful what you do and say with regards to politics? 1208 1 6 1 Strongly agree 231 2 Agree 163 3 Neither agree nor disagree 77 4 Disagree 199 5 Strongly disagree 511 6 Don't know 27 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 0 Way you vote will make a difference VS won't make a difference? 47. A. No matter how you vote, it won’t make things any better in the future. B. The way you vote could make things better in the future. The enumerator introduced the pair of statements by saying, “Please tell me whether you agree more with Statement A or Statement B.” Then, the enumerator probed for strength of opinion. 1208 1 6 1 Voting won't improve things : Agree strongly 245 2 Voting won't improve things : Agree somewhat 84 3 Voting will improve things : Agree somewhat 135 4 Voting will improve things : Agree strongly 688 5 Don't know 30 6 Do not agree with either 26 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 0 Who is in power makes a difference VS it doesn't make a difference? 48. A. It is important who is in power because it can make a difference to what happens. B. It doesn’t really matter who is in power, because in the end things go on much the same. The enumerator introduced the pair of statements by saying, “Please tell me whether you agree more with Statement A or Statement B.” Then, the enumerator probed for strength of opinion. 1208 1 98 1 Who is in power makes a difference: Agree strongly 785 2 Who is in power makes a difference: Agree somewhat 140 3 Doesn't matter who is in power: Agree somewhat 62 4 Doesn't matter who is power: Agree strongly 172 5 Don't know 22 6 Do not agree with either 26 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 0 Freeness and fairness of last national election? 49. On the whole, how would you rate the freeness and fairness of the last national elections, held in 1999? Was it: 1208 1 5 1 558 2 201 3 154 4 257 5 Don't know 38 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 0 Most important problems to be addressed by govt. - first response 50A. What are the most important problems facing this country that the government should address? Which of these is most important. Place 1 next to most important problem. 1208 1 999 1 Apartheid 3 2 Abuse 2 3 Affirmative action 1 4 Affrirmative action (too much ) 2 5 AIDS 6 6 Bursaries 0 7 Child Welfare 0 8 Child abuse 0 9 Crime 41 10 Corruption 14 11 Corruption in govt 5 12 Civil war 0 13 Death sentence should be returned 0 14 Death rate too high 0 15 Discrimination 0 16 Disputes between political parties 0 17 Diseases 3 18 Drought 0 19 Drought relief 0 20 Development 2 21 Development of rural areas 0 22 Drugs/alcohol 0 23 Democracy 0 24 Donor fund mismanagement 1 25 Don't know 4 26 Economy 31 27 Economic stabilisation 3 28 Education (equality) 3 29 Education (too expensive) 0 30 Education (poor quality) 14 31 Education (quality of schools) 1 32 Education (shortage of schools) 11 33 Educational facilities 1 34 Environment 0 35 Elections 0 36 Electricity 2 37 Electricity (need more) 2 38 Equality 0 39 Equal dev for all areas 0 40 Financial problems 2 41 Financial future 1 42 Funding indigenous business 0 43 Foreign investment 0 44 Food supply 6 45 Government 0 46 Govt responsibility 5 47 Govt spending 1 48 Govt unresponsive 3 49 Govt does not communicate 0 50 Housing 0 51 Housing (poor quality) 0 52 Housing (shortage) 0 53 Health 1 54 Health (medical supplies) 35 55 Health services (too expensive) 0 56 Health services (poor quality) 20 57 Health services (shortage) 48 58 Health services in rural areas 3 59 Hawkers/street vendors 0 60 Intimidation 0 61 Infrastructure 9 62 Immigration 0 63 Investments 1 64 Job creation 14 65 Labour laws 1 66 Lack of unity among people 1 67 Lack of self-help projects 0 68 Lack of money for school fees 3 69 Murder 2 70 Nepotism 0 71 Nothing/No problems 17 72 Oppression 1 73 Poverty 54 74 Prices too high 191 75 Protection of property owners 0 76 Population explosion 0 77 Policing 1 78 Political tension 0 79 Political unrest 2 80 Pensions 0 81 Pensions need to be increased 0 82 Rape 0 83 Racism 0 84 Rights 1 85 Roads 13 86 Roads (poor quality) 46 87 Roads (need more) 1 88 Recreational facilities 0 89 RDP 0 90 Riots 0 91 Security 71 92 Squatting/squattors 0 93 Strikes 0 94 0 95 Services (lack of) 0 96 Services (poor quality) 0 97 Services (too expensive) 0 98 Starvation 73 99 Sewerage 1 100 Standard of living 0 101 Theft 28 102 Taxes 0 103 Taxes too high 0 104 Toilets/sanitation 0 105 Transport 6 106 Teenage pregnancies 0 107 Tribalism 0 108 Unemployment 36 109 Violence 0 110 Vandalism 0 111 Wages too high 1 112 Wages too low 13 113 Water (not enough) 26 114 Water (provide more) 12 115 Water (poor quality) 28 116 Welfare 0 117 Children should follow tradition 0 118 Crop failure 19 119 Devaluation of currency 4 120 Care of Elderly 1 121 0 122 Food prices should be low 3 123 Food shortage 94 124 Economic policy failure 4 125 Health clinics to be provided 7 126 Inflation high 6 127 Lack of loans 29 128 Too many leaders 0 129 Suffering 0 130 Transport prices too high 1 131 Wealth being lost rapidly 0 132 Voter education 0 133 Telecommunications 0 134 Street lights 0 135 Sports problems 0 136 Street children 0 137 Implementation of govt policies 0 138 Immigrants 0 139 Govt favours foreigners 0 140 Poor govt administration 2 141 Nuclear weapons 0 142 School drop-outs 1 143 Use of prisoners for labour 0 144 Reduce income disparity 0 145 Road accidents 0 146 Assist disabled 0 147 Assist orphans 0 148 0 149 Reduce school fees 0 150 Strengthen democracy 0 151 Home affairs 0 152 Farm workers benefits 0 153 Govt assistance 10 154 Leaders must take responsibility 0 155 Training of police officers 0 156 Homosexual issues 0 157 0 158 Protection against wild animals 0 159 Nature conservation 0 160 Better qualified teachers 0 161 Traditional leaders 0 162 Army training 0 163 Promiscuity 0 164 Fair land distribution 1 165 DRC war 0 166 5th brigade attocracies 0 167 Irresponsible members of parliament 0 168 Assistance for needy people 0 169 Poor woking conditions 4 170 0 171 Lack of co-operation between political parties 2 172 Cash payment to farmers for products 0 173 President favours home area 1 174 2 175 Fine those who default on loans 0 176 Govt should develop all regions 0 177 Govt should build a bank 1 178 Environmental degradation 1 179 Need for new govt 1 180 High school fees 1 181 Lack of maize in markets 1 182 Lack of justice in govt 1 183 Lack of land to cultivate 5 184 Lack of farming improvements 53 185 Trading centres too far 0 186 Headman not trustworthy 0 187 Lack of free hospitals 1 188 Lack of markets 0 189 Rigging elections 0 190 Regionalism must stop 1 191 Govt favours people from their party 0 192 Govt should help with school fees for girls 0 193 Corruption among health personnel 0 194 Civil service doctors must take jobs seriously 0 195 Rich have more freedom than poor 2 196 Over-enrolment in schools 0 197 Business matters 1 198 Exploitation of villagers 0 199 Retrenchments 0 200 Govt assistance to villagers 3 201 prostitution 0 202 Misuse of democracy 0 203 Accessibilty of loans 0 204 Lack TV service/network 0 205 Lack of post offices 0 206 Lack of policemen 2 207 Freedom of dress should stop 0 208 No maize mills nearby 1 209 Lack of respect for elders 1 210 Lack of respect for one another 1 999 No further response 10 Most important problems to be addressed by govt. - second response 50B. What are the most important problems facing this country that the government should address? Which of these is most important. Place 1 next to most important problem. 1208 2 999 1 Apartheid 0 2 Abuse 2 3 Affirmative action 0 4 Affrirmative action (too much ) 0 5 AIDS 6 6 Bursaries 1 7 Child Welfare 0 8 Child abuse 1 9 Crime 31 10 Corruption 17 11 Corruption in govt 5 12 Civil war 0 13 Death sentence should be returned 0 14 Death rate too high 0 15 Discrimination 2 16 Disputes between political parties 1 17 Diseases 3 18 Drought 0 19 Drought relief 1 20 Development 0 21 Development of rural areas 0 22 Drugs/alcohol 0 23 Democracy 1 24 Donor fund mismanagement 0 25 Don't know 0 26 Economy 22 27 Economic stabilisation 0 28 Education (equality) 3 29 Education (too expensive) 0 30 Education (poor quality) 15 31 Education (quality of schools) 4 32 Education (shortage of schools) 21 33 Educational facilities 12 34 Environment 0 35 Elections 0 36 Electricity 3 37 Electricity (need more) 0 38 Equality 0 39 Equal dev for all areas 0 40 Financial problems 3 41 Financial future 0 42 Funding indigenous business 0 43 Foreign investment 0 44 Food supply 2 45 Government 0 46 Govt responsibility 4 47 Govt spending 0 48 Govt unresponsive 3 49 Govt does not communicate 0 50 Housing 0 51 Housing (poor quality) 1 52 Housing (shortage) 1 53 Health 3 54 Health (medical supplies) 34 55 Health services (too expensive) 1 56 Health services (poor quality) 31 57 Health services (shortage) 57 58 Health services in rural areas 1 59 Hawkers/street vendors 1 60 Intimidation 0 61 Infrastructure 8 62 Immigration 0 63 Investments 0 64 Job creation 14 65 Labour laws 0 66 Lack of unity among people 1 67 Lack of self-help projects 0 68 Lack of money for school fees 1 69 Murder 3 70 Nepotism 0 71 Nothing/No problems 0 72 Oppression 0 73 Poverty 48 74 Prices too high 130 75 Protection of property owners 0 76 Population explosion 0 77 Policing 1 78 Political tension 0 79 Political unrest 2 80 Pensions 0 81 Pensions need to be increased 0 82 Rape 2 83 Racism 2 84 Rights 0 85 Roads 17 86 Roads (poor quality) 47 87 Roads (need more) 2 88 Recreational facilities 0 89 RDP 0 90 Riots 0 91 Security 72 92 Squatting/squattors 0 93 Strikes 0 94 0 95 Services (lack of) 0 96 Services (poor quality) 24 97 Services (too expensive) 0 98 Starvation 28 99 Sewerage 2 100 Standard of living 1 101 Theft 15 102 Taxes 0 103 Taxes too high 0 104 Toilets/sanitation 1 105 Transport 7 106 Teenage pregnancies 0 107 Tribalism 3 108 Unemployment 31 109 Violence 0 110 Vandalism 0 111 Wages too high 0 112 Wages too low 14 113 Water (not enough) 31 114 Water (provide more) 11 115 Water (poor quality) 32 116 Welfare 1 117 Children should follow tradition 1 118 Crop failure 11 119 Devaluation of currency 3 120 Care of Elderly 1 121 0 122 Food prices should be low 3 123 Food shortage 58 124 Economic policy failure 1 125 Health clinics to be provided 9 126 Inflation high 5 127 Lack of loans 21 128 Too many leaders 0 129 Suffering 0 130 Transport prices too high 6 131 Wealth being lost rapidly 0 132 Voter education 0 133 Telecommunications 6 134 Street lights 0 135 Sports problems 0 136 Street children 0 137 Implementation of govt policies 0 138 Immigrants 0 139 Govt favours foreigners 0 140 Poor govt administration 0 141 Nuclear weapons 0 142 School drop-outs 1 143 Use of prisoners for labour 0 144 Reduce income disparity 1 145 Road accidents 0 146 Assist disabled 0 147 Assist orphans 2 148 0 149 Reduce school fees 0 150 Strengthen democracy 0 151 Home affairs 0 152 Farm workers benefits 0 153 Govt assistance 5 154 Leaders must take responsibility 0 155 Training of police officers 0 156 Homosexual issues 0 157 0 158 Protection against wild animals 0 159 Nature conservation 0 160 Better qualified teachers 0 161 Traditional leaders 0 162 Army training 1 163 Promiscuity 0 164 Fair land distribution 0 165 DRC war 0 166 5th brigade attocracies 0 167 Irresponsible members of parliament 0 168 Assistance for needy people 0 169 Poor woking conditions 2 170 1 171 Lack of co-operation between political parties 1 172 Cash payment to farmers for products 2 173 President favours home area 1 174 0 175 Fine those who default on loans 1 176 Govt should develop all regions 2 177 Govt should build a bank 1 178 Environmental degradation 3 179 Need for new govt 0 180 High school fees 0 181 Lack of maize in markets 3 182 Lack of justice in govt 1 183 Lack of land to cultivate 2 184 Lack of farming improvements 45 185 Trading centres too far 0 186 Headman not trustworthy 1 187 Lack of free hospitals 0 188 Lack of markets 3 189 Rigging elections 0 190 Regionalism must stop 0 191 Govt favours people from their party 0 192 Govt should help with school fees for girls 1 193 Corruption among health personnel 2 194 Civil service doctors must take jobs seriously 0 195 Rich have more freedom than poor 0 196 Over-enrolment in schools 0 197 Business matters 0 198 Exploitation of villagers 0 199 Retrenchments 0 200 Govt assistance to villagers 2 201 prostitution 0 202 Misuse of democracy 0 203 Accessibilty of loans 0 204 Lack TV service/network 0 205 Lack of post offices 1 206 Lack of policemen 1 207 Freedom of dress should stop 1 208 No maize mills nearby 2 209 Lack of respect for elders 0 210 Lack of respect for one another 1 999 No further response 149 Most important problems to be addressed by govt - third response 50C. What are the most important problems facing this country that the government should address? Which of these is most important. Place 1 next to most important problem. 1208 2 999 1 Apartheid 0 2 Abuse 1 3 Affirmative action 0 4 Affrirmative action (too much ) 0 5 AIDS 9 6 Bursaries 0 7 Child Welfare 0 8 Child abuse 3 9 Crime 12 10 Corruption 10 11 Corruption in govt 2 12 Civil war 1 13 Death sentence should be returned 0 14 Death rate too high 0 15 Discrimination 1 16 Disputes between political parties 0 17 Diseases 4 18 Drought 1 19 Drought relief 0 20 Development 3 21 Development of rural areas 0 22 Drugs/alcohol 0 23 Democracy 1 24 Donor fund mismanagement 0 25 Don't know 0 26 Economy 4 27 Economic stabilisation 0 28 Education (equality) 0 29 Education (too expensive) 2 30 Education (poor quality) 12 31 Education (quality of schools) 3 32 Education (shortage of schools) 28 33 Educational facilities 7 34 Environment 0 35 Elections 0 36 Electricity 1 37 Electricity (need more) 0 38 Equality 0 39 Equal dev for all areas 0 40 Financial problems 0 41 Financial future 0 42 Funding indigenous business 0 43 Foreign investment 0 44 Food supply 2 45 Government 0 46 Govt responsibility 2 47 Govt spending 0 48 Govt unresponsive 3 49 Govt does not communicate 0 50 Housing 0 51 Housing (poor quality) 0 52 Housing (shortage) 0 53 Health 2 54 Health (medical supplies) 20 55 Health services (too expensive) 0 56 Health services (poor quality) 20 57 Health services (shortage) 28 58 Health services in rural areas 1 59 Hawkers/street vendors 1 60 Intimidation 0 61 Infrastructure 13 62 Immigration 0 63 Investments 0 64 Job creation 19 65 Labour laws 0 66 Lack of unity among people 2 67 Lack of self-help projects 0 68 Lack of money for school fees 1 69 Murder 1 70 Nepotism 0 71 Nothing/No problems 0 72 Oppression 1 73 Poverty 22 74 Prices too high 74 75 Protection of property owners 0 76 Population explosion 0 77 Policing 3 78 Political tension 0 79 Political unrest 0 80 Pensions 0 81 Pensions need to be increased 0 82 Rape 0 83 Racism 0 84 Rights 0 85 Roads 4 86 Roads (poor quality) 28 87 Roads (need more) 1 88 Recreational facilities 0 89 RDP 0 90 Riots 0 91 Security 29 92 Squatting/squattors 0 93 Strikes 0 94 0 95 Services (lack of) 0 96 Services (poor quality) 97 97 Services (too expensive) 0 98 Starvation 12 99 Sewerage 1 100 Standard of living 0 101 Theft 10 102 Taxes 0 103 Taxes too high 1 104 Toilets/sanitation 0 105 Transport 10 106 Teenage pregnancies 0 107 Tribalism 1 108 Unemployment 16 109 Violence 0 110 Vandalism 1 111 Wages too high 0 112 Wages too low 11 113 Water (not enough) 25 114 Water (provide more) 5 115 Water (poor quality) 16 116 Welfare 0 117 Children should follow tradition 1 118 Crop failure 5 119 Devaluation of currency 0 120 Care of Elderly 0 121 0 122 Food prices should be low 0 123 Food shortage 25 124 Economic policy failure 0 125 Health clinics to be provided 7 126 Inflation high 2 127 Lack of loans 18 128 Too many leaders 0 129 Suffering 0 130 Transport prices too high 4 131 Wealth being lost rapidly 0 132 Voter education 0 133 Telecommunications 2 134 Street lights 0 135 Sports problems 0 136 Street children 0 137 Implementation of govt policies 0 138 Immigrants 0 139 Govt favours foreigners 0 140 Poor govt administration 0 141 Nuclear weapons 0 142 School drop-outs 0 143 Use of prisoners for labour 0 144 Reduce income disparity 0 145 Road accidents 0 146 Assist disabled 0 147 Assist orphans 1 148 0 149 Reduce school fees 0 150 Strengthen democracy 0 151 Home affairs 0 152 Farm workers benefits 0 153 Govt assistance 2 154 Leaders must take responsibility 0 155 Training of police officers 0 156 Homosexual issues 0 157 0 158 Protection against wild animals 0 159 Nature conservation 0 160 Better qualified teachers 0 161 Traditional leaders 0 162 Army training 0 163 Promiscuity 0 164 Fair land distribution 0 165 DRC war 0 166 5th brigade attocracies 0 167 Irresponsible members of parliament 0 168 Assistance for needy people 0 169 Poor woking conditions 0 170 0 171 Lack of co-operation between political parties 1 172 Cash payment to farmers for products 0 173 President favours home area 0 174 0 175 Fine those who default on loans 0 176 Govt should develop all regions 1 177 Govt should build a bank 0 178 Environmental degradation 0 179 Need for new govt 0 180 High school fees 0 181 Lack of maize in markets 1 182 Lack of justice in govt 0 183 Lack of land to cultivate 2 184 Lack of farming improvements 15 185 Trading centres too far 1 186 Headman not trustworthy 0 187 Lack of free hospitals 1 188 Lack of markets 6 189 Rigging elections 0 190 Regionalism must stop 1 191 Govt favours people from their party 0 192 Govt should help with school fees for girls 1 193 Corruption among health personnel 1 194 Civil service doctors must take jobs seriously 1 195 Rich have more freedom than poor 0 196 Over-enrolment in schools 0 197 Business matters 1 198 Exploitation of villagers 0 199 Retrenchments 1 200 Govt assistance to villagers 1 201 prostitution 1 202 Misuse of democracy 1 203 Accessibilty of loans 1 204 Lack TV service/network 1 205 Lack of post offices 0 206 Lack of policemen 0 207 Freedom of dress should stop 0 208 No maize mills nearby 0 209 Lack of respect for elders 2 210 Lack of respect for one another 2 999 No further response 510 Rating of previous system govt 1208 0 99 0 Worst form 119 1 25 2 118 3 101 4 82 5 161 6 77 7 97 8 143 9 62 10 Best form 170 96 Don't Know 31 98 Refused 20 99 Missing Data 2 Rating of current system of govt 1208 0 99 0 Worst form 83 1 25 2 67 3 55 4 88 5 176 6 77 7 116 8 183 9 109 10 Best form 173 96 Don't Know 33 98 Refused 21 99 Missing Data 2 Rating of future system of govt 1208 0 99 0 Worst form 167 0.5 1 1 32 2 60 3 46 4 56 5 113 6 47 7 42 8 42 9 59 10 Best form 334 96 Don't Know 167 98 Refused 28 99 Missing Data 14 Anyone can freely say what they think? Enumerator probed for strength of opinion. 1208 1 98 1 Much worse 36 2 Worse 64 3 About the same 25 4 Better 321 5 Much better 752 6 Don't know 9 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 0 Can join any political organisation they choose? Enumerator probed for strength of opinion. 1208 1 98 1 Much worse 19 2 Worse 38 3 About the same 15 4 Better 372 5 Much better 755 6 Don't know 8 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 0 Can live without fear of unjust being arrest? Enumerator probed for strength of opinion. 1208 1 98 1 Much worse 27 2 Worse 68 3 About the same 70 4 Better 357 5 Much better 664 6 Don't know 21 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 0 Free to choose who to vote for? Enumerator probed for strength of opinion. 1208 1 98 1 Much worse 16 2 Worse 35 3 About the same 16 4 Better 366 5 Much better 769 6 Don't know 5 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 0 Everybody treated equally and fairly by govt. Enumerator probed for strength of opinion. 1208 1 98 1 Much worse 139 2 Worse 218 3 About the same 141 4 Better 288 5 Much better 406 6 Don't know 15 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 0 Safe from crime and violence Enumerator probed for strength of opinion. 1208 1 98 1 Much worse 559 2 Worse 353 3 About the same 114 4 Better 111 5 Much better 63 6 Don't know 7 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 0 Adequate standard of living Enumerator probed for strength of opinion. 1208 1 98 1 Much worse 182 2 Worse 244 3 About the same 166 4 Better 328 5 Much better 281 6 Don't know 6 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 0 Access to basic necessities Enumerator probed for strength of opinion. 1208 1 98 1 Much worse 144 2 Worse 186 3 About the same 153 4 Better 332 5 Much better 391 6 Don't know 1 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 0 Malawians are equal to each other Enumerator probed for strength of opinion. 1208 1 98 1 Much worse 171 2 Worse 188 3 About the same 245 4 Better 242 5 Much better 351 6 Don't know 10 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 0 One party to stand for elections and hold office. 53. If only one political party, or candidates from only one party, were allowed to stand for elections and hold office? Enumerator introduced the question by saying: “Our current system of governing with regular elections and more than one political party is not the only one Malawi has ever had. Some people say that we would be better off if we had a different system of government. How much would you disapprove, neither disapprove or approve, or approve of the following alternatives to our current system of government with at least two political parties and regular elections?” Enumerator probed for strength of opinion. 1208 1 98 1 Strongly disapprove 682 2 Disapprove 241 3 Neither approve nor disapprove 37 4 Approve 108 5 Strongly approve 126 6 Don't know 13 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 0 Decisions to be made by council of elders, traditional leaders, or chiefs 54. If all decisions were made by a council of Elders, Traditional Leaders, or Chiefs. Enumerator introduced the question by saying: “Our current system of governing with regular elections and more than one political party is not the only one Malawi has ever had. Some people say that we would be better off if we had a different system of government. How much would you disapprove, neither disapprove or approve, or approve of the following alternatives to our current system of government with at least two political parties and regular elections?” Enumerator probed for strength of opinion. 1208 1 98 1 Strongly disapprove 598 2 Disapprove 262 3 Neither approve nor disapprove 70 4 Approve 164 5 Strongly approve 104 6 Don't know 9 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 0 Army to govern the country 55. If the army came in to govern the country? Enumerator introduced the question by saying: “Our current system of governing with regular elections and more than one political party is not the only one Malawi has ever had. Some people say that we would be better off if we had a different system of government. How much would you disapprove, neither disapprove or approve, or approve of the following alternatives to our current system of government with at least two political parties and regular elections?” Enumerator probed for strength of opinion. 1208 1 99 1 Strongly disapprove 795 2 Disapprove 201 3 Neither approve nor disapprove 40 4 Approve 67 5 Strongly approve 84 6 Don't know 19 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 1 President can decide everything 56. If parliament and political parties were abolished, so that the President could decide everything? Enumerator introduced the question by saying: “Our current system of governing with regular elections and more than one political party is not the only one Malawi has ever had. Some people say that we would be better off if we had a different system of government. How much would you disapprove, neither disapprove or approve, or approve of the following alternatives to our current system of government with at least two political parties and regular elections?” Enumerator probed for strength of opinion. 1208 1 99 1 Strongly disapprove 748 2 Disapprove 303 3 Neither approve nor disapprove 34 4 Approve 39 5 Strongly approve 64 6 Don't know 18 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 1 All decsions made by economic experts rather than by govt. 57. If all important decisions about the economy were made by economic experts rather than an elected government or parliament. Enumerator introduced the question by saying: “Our current system of governing with regular elections and more than one political party is not the only one Malawi has ever had. Some people say that we would be better off if we had a different system of government. How much would you disapprove, neither disapprove or approve, or approve of the following alternatives to our current system of government with at least two political parties and regular elections?” Enumerator probed for strength of opinion. 1208 1 98 1 Strongly disapprove 340 2 Disapprove 130 3 Neither approve nor disapprove 62 4 Approve 193 5 Strongly approve 420 6 Don't know 62 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 0 Country returned to White minority rule 58. If the country returned to the old system of white minority rule? Enumerator introduced the question by saying: “Our current system of governing with regular elections and more than one political party is not the only one Malawi has ever had. Some people say that we would be better off if we had a different system of government. How much would you disapprove, neither disapprove or approve, or approve of the following alternatives to our current system of government with at least two political parties and regular elections?” Enumerator probed for strength of opinion. 1208 1 99 1 Strongly disapprove 711 2 Disapprove 160 3 Neither approve nor disapprove 43 4 Approve 75 5 Strongly approve 209 6 Don't know 8 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 1 Govt elected by accepted procedures? 59. Our government was elected to power by accepted procedures Enumerator introduced the question by saying: “Here are some things people often say about our current political system. For each of the following statements, please tell me whether you disagree, neither disagree nor agree, or agree.” Enumerator probed for strength of opinion. 1208 1 98 1 Strongly disagree 224 2 Disagree 140 3 Neither agree nor disagree 28 4 Agree 288 5 Strongly agree 503 6 Don't know 24 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 0 Govt. exercises power in acceptable way? 60. Our government exercises power in an acceptable way. Enumerator introduced the question by saying: “Here are some things people often say about our current political system. For each of the following statements, please tell me whether you disagree, neither disagree nor agree, or agree.” Enumerator probed for strength of opinion. 1208 1 98 1 Strongly disagree 208 2 Disagree 184 3 Neither agree nor disagree 40 4 Agree 315 5 Strongly agree 431 6 Don't know 29 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 0 Constitution expresses values and aspirations of Malawians? 61. Our constitution expresses the values and aspirations of all Malawians? Enumerator introduced the question by saying: “Here are some things people often say about our current political system. For each of the following statements, please tell me whether you disagree, neither disagree nor agree, or agree.” Enumerator probed for strength of opinion. 1208 1 98 1 Strongly disagree 182 2 Disagree 169 3 Neither agree nor disagree 94 4 Agree 305 5 Strongly agree 377 6 Don't know 80 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 0 Govt should have the ultimate decision whether people agree with it or not? 62. Our government has the right to make decisions that all people have to abide by whether or not they agree with them. Enumerator introduced the question by saying: “Here are some things people often say about our current political system. For each of the following statements, please tell me whether you disagree, neither disagree nor agree, or agree.” Enumerator probed for strength of opinion. 1208 1 98 1 Strongly disagree 516 2 Disagree 235 3 Neither agree nor disagree 82 4 Agree 182 5 Strongly agree 169 6 Don't know 23 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 0 How well is govt creating jobs? 1208 1 98 1 Very well 126 2 Fairly well 247 3 Not very well 291 4 Not at all well 512 5 Don't know 30 98 Refused 2 99 Missing 0 How well is govt building houses? 1208 1 98 1 Very well 145 2 Fairly well 316 3 Not very well 296 4 Not at all well 352 5 Don't know 98 98 Refused 1 99 Missing 0 How well is govt ensuring that prices remain stable? 1208 1 98 1 Very well 30 2 Fairly well 64 3 Not very well 330 4 Not at all well 779 5 Don't know 4 98 Refused 1 99 Missing 0 How well does govt reduce crime? 1208 1 98 1 Very well 41 2 Fairly well 223 3 Not very well 278 4 Not at all well 662 5 Don't know 3 98 Refused 1 99 Missing 0 How well is govt improving health services? 1208 1 99 1 Very well 157 2 Fairly well 395 3 Not very well 282 4 Not at all well 364 5 Don't know 8 98 Refused 1 99 Missing 1 How well does govt address educational needs of all Malawians? 1208 1 98 1 Very well 369 2 Fairly well 382 3 Not very well 190 4 Not at all well 257 5 Don't know 9 98 Refused 1 99 Missing 0 How well does govt manage the economy? 1208 1 98 1 Very well 90 2 Fairly well 214 3 Not very well 360 4 Not at all well 501 5 Don't know 42 98 Refused 1 99 Missing 0 How well does govt deliver basic services like water? 1208 1 98 1 Very well 346 2 Fairly well 444 3 Not very well 160 4 Not at all well 231 5 Don't know 26 98 Refused 1 99 Missing 0 How well does govt ensure that everyone has sufficient land? 1208 1 98 1 Very well 253 2 Fairly well 359 3 Not very well 228 4 Not at all well 330 5 Don't know 37 98 Refused 1 99 Missing 0 How interested is President in your well-being? 64. How interested do you think President is in what happens to you or hearing what people like you think? Is he: 1208 1 5 1 Not at all interested 200 2 Not very interested 234 3 Interested 313 4 Very interested 444 5 Haven't heard enough to know 17 97 N/A 0 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 0 How much of the time can you trust the President? 65. How much of the time can you trust President to do what is right. Is it: 1208 1 5 1 Never 232 2 Sometimes 352 3 Most times 290 4 Always 314 5 Haven't heard enough 20 97 N/A 0 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 0 President's job performance? 66. What about the way President has performed his job over the past twelve months? Do you: 1208 1 99 1 Strongly disapprove 199 2 Disapprove 221 3 Approve 409 4 Strongly approve 351 5 Don't know 26 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 1 How many govt officials involved in corruption? 67. What about corruption? (Corruption is where those in government and the civil service take money or gifts from the people and use it for themselves, or expect people to pay them extra money or a gift to do their job). How many officials in the government do you think are involved in corruption? 1208 1 98 1 Almost all 178 2 Most/ a lot 336 3 A few/some 368 4 Almost none 108 5 Have'nt heard enough 217 97 N/A 0 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 0 How interested is parliament in your well-being? 68. How interested do you think parliament is in what happens to you or hearing what people like you think? Are they: 1208 1 99 1 Not at all interested 223 2 Not very interested 334 3 Interested 418 4 Very interested 151 5 Haven't heard enough to know 81 97 N/A 0 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 1 How much of the time can you trust parliament? 69. How much of the time can you trust parliament to do what is right. Is it: 1208 1 5 1 Never 235 2 Sometimes 501 3 Most times 246 4 Always 150 5 Haven't heard enough 76 97 N/A 0 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 0 Paliament's job performance. 70. What about the way parliament has performed its job over the past twelve months? Do you: 1208 1 5 1 Strongly disapprove 196 2 Disapprove 336 3 Approve 449 4 Strongly approve 125 5 Don't know 102 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 0 How many in parliament involved in corruption? 71. What about corruption? How many people in parliament do you think are involved in corruption? 1208 1 99 1 Almost all 70 2 Most/a lot 302 3 A few/some 430 4 Almost none 95 5 Haven't heard enough 310 97 N/A 0 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 1 How many civil servants involved in corruption? 72. How many civil servants, or those who work in government offices and ministries do you think are involved in corruption? 1208 1 99 1 Almost all 155 2 Most/a lot 400 3 A few/some 392 4 Almost none 60 5 Haven't heard enough 190 97 N/A 0 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 11 How interested is your local councillor in your well-being 73. How interested do you think your local councilor is in what happens to you or hearing what people like you think? Is he/she: 1208 97 97 1 Not at all interested 0 2 Not very interested 0 3 Interested 0 4 Very interested 0 5 Haven't heard enough to know 0 97 Not Applicable 1208 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 0 How much of the time can you trust your local govt? 74. How much of the time can trust your local government to do what is right. Is it: 1208 97 97 1 Never 0 2 Sometimes 0 3 Most times 0 4 Always 0 5 Haven't heard enough 0 97 Not Applicable 1208 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 0 Local govt. job performance? 75. What about the way your local government has performed its job over the past twelve months? Do you: 1208 97 97 1 Strongly disapprove 0 2 Disapprove 0 3 Approve 0 4 Strongly approve 0 5 Don't know 0 97 Not Applicable 1208 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 0 How many local govt. officials involved in corruption? 76. What about corruption? How many officials in your local government do you think are involved in corruption? 1208 97 97 1 Almost all 0 2 Most/ a lot 0 3 A few/some 0 4 Almost none 0 5 Have'nt heard enough 0 97 Not Applicable 1208 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 0 Comparison of current and past govt effectiveness Enumerator probed for strength of opinion. 1208 1 98 1 Much more 309 2 More 331 3 About the same 92 4 Less 187 5 Much less 277 6 Don't Know 11 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 0 Comparison of current and past govt interest. Enumerator probed for strength of opinion. 1208 1 99 1 Much more 335 2 More 367 3 About the same 80 4 Less 187 5 Much less 226 6 Don't Know 10 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 2 Comparison of current and past govt corruption Enumerator probed for strength of opinion. 1208 1 98 1 Much more 388 2 More 221 3 About the same 154 4 Less 204 5 Much less 151 6 Don't Know 88 98 Refused 2 99 Missing data 0 Comparison of current and past govt. trustworthiness Enumerator probed for strength of opinion. 1208 1 98 1 Much more 247 2 More 324 3 About the same 174 4 Less 241 5 Much less 205 6 Don't Know 16 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 0 How much of the time can you trust the army? 1208 1 98 1 Never 110 2 Sometimes 135 3 Most times 253 4 Always 607 5 Haven't heard enough 102 97 Not Applicable 0 98 Refused 1 99 Missing 0 How much of the time can you trust the police? 1208 1 98 1 Never 293 2 Sometimes 373 3 Most times 210 4 Always 294 5 Haven't heard enough 37 97 N/A 0 98 Refused 1 99 Missing 0 How much of the time can you trust the courts of law? 1208 1 5 1 Never 226 2 Sometimes 335 3 Most times 235 4 Always 334 5 Haven't heard enough 78 97 N/A 0 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 0 How much of the time can you trust the electoral commission? 1208 1 5 1 Never 321 2 Sometimes 212 3 Most times 232 4 Always 360 5 Haven't heard enough 83 97 N/A 0 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 0 How much of the time can you trust the Malawian broadcasting company? 1208 1 99 1 Never 246 2 Sometimes 214 3 Most times 261 4 Always 418 5 Haven't heard enough 68 97 N/A 0 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 1 How much of the time can you trust govt press or newspapers? 1208 1 99 1 Never 257 2 Sometimes 266 3 Most times 162 4 Always 255 5 Haven't heard enough 267 97 N/A 0 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 1 How much of the time can you trust independent press or news? 1208 1 99 1 Never 227 2 Sometimes 271 3 Most times 219 4 Always 220 5 Haven't heard enough 270 97 N/A 0 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 1 Preference for democratic VS non-democratic govt 1208 1 4 1 Democracy always preferable 791 2 Non-democratic govt can be preferable 261 3 Makes no difference 130 4 Don't know 26 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 0 Have you heard about govt's Economic Structural Adjustment Program? 80. Have you ever heard anything about the government’s Economic Structural Adjustment Program or haven’t you had a chance to hear or read about this yet? 1208 1 99 1 Yes 613 2 No 566 3 Don't know 27 97 NA 0 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 2 Economic structural adjustment programme's effect on your life? 81. What effect do you think ESAP has had on the way you live your life? Has it made it worse, had no effect, or made it better, or haven’t you heard enough about this to say? 1208 1 99 1 A lot worse 136 2 Worse 172 3 No effect 141 4 Better 98 5 A lot better 12 6 Don't know 54 97 Not Applicable 594 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 1 ESAP has helped most VS hurt most people 82. A. The ESAP has helped most people, only a minority have suffered. B. The ESAP has hurt most people and only benefited a minority. The enumerator introduced the question by saying: “Here are two statements. Please tell me whether you agree more with statement A or B? 1208 1 99 1 ESAP has helped most people: Agree strongly 100 2 ESAP has helped most people: Agree somewhat 34 3 ESAP has hurt most people: Agree somewhat 33 4 ESAP has hurt most people: Agree strongly 359 5 Don't know 60 6 Do not agree with either 16 97 Not Applicable 604 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 2 Besides being Malawian, which group do you feel you belong to 83. We have spoken to many Malawians and they have all described themselves in different ways. Some people describe themselves in terms of their language, religion, race, and others describe themselves in economic terms, such as working class, middle class, or a farmer. Besides being Malawian, which specific group to do you feel you belong to first and foremost? 1208 1 109 1 Afrikaans 2 2 Chewa 203 3 Chinyungwe 2 4 Chisena 4 5 Damara 3 6 English 0 7 German 0 8 Nama 0 9 Ndebele 0 10 Oshiwambo 1 11 Otjiherero 0 12 Portueguese 0 13 Rukwangali 0 14 Sesotho,Sotho, S.Sotho 0 15 Setswana/Tswana 0 16 Silozi 0 17 Shangaan/Tsonga/Ronga/Tswa 0 18 Shona 0 19 Swahili 0 20 Swazi 0 21 Venda 0 22 Xhosa 0 23 Zulu 0 24 Sepedi/N.Sotho 0 25 White 0 26 Black 1 27 Coloured 0 28 Indian 0 29 Christian 98 30 Muslim 21 31 Catholic 10 32 Religious 6 33 Middle class 3 34 Working class 44 35 Poor/low class 3 36 Farmer 174 37 Jindwi 0 38 Black African 1 39 African 8 40 Muchikunda 1 41 Budya 0 42 Zezuru 0 43 Ndau 0 44 Muungwe 0 45 Housewife 6 46 Don't differentiate myself 47 47 Tumbuka 80 48 Karanga 0 49 Worker 2 50 Korekore 0 51 Ovambo 0 52 Afrikaner 0 53 Boer 0 54 Businessman 43 55 Unemployed 0 56 Kavango 0 57 San 0 58 Khoi 0 59 Banderu 1 60 Student 11 61 Herero 0 62 3rd class 0 63 Professional 0 64 Farm-worker 0 65 Race 8 66 Pensioner 1 67 Sportsman 1 68 Traditional leader 0 69 Caprivian 0 70 Language 1 71 Political party affiliation 0 73 Young person 0 74 Foreigner 1 75 Malwe 0 76 Yei 0 77 Totela 2 78 Dirigo 0 79 Woman 0 80 Head of household 0 81 Kwangali 0 82 Vushambyu 0 83 Mbukushu 0 84 Gentleman 0 85 Zimbabwean 0 86 Manyika 1 87 Namibian 0 88 Tonga 23 89 Tribe 0 90 District of origin 0 91 Region of origin 6 92 Politician 1 93 Educated person 1 94 Development orientated person 2 95 Counsellor 0 96 Nothing 10 98 Refused 1 99 Missing 1 100 Lomwe 92 101 Yao 55 102 Ngoni 117 103 Sena 34 104 Mang'anja 46 105 Northerner 3 106 Lambya 9 107 Nyanja 10 108 Ndali 2 109 Nkhonde 5 Feel proud to be part of this group 1208 1 99 1 Strongly disagree 19 2 Disagree 21 3 Neither agree nor disagree 5 4 Agree 258 5 Strongly agree 876 6 Don't know 1 97 Not Applicable 27 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 1 Want children to think of themselves as part of this group 1208 1 99 1 Strongly disagree 35 2 Disagree 49 3 Neither agree nor disagree 20 4 Agree 256 5 Strongly agree 819 6 Don't know 1 97 Not Applicable 27 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 1 People belonging to this group are the best 1208 1 99 1 Strongly disagree 149 2 Disagree 263 3 Neither agree nor disagree 174 4 Agree 156 5 Strongly agree 399 6 Don't know 15 97 Not Applicable 51 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 1 Stronger ties to this group than to other Malawians 1208 1 99 1 Strongly disagree 149 2 Disagree 216 3 Neither agree nor disagree 136 4 Agree 227 5 Strongly agree 418 6 Don't know 4 97 Not Applicable 52 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 6 Proud to be called a Malawian 1208 1 99 1 Strongly disagree 4 2 Disagree 12 3 Neither agree nor disagree 22 4 Agree 222 5 Strongly agree 945 6 Don't know 2 97 NA 0 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 1 Children should think of themselves as Malawian 1208 1 5 1 Strongly disagree 6 2 Disagree 9 3 Neither agree nor disagree 26 4 Agree 211 5 Strongly agree 956 6 Don't know 0 97 NA 0 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 0 All Malawians should be treated equally? 1208 1 6 1 Strongly disagree 33 2 Disagree 44 3 Neither agree nor disagree 22 4 Agree 226 5 Strongly agree 880 6 Don't know 3 97 NA 0 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 0 Create a united Malawi out of all the groups? 1208 1 6 1 Strongly disagree 45 2 Disagree 17 3 Neither agree nor disagree 10 4 Agree 199 5 Strongly agree 936 6 Don't know 1 97 NA 0 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 0 Your group's economic conditions in comparison to others? 85. Are _____’s (Respondent’s Identity group from Q83) economic conditions worse, the same as, or better than other groups in this country? 1208 1 97 1 Much worse 116 2 Worse 278 3 About the same 503 4 Better 172 5 Much better 73 6 Don't know 15 97 Not Applicable 51 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 0 Identity treated fairly? 86. To what extent are _______(respondent’s identity from Q83) people treated unfairly by the government. 1208 1 97 1 Always 65 2 To a large extent 154 3 Some extent 353 4 Hardly 114 5 Never 442 6 Don't know 31 97 Not Applicable 49 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 0 Govt more or less interested in what your group has to say? 87. In general, do you feel that people in government are less interested, or more interested in what ______s (respondent’s identity from Q83) think compared to other groups, or is it about the same? If respondent answers 1 (All Citizens), skip to question 90. 1208 1 98 1 Much less interested 106 2 Less interested 269 3 About the same 544 4 More Interested 146 5 Much more interested 63 6 Don't know 32 97 Not Applicable 47 98 Refused 1 99 Missing 0 Govt represents interests of all Malawians or just one group? 88. Do you think that the government represents the interests of all Malawians, or of one group only? If respondent answers 1 (All Malawians), skip to question 90. 1208 1 99 1 All 751 2 One group 417 3 Don't know 31 97 NA 0 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 9 Which group's interest is mostly represented by govt.? 89. Which group is that? (If one group is answered) Enumerator post coded answer as 97 (not applicable) if respondent did not answer 2 (one group only) to quesrtion 88. 1208 1 98 1 Afrikaans-speakers 2 2 Chewa/Chewa-speakers 18 3 Chinyungwe-speakers 15 4 Chisena-speakers 0 5 Damara-speakers 0 6 English-speakers 1 7 German-speakers 0 8 Nama-speakers 0 9 Ndebele-speakers 0 10 Oshiwambo-speakers 0 11 Otjiherero-speakers 0 12 Portueguese-speakers 0 13 Rukwangali-speakers 0 14 Sesotho,Sotho, S.Sotho speakers- 0 15 Setswana/Tswana-speakers 0 16 Silozi-speakers 0 17 Shangaan/Tsonga/Ronga/Tswa-speakers 0 18 Shona-speakers 0 19 Swahili-speakers 0 20 Swazi-speakers 0 21 Venda-speakers 0 22 Xhosa-speakers 0 23 Zulu-speakers 0 24 Sepedi/N.Sotho-speakers 0 25 White people 0 26 Black people 0 27 Coloured people 0 28 Indian people 1 29 Christian people 0 30 Muslim people 22 31 Catholic people 0 32 Religious people 1 33 Middle class people 0 34 Working class people 11 35 Poor/low class people 2 36 Farmers 2 37 Jindwi 0 38 Black African people 0 39 African people 0 40 Muchikunda 0 41 Budya 0 42 Zezuru 0 43 Ndau 0 44 Muungwe 0 45 Women 0 46 Men 0 47 Tumbuka 5 48 Karanga 0 49 Worker(s) 1 50 Korekore 0 51 Ovambo 0 52 Afrikaners 0 53 Boers 0 54 Businessmen 3 55 Unemployed people 0 56 Kavango 0 57 San 0 58 Khoi 1 59 Banderu 0 60 Students 0 61 Westerners 0 62 Top govt officials 20 63 Their people 1 64 ZANU PF members 0 65 Rich people 10 66 Zwimba people 0 67 0 69 Elite 1 70 Govt workers 3 71 Bourgeouise 0 72 Ruling class 0 73 Bangwato 0 74 Basarwa 0 75 Bangwato and Bakalaka 0 76 Chinese 0 77 Central Region (Malawi) 1 78 People who live with President 0 79 Machinga 12 80 United Democratic Front constituencies (Malawi) 2 81 Football players 1 82 Politicians 12 83 United Democratic Front/UDF members (Malawi) 54 84 Yao/Achawa 160 85 Southerners/Southern Region (Malawi) 62 86 Northerners/Northern Region (Malawi) 2 87 People in town 3 88 Lomwe 1 89 Sena 1 90 Tonga 1 97 Not Applicable 774 98 Refused 2 99 Missing 0 Which is true for you with regards to 1996 national election 90. With regard to the most recent, 1999 national elections, which statement is true for you? 1208 1 99 1 I decided not to vote 35 2 Unable to vote 65 3 I voted 1070 4 No election in my area 19 5 Can't remember 6 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 13 Address problems facing the community with others? 1208 1 99 1 Often 210 2 A few times 198 3 Once or twice 100 4 Would do it if I had the chance 431 5 Would never do this 268 6 Don't know 0 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 1 Attend election rally? 1208 1 5 1 Often 457 2 A few times 253 3 Once or twice 151 4 Would do it if I had the chance 154 5 Would never do this 193 6 Don't know 0 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 0 Work for political candidate or party? 1208 1 5 1 Often 47 2 A few times 40 3 Once or twice 30 4 Would do it if I had the chance 556 5 Would never do this 535 6 Don't know 0 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 0 Write a letter to newspaper? 1208 1 99 1 Often 13 2 A few times 18 3 Once or twice 24 4 Would do it if I had the chance 613 5 Would never do this 534 6 Don't know 5 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 1 Claimed govt benefits to which you are not entitled? 1208 1 6 1 Often 11 2 A few times 2 3 Once or twice 2 4 Would do it if I had the chance 203 5 Would never do this 974 6 Don't know 16 7 NA 0 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 0 Avoided paying development levy or property taxes? 1208 1 7 1 Often 33 2 A few times 12 3 Once or twice 16 4 Would do it if I had the chance 145 5 Would never do this 928 6 Don't know 12 7 Not Applicable 62 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 0 Avoided paying income taxes? 1208 1 7 1 Often 21 2 A few times 12 3 Once or twice 12 4 Would do it if I had the chance 127 5 Would never do this 993 6 Don't know 21 7 Not Applicable 22 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 0 Gotten services without paying? 1208 1 99 1 Often 16 2 A few times 4 3 Once or twice 1 4 Would do it if I had the chance 74 5 Would never do this 913 6 Don't know 21 7 Not Applicable 178 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 1 Attended a demonstration or protest march? 1208 1 6 1 Often 12 2 A few times 13 3 Once or twice 46 4 Would do it if I had the chance 322 5 Would never do this 813 6 Don't know 2 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 0 Boycott rates, services and taxes? 1208 1 99 1 Often 6 2 A few times 2 3 Once or twice 20 4 Would do it if I had the chance 294 5 Would never do this 877 6 Don't know 8 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 1 Partake in sit-ins, disruption of govt meetings? 1208 1 6 1 Often 3 2 A few times 2 3 Once or twice 6 4 Would do it if I had the chance 184 5 Would never do this 1010 6 Don't know 3 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 0 Use force or violent methods? 1208 1 6 1 Often 2 2 A few times 2 3 Once or twice 3 4 Would do it if I had the chance 107 5 Would never do this 1092 6 Don't know 2 98 Refused 0 99 Missing 0 How feel about shutting down of newspapers,radio, or tv stations? 94. Shut down newspapers, or radio, or television stations that were critical of it. Enumerator introduced by the question by saying: “If the government were to take the following actions, would you support it, neither support nor oppose it, or oppose it. Then, the enumerator probed for strength of opinion. 1208 1 6 1 Strongly support 18 2 Support 26 3 Neither support nor oppose 29 4 Oppose 300 5 Strongly oppose 830 6 Don't know 5 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 0 What do about closing of newspapers, radio, and tv stations? 95A. What is anything would you do about it? Respondent could give up to four answers. 1208 1 99 1 Do nothing 486 2 Speak to others 226 3 Write to newspaper 59 4 Phone radio/TV 23 5 Contact govt official 257 6 Join march/demonstration 111 7 Don't know 20 8 Other 10 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 15 What do about closing of newspapers, radio, and tv stations? 95B. What is anything would you do about it? Respondent could give up to four answers. 1208 1 96 1 Do nothing 4 2 Speak to others 13 3 Write to newspaper 20 4 Phone radio/TV 14 5 Contact govt official 30 6 Join march/demonstration 19 7 Don't know 0 96 No further response 1108 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 0 What do about closing of newspapers, radio, and tv stations? 95C. What is anything would you do about it? Respondent could give up to four answers. 1208 1 96 1 Do nothing 4 2 Speak to others 2 3 Write to newspaper 3 4 Phone radio/TV 4 5 Contact govt official 6 6 Join march/demonstration 10 7 Don't know 0 96 No further response 1179 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 0 What do about closing of newspapers, radio, and tv stations? 95D. What is anything would you do about it? Respondent could give up to four answers. 1208 1 96 1 Do nothing 1 2 Speak to others 5 3 Write to newspaper 0 4 Phone radio/TV 0 5 Contact govt official 7 6 Join march/demonstration 3 7 Don't know 0 96 No further response 1192 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 0 How feel about dismissal of judges who ruled against the govt.? 96. Dismissed judges who ruled against the government. Enumerator introduced by the question by saying: “If the government were to take the following actions, would you support it, neither support nor oppose it, or oppose it. Then, the enumerator probed for strength of opinion. 1208 1 6 1 Strongly support 78 2 Support 56 3 Neither support nor oppose 34 4 Oppose 272 5 Strongly oppose 757 6 Don't know 11 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 0 What do about dismissed judges who ruled against the govt.? 97A. What is anything would you do about it? Respondent could give up to four answers. 1208 1 99 1 Do nothing 554 2 Speak to others 226 3 Write to newspaper 54 4 Phone radio/TV 5 5 Contact govt official 249 6 Join march/demonstration 85 7 Don't know 21 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 13 What do about dismissed judges who ruled against the govt.? 97B. What is anything would you do about it? Respondent could give up to four answers. 1208 1 99 1 Do nothing 1 2 Speak to others 12 3 Write to newspaper 17 4 Phone radio/TV 5 5 Contact govt official 29 6 Join march/demonstration 25 7 Don't know 0 96 No further response 1117 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 2 What do about dismissed judges who ruled against the govt.? 97C. What is anything would you do about it? Respondent could give up to four answers. 1208 1 99 1 Do nothing 1 2 Speak to others 3 3 Write to newspaper 3 4 Phone radio/TV 5 5 Contact govt official 4 6 Join march/demonstration 7 7 Don't know 1 96 No further response 1182 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 2 What do about dismissed judges who ruled against the govt.? 97D. What is anything would you do about it? Respondent could give up to four answers. 1208 1 99 1 Do nothing 3 2 Speak to others 0 3 Write to newspaper 0 4 Phone radio/TV 3 5 Contact govt official 1 6 Join march/demonstration 2 7 Don't know 0 96 No further response 1197 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 2 How do you feel about banned political parties? 98. Banned political parties. Enumerator introduced by the question by saying: “If the government were to take the following actions, would you support it, neither support nor oppose it, or oppose it. Then, the enumerator probed for strength of opinion. 1208 1 99 1 Strongly support 44 2 Support 60 3 Neither support nor oppose 27 4 Oppose 268 5 Strongly oppose 800 6 Don't know 7 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 1 What do about banned political parties? 99A. What is anything would you do about it? Respondent could give up to four answers. 1208 1 99 1 Do nothing 507 2 Speak to others 236 3 Write to newspaper 65 4 Phone radio/TV 16 5 Contact govt official 217 6 Join march/demonstration 134 7 Don't know 27 8 Other 4 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 1 What do about banned political parties? 99B. What is anything would you do about it? Respondent could give up to four answers. 1208 1 99 1 Do nothing 1 2 Speak to others 12 3 Write to newspaper 23 4 Phone radio/TV 11 5 Contact govt official 37 6 Join march/demonstration 25 7 Don't know 0 8 Other 1 96 No further response 1097 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 1 What do about banned political parties? 99C. What is anything would you do about it? Respondent could give up to four answers. 1208 1 99 1 Do nothing 5 2 Speak to others 7 3 Write to newspaper 3 4 Phone radio/TV 6 5 Contact govt official 5 6 Join march/demonstration 11 7 Don't know 0 8 Other 1 96 No further response 1169 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 1 What do about banned political parties ? 99D. What is anything would you do about it? Respondent could give up to four answers. 1208 1 99 1 Do nothing 4 2 Speak to others 3 3 Write to newspaper 0 4 Phone radio/TV 2 5 Contact govt official 3 6 Join march/demonstration 1 7 Don't know 0 8 Other 0 96 No further response 1194 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 1 How do you feel about suspension of parliament and cancellation of elections? 100. Suspended the parliament and cancelled the next elections? Enumerator introduced by the question by saying: “If the government were to take the following actions, would you support it, neither support nor oppose it, or oppose it. Then, the enumerator probed for strength of opinion. 1208 1 99 1 Strongly support 39 2 Support 29 3 Neither support nor oppose 41 4 Oppose 283 5 Strongly oppose 802 6 Don't know 11 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 2 What do about suspension of parliament and cancellation of elections? 101A. What is anything would you do about it? Respondent could give up to four answers. 1208 1 99 1 Do nothing 490 2 Speak to others 242 3 Write to newspaper 56 4 Phone radio/TV 25 5 Contact govt official 223 6 Join march/demonstration 130 7 Don't know 26 8 Other 4 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 11 What do about suspension of parliament and cancellation of elections? 101B. What is anything would you do about it? Respondent could give up to four answers. 1208 1 99 1 Do nothing 6 2 Speak to others 12 3 Write to newspaper 27 4 Phone radio/TV 12 5 Contact govt official 35 6 Join march/demonstration 26 7 Don't know 0 8 Other 1 96 No further response 1088 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 1 What do about suspension of parliament and cancellation of elections? 101C. What is anything would you do about it? Respondent could give up to four answers. 1208 1 99 1 Do nothing 3 2 Speak to others 5 3 Write to newspaper 2 4 Phone radio/TV 2 5 Contact govt official 3 6 Join march/demonstration 6 7 Don't know 0 8 Other 1 96 No futher response 1185 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 1 What do about suspension of parliament and cancellation of elections? 101D. What is anything would you do about it? Respondent could give up to four answers. 1208 1 99 1 Do nothing 4 2 Speak to others 3 3 Write to newspaper 1 4 Phone radio/TV 1 5 Contact govt official 2 6 Join march/demonstration 2 7 Don't know 1 8 Other 0 96 No futher response 1193 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 1 It willl take govt years to deal with problems VS deal with them now. Enumerator introduced the question by saying, “Please tell me whether you agree more with Statement A or B?” Enumerator then probed for strength of opinion. 1208 1 98 1 Will take years to deal with problems : Agree strongly 230 2 Will take years to deal with problems : Agree somewhat 51 3 Ought to deal with problems now : Agree somewhat 106 4 Ought to deal with problems now : Agree strongly 761 5 Don't know 22 6 Do not agree with either 36 98 Refused 2 99 Missing data 0 Democratic society and majority rule? 1208 1 98 1 Absolutely essential 792 2 Important 255 3 Not very important 99 4 Not important at all 48 5 Don't know 13 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 0 Democratic society and freedom to criticise the govt? 1208 1 98 1 Absolutely essential 698 2 Important 293 3 Not very important 148 4 Not important at all 61 5 Don't know 7 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 0 Democratic society and regular elections? 1208 1 98 1 Absolutely essential 569 2 Important 308 3 Not very important 198 4 Not important at all 124 5 Don't know 8 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 0 Democratic society and at least 2 parties competing? 1208 1 99 1 Absolutely essential 543 2 Important 346 3 Not very important 201 4 Not important at all 105 5 Don't know 11 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 1 Democratic society and basic necessities? 1208 1 98 1 Absolutely essential 930 2 Important 204 3 Not very important 59 4 Not important at all 11 5 Don't know 3 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 0 Democratic society and jobs for everyone? 1208 1 98 1 Absolutely essential 660 2 Important 334 3 Not very important 188 4 Not important at all 23 5 Don't know 2 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 0 Democratic society and equal education? 1208 1 98 1 Absolutely essential 816 2 Important 268 3 Not very important 103 4 Not important at all 16 5 Don't know 4 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 0 Democratic society and small income gap between rich and poor? 1208 1 99 1 Absolutely essential 606 2 Important 287 3 Not very important 228 4 Not important at all 68 5 Don't know 16 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 2 Need a strong leader VS democracy is always best? 104. “Sometimes democracy does not work. When this happens, some people say that we need a strong leader who does not have to bother with elections. Others say that even when things don’t work, democracy is always best. What do you think.” A. Need Strong leader. B. Democracy always best. Enumerator probed for strength of opinion. 1208 2 98 1 Need a strong leader: Agree strongly 0 2 Need a strong leader: Agree 388 3 Democracy is always best: Agree 98 4 Democracy is always best: Strongly agree 656 5 Don't Know 65 6 Do not agree with either 0 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 0 How much of a democracy is Malawi? 105. On the whole, is the way Malawi governed: 1208 1 98 1 Completely Democratic 408 2 Democratic with minor exceptions 341 3 Democratic with major exceptions 273 4 Not a democracy 149 5 Don't understand question 10 6 Don't Know 26 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 0 How satisfied are you with democracy in Malawi? 106. Overall, how satisfied are you with the way democracy works in Malawi? 1208 1 99 1 Very satisfied 312 2 Fairly Satisfied 379 3 Not very satisfied 231 4 Not at all satisfied 240 5 Not a democracy 21 6 Don't know 22 97 NA 0 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 2 Most important changes about way country is governed. 107A. What are the most important things that need to be changed about the way we govern our country? 1208 1 128 1 1 5 2 2 103 3 3 3 4 4 3 5 5 0 6 6 14 7 7 3 8 8 10 9 9 10 10 10 22 11 11 0 12 12 221 13 13 0 14 14 12 15 15 1 16 16 0 17 17 2 18 18 2 19 19 0 20 20 17 21 21 5 22 22 4 23 23 0 24 24 0 25 25 1 26 26 51 27 27 3 28 28 1 29 29 23 30 30 0 31 31 3 32 32 1 33 33 4 34 34 0 35 35 0 36 36 0 37 37 1 38 38 70 39 39 0 40 40 2 41 41 0 42 42 1 43 43 0 44 44 0 45 45 3 46 46 18 47 47 12 48 48 0 49 49 2 50 50 2 51 51 0 52 52 23 53 53 9 54 54 0 55 55 4 56 56 5 57 57 1 58 58 35 59 59 15 60 60 0 61 61 1 62 62 1 63 63 16 64 64 6 65 65 1 66 66 48 67 67 1 68 68 15 69 69 0 70 70 6 71 71 6 72 72 3 73 73 3 74 74 7 75 75 6 76 76 32 77 77 1 78 78 1 79 79 2 80 80 0 81 81 23 82 82 9 83 83 10 84 84 0 85 85 2 86 86 13 87 87 4 88 88 0 89 89 27 90 90 4 91 91 42 92 92 1 93 93 0 94 94 1 95 95 0 96 96 29 97 97 5 98 98 9 99 99 0 100 100 4 101 101 0 102 102 0 103 103 3 104 104 0 105 105 0 106 106 0 107 107 4 108 108 1 109 109 0 110 110 0 111 111 20 112 112 3 113 113 8 114 114 1 115 115 5 116 116 0 117 117 17 118 118 1 119 119 1 120 120 1 121 121 4 122 122 0 123 123 14 124 124 31 125 125 15 126 126 9 127 127 3 128 128 1 129 129 0 130 130 0 131 131 0 132 132 0 133 133 0 134 134 0 135 135 0 Most important changes about way country is governed. 107B. What are the most important things that need to be changed about the way we govern our country? 1208 1 126 1 1 2 2 2 190 3 3 3 4 4 3 5 5 0 6 6 6 7 7 1 8 8 1 9 9 4 10 10 12 11 11 1 12 12 66 13 13 0 14 14 7 15 15 1 16 16 1 17 17 0 18 18 0 19 19 1 20 20 8 21 21 2 22 22 2 23 23 0 24 24 0 25 25 0 26 26 30 27 27 0 28 28 0 29 29 12 30 30 0 31 31 1 32 32 0 33 33 2 34 34 0 35 35 0 36 36 0 37 37 0 38 38 19 39 39 1 40 40 1 41 41 0 42 42 0 43 43 1 44 44 0 45 45 0 46 46 3 47 47 7 48 48 0 49 49 0 50 50 1 51 51 1 52 52 6 53 53 2 54 54 0 55 55 0 56 56 0 57 57 0 58 58 5 59 59 5 60 60 0 61 61 1 62 62 0 63 63 10 64 64 3 65 65 3 66 66 14 67 67 0 68 68 5 69 69 0 70 70 2 71 71 7 72 72 1 73 73 0 74 74 1 75 75 0 76 76 19 77 77 2 78 78 0 79 79 0 80 80 0 81 81 11 82 82 1 83 83 3 84 84 0 85 85 0 86 86 12 87 87 2 88 88 0 89 89 1 90 90 4 91 91 28 92 92 0 93 93 0 94 94 1 95 95 0 96 96 609 97 97 1 98 98 6 99 99 0 100 100 0 101 101 0 102 102 0 103 103 0 104 104 0 105 105 0 106 106 0 107 107 0 108 108 0 109 109 1 110 110 0 111 111 1 112 112 2 113 113 2 114 114 0 115 115 0 116 116 0 117 117 6 118 118 0 119 119 2 120 120 1 121 121 3 122 122 0 123 123 6 124 124 10 125 125 16 126 126 3 127 127 0 128 128 0 129 129 0 130 130 0 131 131 0 132 132 0 133 133 0 134 134 0 135 135 0 Most important changes about way country is governed. 107C. What are the most important things that need to be changed about the way we govern our country? 1208 1 127 1 1 1 2 2 249 3 3 0 4 4 0 5 5 0 6 6 4 7 7 0 8 8 0 9 9 2 10 10 5 11 11 1 12 12 14 13 13 0 14 14 1 15 15 1 16 16 0 17 17 0 18 18 0 19 19 0 20 20 1 21 21 2 22 22 1 23 23 0 24 24 0 25 25 0 26 26 4 27 27 0 28 28 0 29 29 2 30 30 0 31 31 0 32 32 0 33 33 0 34 34 0 35 35 0 36 36 0 37 37 0 38 38 6 39 39 1 40 40 1 41 41 0 42 42 0 43 43 0 44 44 0 45 45 0 46 46 0 47 47 3 48 48 0 49 49 0 50 50 0 51 51 0 52 52 3 53 53 1 54 54 0 55 55 0 56 56 0 57 57 0 58 58 0 59 59 1 60 60 0 61 61 0 62 62 0 63 63 1 64 64 0 65 65 1 66 66 2 67 67 0 68 68 3 69 69 0 70 70 0 71 71 1 72 72 1 73 73 0 74 74 1 75 75 0 76 76 3 77 77 2 78 78 0 79 79 0 80 80 0 81 81 4 82 82 0 83 83 1 84 84 0 85 85 0 86 86 3 87 87 0 88 88 0 89 89 0 90 90 0 91 91 7 92 92 0 93 93 0 94 94 0 95 95 0 96 96 840 97 97 2 98 98 5 99 99 0 100 100 0 101 101 0 102 102 0 103 103 1 104 104 1 105 105 0 106 106 1 107 107 1 108 108 0 109 109 0 110 110 0 111 111 0 112 112 0 113 113 2 114 114 0 115 115 0 116 116 0 117 117 2 118 118 0 119 119 0 120 120 1 121 121 2 122 122 0 123 123 2 124 124 5 125 125 6 126 126 0 127 127 3 128 128 0 129 129 0 130 130 0 131 131 0 132 132 0 133 133 0 134 134 0 135 135 0 Most important changes about way country is governed. 1208 1 118 1 1 2 2 2 267 3 3 0 4 4 0 5 5 0 6 6 1 7 7 0 8 8 0 9 9 0 10 10 0 11 11 0 12 12 1 13 13 0 14 14 0 15 15 0 16 16 0 17 17 0 18 18 0 19 19 0 20 20 0 21 21 0 22 22 2 23 23 0 24 24 0 25 25 0 26 26 0 27 27 0 28 28 0 29 29 0 30 30 0 31 31 0 32 32 0 33 33 0 34 34 0 35 35 0 36 36 0 37 37 0 38 38 0 39 39 0 40 40 0 41 41 0 42 42 0 43 43 0 44 44 0 45 45 0 46 46 0 47 47 1 48 48 0 49 49 0 50 50 0 51 51 0 52 52 0 53 53 1 54 54 0 55 55 0 56 56 0 57 57 0 58 58 0 59 59 0 60 60 0 61 61 0 62 62 0 63 63 0 64 64 0 65 65 0 66 66 0 67 67 0 68 68 0 69 69 1 70 70 0 71 71 0 72 72 0 73 73 0 74 74 0 75 75 0 76 76 0 77 77 0 78 78 0 79 79 0 80 80 0 81 81 1 82 82 0 83 83 0 84 84 0 85 85 0 86 86 0 87 87 0 88 88 0 89 89 0 90 90 0 91 91 0 92 92 0 93 93 0 94 94 0 95 95 0 96 96 922 97 97 2 98 98 5 99 99 0 100 100 0 101 101 0 102 102 0 103 103 0 104 104 0 105 105 0 106 106 0 107 107 0 108 108 0 109 109 0 110 110 0 111 111 0 112 112 0 113 113 1 114 114 0 115 115 0 116 116 0 117 117 0 118 118 1 119 119 0 120 120 0 121 121 0 122 122 0 Most important changes about way country is governed. 1208 1 98 1 1 2 2 2 261 3 3 0 4 4 0 5 5 0 6 6 0 7 7 0 8 8 0 9 9 0 10 10 0 11 11 0 12 12 0 13 13 0 14 14 0 15 15 0 16 16 0 17 17 0 18 18 0 19 19 0 20 20 0 21 21 0 22 22 6 23 23 0 24 24 0 25 25 0 26 26 0 27 27 0 28 28 0 29 29 0 30 30 1 31 31 0 32 32 0 33 33 1 34 34 0 35 35 0 36 36 0 37 37 0 38 38 0 39 39 0 40 40 0 41 41 0 42 42 0 43 43 0 44 44 0 45 45 0 46 46 0 47 47 0 48 48 0 49 49 0 50 50 0 51 51 0 52 52 0 53 53 0 54 54 0 55 55 0 56 56 0 57 57 0 58 58 0 59 59 0 60 60 0 61 61 0 62 62 0 63 63 0 64 64 0 65 65 0 66 66 0 67 67 0 68 68 0 69 69 0 70 70 0 71 71 0 72 72 0 73 73 0 74 74 0 75 75 0 76 76 0 77 77 0 78 78 0 79 79 0 80 80 0 81 81 0 82 82 0 83 83 0 84 84 0 85 85 0 86 86 0 87 87 0 88 88 0 89 89 0 90 90 0 91 91 0 92 92 0 93 93 0 94 94 0 95 95 0 96 96 930 97 97 2 98 98 5 99 99 0 100 100 0 101 101 0 102 102 0 103 103 0 104 104 0 105 105 0 106 106 0 107 107 0 108 108 0 109 109 0 110 110 0 111 111 0 112 112 0 113 113 0 114 114 0 115 115 0 116 116 0 117 117 0 118 118 0 119 119 0 120 120 0 121 121 0 122 122 0 123 123 0 124 124 0 125 125 0 126 126 0 127 127 0 128 128 0 129 129 0 130 130 0 131 131 0 132 132 0 133 133 0 134 134 0 135 135 0 Most important changes about way country is governed. 1208 1 98 1 1 1 2 2 268 3 3 0 4 4 0 5 5 0 6 6 0 7 7 0 8 8 0 9 9 0 10 10 0 11 11 0 12 12 0 13 13 0 14 14 0 15 15 0 16 16 0 17 17 0 18 18 0 19 19 0 20 20 0 21 21 0 22 22 0 23 23 0 24 24 0 25 25 0 26 26 1 27 27 0 28 28 0 29 29 0 30 30 0 31 31 0 32 32 1 33 33 0 34 34 0 35 35 0 36 36 0 37 37 0 38 38 0 39 39 0 40 40 0 41 41 0 42 42 0 43 43 0 44 44 0 45 45 0 46 46 0 47 47 0 48 48 0 49 49 0 50 50 0 51 51 1 52 52 0 53 53 0 54 54 0 55 55 0 56 56 0 57 57 0 58 58 0 59 59 0 60 60 0 61 61 0 62 62 0 63 63 0 64 64 0 65 65 0 66 66 0 67 67 0 68 68 0 69 69 0 70 70 0 71 71 0 72 72 0 73 73 0 74 74 0 75 75 0 76 76 0 77 77 0 78 78 0 79 79 0 80 80 0 81 81 0 82 82 0 83 83 0 84 84 0 85 85 0 86 86 0 87 87 0 88 88 0 89 89 0 90 90 0 91 91 0 92 92 0 93 93 0 94 94 0 95 95 0 96 96 929 97 97 2 98 98 5 99 99 0 100 100 0 101 101 0 102 102 0 103 103 0 104 104 0 105 105 0 106 106 0 107 107 0 108 108 0 109 109 0 110 110 0 111 111 0 112 112 0 113 113 0 114 114 0 115 115 0 116 116 0 117 117 0 118 118 0 119 119 0 120 120 0 121 121 0 122 122 0 123 123 0 124 124 0 125 125 0 126 126 0 127 127 0 128 128 0 129 129 0 130 130 0 131 131 0 132 132 0 133 133 0 134 134 0 135 135 0 Are you close to any political party? 108A. Do you usually think of yourself as close to any particular political party? Only asked if respondent answered “yes” to question 107. Otherwise, enumerator post coded response as 97 (No party). 1208 1 98 1 Yes 982 2 No 213 3 Don't know 8 98 Refused 5 99 Missing data 0 Which party are you close to? 109. Which party is that? Only asked if respondent answered “yes” to question 108. Otherwise, enumerator post coded response as 97 (No party). 1208 2 97 1 Congress of Democrats 0 2 DCN 1 3 DTA 0 4 FCN 0 5 MAG 0 6 SWANU 0 7 SWAPO 0 8 United Democratic Front 0 9 Worker's Revolutionary Party 0 10 Refused 16 11 Don't know 0 12 Other 33 13 Labour Party 0 14 Movement for democratic change 0 15 Democratic Party 0 16 Conservative Alliance of Zimbabwe 0 17 Liberty Party 0 18 Front for Popular Democracy 0 19 National Democratic Alliance of Zimbabwe 0 20 Transparency Front 0 21 United Parties 0 22 Zimbabwe African People's Union 0 23 Zimbabwe Party 0 24 Zimbabwe People's Democratic Party 0 25 Zimbabwe Union of Democrats 0 26 Zimbabwe Intergrated Party 0 27 ZANU-PF 0 29 Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) 0 30 Botswana (BLP) 0 31 Independence Freedom Party 0 32 Botswana Progressive Union (BPU) 0 33 Botswana Alliance Movement (BAM) 0 34 Botswana National Front 0 35 Botswana Congress Party 0 36 Mels Movement of Botswana 0 37 United Socialist Party (PUSO) 0 38 Botswana People's Party (BPP) 0 39 United Action Party (Bosele) 0 51 AFORD 87 52 MCP 293 53 UDF 557 54 United Party 1 55 Sapiywa Democratic Party 0 56 Malawi Democratic Union (MDU) 0 57 Malawi Democratic Party (MDP) 5 58 Social Democratic Party (SDP) 0 97 No party 215 How close do you feel to this party? 110. Do you feel very close to this party, somewhat close, or not very close? Enumerator post coded response as 97 if respondent answered 2 (no) to Q108. 1208 1 99 1 Very close 430 2 Somewhat close 339 3 Not very close 221 4 Don't know 5 97 Not Applicable 209 98 Refused 2 99 Missing data 2 How old were you on your last birthday? 111. How old were you at your last birthday? If Respondent can’t answer: In which year were you born? 1208 18 999 18 42 19 52 20 50 21 45 22 46 23 47 24 58 25 43 26 36 27 48 28 31 29 45 30 45 31 27 32 28 33 45 34 28 35 40 36 34 37 27 38 19 39 27 40 19 41 21 42 21 43 16 44 12 45 16 46 15 47 11 48 8 49 14 50 18 51 8 52 13 53 5 54 7 55 9 56 6 57 6 58 5 59 2 60 5 61 3 62 5 63 1 64 1 65 5 66 3 67 5 69 3 70 1 71 2 72 1 73 1 74 2 75 1 77 1 78 2 79 2 98 Refused 1 999 Could not determine 68 What is your home language? 112. Let’s think for a moment about the languages that you use. What language do you speak most at home? 1208 2 99 1 Afrikaans 0 2 Chewa 843 3 Chinyungwe 2 4 Chisena 44 5 Damara 0 6 English 12 7 German 0 8 Nama 0 9 Ndebele 0 10 Oshiwambo 0 11 Otjiherero 0 12 Portueguese 0 13 Rukwangali 0 14 Sesotho,Sotho, S.Sotho 0 15 Setswana/Tswana 0 16 Silozi 0 17 Shangaan/Tsonga/Ronga/Tswa 0 18 Shona 0 19 Swahili 0 20 Swazi 0 21 Venda 0 22 Xhosa 0 23 Zulu 0 24 Sepedi/N.Sotho 0 25 Other 15 30 Nyanja 43 31 Tonga 30 32 Ngoni 12 33 Lomwe 17 34 Tumbuka 114 35 Yao 62 37 Nkhonde 2 38 Lambya 10 98 Refused 1 99 Missing Data 1 What is the highest grade,std,form completed? 113. What was the highest grade, standard or form you completed? 1208 1 99 1 No formal schooling 162 2 Some Primary school 425 3 Primary school completed 197 4 Some high school 234 5 High school completed 145 6 Some University/college 17 7 University/college completed 19 8 Post-grad 0 9 Other post matric qualifications 6 10 Don't know 1 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 1 Is your job part-time or full-time or are you looking for work? 114. Do you have a job that pays a weekly or monthly cash income? Is it full-time or part-time? And are you looking for a cash job (or looking for another one if you are presently working)? 1208 1 99 1 No (Not looking) 785 2 No (looking) 178 3 Yes, part-time (not looking) 19 4 Yes, part-time (looking) 22 5 Yes, full-time (not looking) 151 6 Yes, full-time (looking) 51 7 Don't know 0 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 1 Over the last 12 months have you been without a cash job a month or more? 115. In the past twelve months, have you been unemployed (that is, without a cash job) at any time for a period of at least one month or more? If respondent answers 2 (no), skip to Q117. 1208 1 99 1 Yes 927 2 No 278 3 Don't know 1 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 1 For how many months were you unemployed? If respondent answered 2 (no) to Q115, enumerator post coded answer as 97 (Not applicable). 116. How many months did this amount to? 1208 1 99 1 1 month 8 2 2 months 10 3 3 months 5 4 4 months 10 5 5 months 3 6 6 months 6 7 7 months 5 8 8 months 4 9 9 months 8 10 10 months 10 11 11 months 16 12 12 months 832 13 Don't know 12 97 Not Applicable 275 98 Refused 1 99 Missing 3 Do you do regular work without cash pay? 117. Do you do any regular work without getting paid cash? If Yes, What type of job? Is this a part-time or full-time job? 1208 1 98 1 No 738 2 Raising children (part-time) 63 3 Raising children (full-time) 73 4 Cleaning (part-time) 25 5 Cleaning (full-time) 14 6 Looking after animals (part-time) 5 7 Looking after animals (full-time) 3 8 Growing food (part-time) 69 9 Growing food (full-time) 116 10 Volunteer work (part-time) 69 11 Volunteer work (full-time) 23 12 Other 9 98 Refused 1 99 Missing data 0 What is your present or last occupation? 118. What is your present occupation or last occupation if unemployed? 1208 1 104 1 Agricultural Development Officer 1 2 Assistant Driver 2 3 Àssistant Mechanic 1 4 Assistant Accountant 4 5 Auto Electrician 1 6 Bank Clerk, 1 7 Barber 1 8 Bartender 1 9 Basket Weaver 2 10 Beer Brewer 4 11 Bricklayer 5 12 Builder 7 13 Builder's Assistant 1 14 Business 19 15 Business Woman 37 16 Businessman 61 17 Butcher 2 18 Buyer 2 19 Carpenter 6 20 Casual Labor 2 21 Civil Servant 1 22 Cleaner 1 23 Clerk 9 24 Clinical Officer 1 25 Cobbler 1 26 Computer Programmer 2 27 Commercial Farmer 1 28 Cook 2 29 Court Clerk 1 30 Court Messanger 2 31 Craft Worker 1 32 Data Clerk 1 33 Dealer 1 34 Division Officer 1 35 Domestic Work 1 36 Driver 12 37 Electric Foreman 1 38 Electrictian 1 39 Employed 4 40 Engineer 1 41 Estate Supervisor 1 42 Farmer 408 43 Field Assistant 4 44 Fisherman 3 45 Foreman 1 46 Framer 8 47 Gardener 2 48 Gateman 1 49 Headmistress 1 50 Health Advisor 1 51 Health Survey Assistant 1 52 Health Assistant 1 53 Hotel Cook 1 54 House Wife 102 55 House Boy 1 56 Labourer 14 57 Lawyer 1 58 Linesman 1 59 Locomotive Driver 1 60 Maize and Rice Farmer 46 61 Maize Mill Supervisor 1 62 Mechanic 7 63 Messanger 2 64 Miner 2 65 Never Work 2 66 Nurse 6 67 Officer Clerk 1 68 Pastor 1 69 Patrol Man 2 70 Photographer 2 71 Police Officer 1 72 Radio Repairer 2 73 Railway Man 1 74 Receptionist 5 75 Refusal 1 76 Revenue Collector 1 77 Reverend 1 78 Sales Manager 1 79 Saleslady 5 80 Salesman 3 81 Sawyer 7 82 Secretary 2 83 Security Guard 14 84 Senior Medical Assistant 1 85 Shop Manager 10 86 Social Worker 1 87 Soldier 2 88 Student 97 89 Supervisor 3 90 Surveyor 1 91 Tailor 5 92 Teacher 80 93 Tenant 1 94 Tinsmith 2 95 Traditional Author 1 96 Transport Officer 1 97 Typist 1 98 Unemployed 113 99 Unitmarket Officer 1 100 Vendor 3 101 Vet Assistant 1 102 Village Headman 3 103 Welder 2 104 Working Class 5 Type of occupation? 119. Would that be: 1208 1 99 1 Employer,10+ employees 2 2 4 3 Professional 118 4 Supervisor (office workers) 15 5 Non-manual office worker 19 6 Foreman/supervisor 7 7 Skilled manual worker (formal sector) 27 8 Skilled manual worker (informal sector) 33 9 Unskilled manual worker (Formal sector) 27 10 Unskilled manual worker (Informal sector) 138 11 Miner 2 12 Commercial farmer 58 13 Subsistence farmer 396 14 Farmworker 13 15 Domestic/maid 10 16 Armed services/police 14 17 Student 99 18 Housewife 121 19 Disabled 4 20 Never had a job 97 21 Don't know 1 98 Refused 1 99 Missing 2 Do you know of a close friend or relative who died of AIDS? 120. Do you know a close friend or relative who has died of AIDS? 1208 1 4 1 Yes 789 2 No 400 3 Will not say 12 4 Don't know 7 98 Refusal 0 99 Missing data 0 Surburb 121. Suburb? 1208 1 999 1 Anderson 16 2 Area 15 8 3 Area 18 7 4 Area 18B 1 5 Area 23 8 6 Area 25 8 7 Area 47 8 8 Bakali 2 9 Biwi 8 10 Botomani 4 11 Bwatalika 1 12 Chadzaye 2 13 Chambwe 8 14 Chande 7 15 Chankoma 8 16 Chasnde 1 17 Chibwaza 2 18 Chichiri 8 19 Chididi 8 20 Chidzaye 5 21 Chigumula 8 22 Chikanda 8 23 Chikhawo 7 24 Chikumbeni 8 25 Chikumbu 4 26 Chikwawo 1 27 Chilanga 8 28 Chilipao 8 29 Chilomoni 8 30 Chimbawazi 6 31 Chimbwinda 8 32 Chimutu 4 33 Chimwamba 1 34 Chinamwali 8 35 Chingawa 2 36 Chiodeka 2 37 Chiphaso 8 38 Chipusile 4 39 Chiputula 8 40 Chipwaila 8 41 Chisembwele 8 42 Chisitu 8 43 Chiwaliwali 15 44 Chiwamba 3 45 Chola 8 46 Chonde 8 47 Chulu/Eliya 1 48 Chumachiyenda 3 49 Danda 1 50 Dzamba 4 51 Elias 1 52 Elija Vge 2 53 Eliya 4 54 Emfeni 8 55 Falls 8 56 Galufu 2 57 Ganya 3 58 Goliyo 5 59 Gomonda 2 60 Ichinga 8 61 Jamali 8 62 Kachamba 1 63 Kachibambo 8 64 Kachingwe 7 65 Kadikira 5 66 Kaliholo 8 67 Kalumo 4 68 Kamanga'ni 6 69 Kambale 3 70 Kambebe 2 71 Kambuzi 8 72 Kampamayiro 1 73 Kamphata 8 74 Kamwetsa 1 75 Kandama 6 76 Kandeu 4 77 Kandiyana 9 78 Kansapato 8 79 Kantengo 1 80 Kantotole 8 81 Kanyizira 1 82 Kasingwe 1 83 Kasonda 8 84 Katsalabande 2 85 Katsekera 8 86 Kavingo 1 87 Kavitengo 6 88 Kavula 8 89 Kawale 5 90 Kawale 2 3 91 Kayandama 1 92 Kazongo 4 93 Khanyizira 7 94 Khaziko 2 95 Khombeza 2 96 Khwamba 2 97 Kole 2 98 Kuchenga 2 99 Kumtumanje 7 100 Kunthembwe 9 101 Lambulila 6 102 Lazarous Jere 8 103 Likhubula 16 104 Likuni 8 105 Limbe Central 9 106 Lirangwe 8 107 Lisungwi 8 108 Liti 3 109 Lufita 4 110 Luna 8 111 M'Ngomo 1 112 Maganga 8 113 Magwiyana 2 114 Makata 5 115 Malemia 2 116 Maluwa 11 117 Maluwa Vge 1 118 Mandala 7 119 Mangani 1 120 Mankhwazi 8 121 Masanduko 8 122 Masanjala 11 123 Masasa 5 124 Mataya 8 125 Matengo 10 126 Matope 3 127 Matuli 7 128 Mazonda 8 129 Mbenje 10 130 Mbewa 8 131 Mbwatalika 5 132 Mbwatauka 2 133 Mbwiliwiza 8 134 Mchesi 16 135 Mdika 1 136 Mduka 1 137 Mendulo 8 138 Michiru 7 139 Mikute 8 140 Misesa 8 141 Mkanda 15 142 Mkazimasika 8 143 Mkhota 8 144 Mkotamu 8 145 Mnduka 5 146 Mng'ong'ona 7 147 Mpalo 2 148 Mpampa 8 149 Mpando 4 150 Mphampha 7 151 Mpunga 6 152 Mtande 2 153 Mtandire 8 154 Mtemanuama 2 155 Mthiramanja 2 156 Mtosos 8 157 Mtwiche 7 159 Mwambazi 7 160 Mwambo 2 161 Mwamukumbwa 8 162 Mwenilufita 4 163 Namakhucha 8 164 Namasalima 8 165 Namiyango 8 166 Nancholi 9 167 Nchalo 16 168 Ndirande 10 169 Ndongela 4 170 Ngabu 16 171 Ngwena 8 172 Njande 6 173 Njolomole 8 174 Nkando 9 175 Nkhalamba 4 176 Nkhwali 8 177 Nkhwamba 4 178 Nsanje Boma 8 179 Nsona 8 180 Ntande 2 181 Ntchache 8 182 Nthiramanja 6 183 Nthondo 7 184 Nyambadwe 8 185 Nyanga 8 186 Ponda 4 187 Sadzi 8 188 Samuel 2 189 Selemani 2 190 Shakila 2 191 Soche East 8 192 Solomoni 4 193 Tanganyika 8 194 thavite 6 195 Thondo 1 196 Unyolo 8 197 Viphya 8 198 Vizala 9 199 Vyeyo 8 200 Zalengera 6 201 Zalewa 8 202 Chitenjere 8 999 Missing Data 5 Town/city 122. Town/City? Question was completed by the enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 1 111 2 2 43 3 3 13 4 4 18 5 5 0 6 6 21 7 7 16 8 8 24 9 9 23 10 10 4 11 11 29 12 12 15 13 13 21 14 14 12 15 15 29 16 16 19 17 17 7 18 18 93 19 19 19 20 20 15 21 21 16 22 22 1 23 23 10 24 24 11 25 25 1 26 26 20 27 27 24 28 28 1 29 29 13 30 30 16 31 31 0 32 32 11 33 33 21 34 34 4 35 35 11 36 36 24 37 37 28 38 38 9 39 39 2 40 40 0 41 41 11 42 42 11 43 43 0 44 44 4 45 45 4 46 46 5 47 47 1 48 48 1 49 49 2 50 50 0 51 51 65 99 52 349 Urban/Rural 122B. Urban/Rural? 1208 1 2 1 Urban 280 2 Rural 928 District/ province 123A. District/province? Question was completed by the enumerator. 1208 45 59 1 Bulawayo 0 2 Manicaland 0 3 Midlands 0 4 Mashonaland West 0 5 Mashonaland Central 0 6 Mashonaland East 0 7 Matabeleland South 0 8 Matabeleland North 0 9 Masvingo 0 10 Harare 0 11 Caprivi 0 12 Erongo 0 13 Hardap 0 14 Karas 0 15 Khomas 0 16 Kunene 0 17 Ohangwena 0 18 Okavango 0 19 Omaheke 0 20 Omusati 0 21 Oshana 0 22 Oshikoto 0 23 Otjozondjupa 0 24 Central Province 0 25 Copperbelt 0 26 Eastern Province 0 27 North-Western Province 0 28 Southern Province 0 29 Lusaka 0 30 Northern Province 0 31 Western Province 0 32 Luapula 0 33 Malawi North 0 34 Malawi Central 0 35 Malawi South 0 36 Gaborone 0 37 Lobatse 0 38 Francistown 0 39 Jwaneng 0 40 Selibe-Phikwe 0 41 Southeast 0 42 Kweneng 0 43 Botswana Central 0 44 Kgalagadi 0 45 Chitipa 24 46 Mzimba 97 47 Nkhata Bay 32 48 Kasunga 73 49 Lilongwe 271 50 Ntchisi 32 51 Salima 48 52 Ntcheu 84 53 Zomba 101 54 Chiradzulu 46 55 Blantyre 193 56 Chikwawa 47 57 Nsanje 40 58 Mulanje 88 59 Mwanza 32 Country 123B. Country? Question was completed by the enumerator. 1208 2 2 1 Botswana 0 2 Malawi 1208 3 Namibia 0 4 Zambia 0 5 Zimbabwe 0 Language interview was conducted in 124. Which language/s was the interview conducted in? Question was completed by the enumerator. 1208 2 40 1 Afrikaans 0 2 Chewa 1015 3 Chinyungwe 0 4 Chisena 1 5 Damara 0 6 English 37 7 German 0 8 Nama 0 9 Ndebele 0 10 Oshiwambo 0 11 Otjiherero 0 12 Portueguese 0 13 Rukwangali 0 14 Sesotho,Sotho, S.Sotho 0 15 Setswana/Tswana 0 16 Silozi 0 17 Shangaan/Tsonga/Ronga/Tswa 0 18 Shona 0 19 Swahili 0 20 Swazi 0 21 Venda 0 22 Xhosa 0 23 Zulu 0 24 Sepedi/N.Sotho 0 25 Other 5 30 Nyanja 24 31 Tonga 16 33 Ngoni 6 36 Tumbuka 96 37 Yao 5 40 Lambya 3 Respondent's gender 125. Interviewer: Respondent’s gender 1208 1 2 1 Female 616 2 Male 592 Responden't race 126. Respondent’s race 1208 1 3 1 Black/African 1202 2 White/European 0 3 Coloured 6 4 Indian 0 5 Chinese/Japanese/Asian 0 6 Could not tell 0 Did respondent have missing limbs? 127. Did the respondent have any physical disabilities: Missing limbs? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 3 1 Yes 12 2 No 1195 3 Couldn't tell 1 99 Missing data 0 Was respondent blind, or nearly blind? 128. Did the respondent have any physical disabilities: Blind, or nearly blind? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 2 1 Yes 13 2 No 1195 3 Couldn't tell 0 99 Missing data 0 Did respondent cough repeatedly during the interview? 129. Did the respondent have any physical disabilities? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 2 1 Yes 30 2 No 1178 3 Couldn't tell 0 99 Missing data 0 What type of shelter does respondent live in? 130. In what type of shelter does the respondent live? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 8 1 Non-traditional (formal house) 707 2 Traditional hut (rondavel) 493 3 Temporary structure (shack) - separate plot 4 4 Temporary structure (shack) - backyard 2 5 Temporary structure (shed) - separate plot 0 6 Temporary structure (shed) - backyard 0 7 Flat in bloc of flats 0 8 Room in backyard 2 9 Room in hotel/hostel 0 10 Other 0 Did the household have windows? 131. Did the household have windows? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Yes 1079 2 No 124 3 Couldn't tell 4 99 Missing data 1 Did household have glass in windows? 132. Did the household have glass in windows? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Yes 596 2 No 589 3 Couldn't tell 5 97 Not Applicable 17 99 Missing data 1 What was roof made of? 133. What was the roof made of: Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Metal 539 2 Tiles 19 3 Shingles 4 4 Thatch 619 5 Plastic sheets 9 6 Asbestos 8 7 Multiple materials 9 8 Could not tell 0 99 Missing Data 1 Other adults present/listening during the interview? 134. Were there any other adults immediately present who might be listening during the interview? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 5 1 No one 528 2 Spouse 185 3 Children 236 4 A few others 232 5 Small crowd 27 99 Missing Data 0 Did respondent consult others for information to answer questions? 135. Did the respondent check with others for information to answer any question? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Yes 74 2 No 1133 97 NA 0 99 Missing data 1 Did anyone influence respondent's answers? 136. Do you think anyone influenced the respondent’s answers during the interview. Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 2 1 Yes 68 2 No 1140 97 NA 0 99 Missing data 0 What proportion of questions did respondent struggle to answer? 137. What proportion of the questions do you feel the respondent had difficulty answering? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 5 1 All 17 2 Most 101 3 Some 264 4 Few 535 5 None 291 99 Missing data 0 Where was interview conducted? 138. Was the interview conducted: Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 3 1 Inside 161 2 Outside 1029 3 Both 18 99 Missing data 0 Was respondent's attitude: friendly? 139. What was the respondent’s attitude toward you during the interview? Friendly or Hostile? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Friendly 1106 2 Inbetween 96 3 Hostile 5 99 Missing data 1 Was respondent's attitude: interested? 140. What was the respondent’s attitude toward you during the interview? Interested or Bored? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Interested 1028 2 Inbetween 159 3 Bored 20 99 Missing data 1 Was respondent's attitude: cooperative? 141. What was the respondent’s attitude toward you during the interview? Cooperative or Uncooperative? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Co-operative 1058 2 Inbetween 139 3 Unco-operative 8 99 Missing data 3 Was respondent's attitude: patient? 142. What was the respondent’s attitude toward you during the interview? Patient or Impatient? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Patient 1014 2 Inbetween 182 3 Impatient 11 99 Missing data 1 Was respondent's attitude: at ease? 143. What was the respondent’s attitude toward you during the interview? At ease or suspicious? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 At ease 905 2 Inbetween 272 3 Suspicious 30 99 Missing data 1 Was respondent's attitude: honest? 144. What was the respondent’s attitude toward you during the interview? Honest or Misleading? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Honest 917 2 Inbetween 249 3 Misleading 41 99 Missing data 1 Did your presence arouse interest from neighbours? 145. Did your presence in the area arouse interest from the neighbors? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Yes 719 2 No 487 99 Missing data 2 Did your presence arouse suspicion from neighbours? 146. Did your presence in the area arouse suspicion from neighbors? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Yes 253 2 No 953 99 Missing data 2 Did your presence arouse fear from neighbours? 147. Did your presence in the area arouse fear from neighbors? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Yes 40 2 No 1166 99 Missing data 2 Were you approached by community/party representatives? 148. Were you approached by community /party representatives? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Yes 10 2 No 1196 99 Missing data 2 Did you feel threatened during interview? 149. Did you feel threatened during the interview? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Yes 5 2 No 1201 99 Missing data 2 Were you physically threatened during interview? 150. Were you physically threatened during the interview? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Yes 14 2 No 1192 99 Missing data 2 Anything else significant happen during interview? 151. Did anything else significant happen during the interview? 1208 1 99 1 Facial expressions revealed hesitance 1147 2 Wanted to be paid for time wasted 11 3 Respondent unco-operative 3 4 Suspected us of being part of ruling party 2 5 Suspected us of being part of govt 2 6 Resp had speech defect 1 7 Interview was interrupted 14 8 Interviewer felt threatened 5 9 Interviewer was threatened 2 10 Neighbours asked if interviewer was part of COD 8 11 Interviewers told not to come back 0 12 Respondent did not understand concept of questionnaire 2 13 Thought interviewers were offering employment 0 14 Family interrupted interviews 4 15 Respondent thought interviewer was satanist 4 98 Refused to answer 1 99 Missing 2 Interviewer number 152. Interview Number 1208 1 21 1 77 2 74 3 2 4 8 5 69 6 70 7 76 8 71 9 81 10 5 11 72 12 78 13 60 14 73 15 80 16 56 17 80 18 16 19 15 20 73 21 72 Interviewer age 153. Age 1208 19 40 19 58 20 71 21 223 22 78 23 10 24 73 25 89 26 301 27 54 29 77 30 78 33 77 35 1 40 18 Interviewer rural or urban 154. Interviewer: Do you come from a rural or urban area? Question was answered by enumerator 1208 1 2 1 Rural 337 2 Urban 871 Interviewer's home language 155. Interviewer’s home language? 1208 2 35 1 Afrikaans 0 2 Chewa 674 3 Chinyungwe 0 4 Chisena 0 5 Damara 0 6 English 0 7 German 0 8 Nama 0 9 Ndebele 0 10 Oshiwambo 0 11 Otjiherero 0 12 Portueguese 0 13 Rukwangali 0 14 Sesotho,Sotho, S.Sotho 0 15 Setswana/Tswana 0 16 Silozi 0 17 Shangaan/Tsonga/Ronga/Tswa 0 18 Shona 0 19 Swahili 0 20 Swazi 0 21 Venda 0 22 Xhosa 0 23 Zulu 0 24 Sepedi/N.Sotho 0 25 Other 0 30 Nyanja 71 31 Tonga 89 32 Ngoni 80 33 Lomwe 0 34 Tumbuka 146 35 Yao 148 Interviewer's gender 156. Interviewer: Interviewer’s gender Question was answered by enumerator 1208 1 2 1 Female 320 2 Male 888 Interviewer's race 157. Interviewer’s highest level of education? Question was answered by enumerator 1208 1 6 1 Black/African 1207 2 White/European 0 3 Coloured 0 4 Indian 0 5 Chinese/Japanese/Asian 0 6 Could not tell 1 Interviewer's highest level of education 158. Interviewer’s highest level of education? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 7 1 No formal schooling 7 2 Some Primary school 21 3 Primary school completed 2 4 Some high school 3 5 High school completed 856 6 Some University/college 154 7 University/college completed 165 8 Post-grad 0 9 Other post matric qualifications 0 10 Don't know 0 98 Refused 0 99 Missing data 0 Is there a post-office in PSU? 159. Are the following services present in the primary sampling unit/enumerator area: Post office? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Yes 258 2 No 948 3 Couldn't tell 1 99 Missing data 1 Is there a school in the PSU? 160. Are the following services present in the primary sampling unit/enumerator area: School? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Yes 958 2 No 248 3 Couldn't tell 1 99 Missing data 1 Is there a police station in the PSU? 161. Are the following services present in the primary sampling unit/enumerator area: Police station? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Yes 160 2 No 1046 3 Couldn't tell 1 99 Missing data 1 Is there a regular bus/taxi service in the PSU? 162. Are the following services present in the primary sampling unit/enumerator area: Regular bus or taxi service? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Yes 502 2 No 704 3 Couldn't tell 1 99 Missing data 1 Is there an electricity grid accessible to most houses? 163. Are the following services present in the primary sampling unit/enumerator area: Electricity grid that most houses could access? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Yes 487 2 No 719 3 Couldn't tell 1 99 Missing data 1 Is there a piped water system accessible to most houses? 164. Are the following services present in the primary sampling unit/enumerator area: Piped water system that most houses could access? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Yes 425 2 No 781 3 Couldn't tell 1 99 Missing data 1 Is there a sewage system accessible to most houses? 165. Are the following services present in the primary sampling unit/enumerator area: Sewage system that most houses could access? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Yes 301 2 No 904 3 Couldn't tell 1 99 Missing data 2 Is there a railway station? 166. Are the following services present in the primary sampling unit/enumerator area: Railway Station? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Yes 47 2 No 1157 3 Couldn't tell 1 99 Missing data 3 Is there a health clinic? 167. Are the following services present in the primary sampling unit/enumerator area: Health clinic? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Yes 504 2 No 701 3 Couldn't tell 1 99 Missing data 2 Are there recreational facilities? 168. Are the following services present in the primary sampling unit/enumerator area: Recreational facilities for eg a sports field? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Yes 995 2 No 212 3 Couldn't tell 0 99 Missing data 1 Are there any places of worship such as churches, mosques? 169. Are the following services present in the primary sampling unit/enumerator area: Any churches, mosques, temples, or other places of worship? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Yes 1048 2 No 159 3 Couldn't tell 0 99 Missing data 1 Are there any townhalls or community buildings that can be used for meetings? 170. Are the following services present in the primary sampling unit/enumerator area: Any townhalls or community buildings that can be used for meetings? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Yes 272 2 No 934 3 Couldn't tell 0 99 Missing data 2 Is there a petrol station? 171. Are the following services present in the primary sampling unit/enumerator area: Petrol station? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Yes 185 2 No 1021 3 Couldn't tell 0 99 Missing data 2 Is there a bottle store? 172. Are the following services present in the primary sampling unit/enumerator area: Bottle store? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Yes 515 2 No 691 3 Couldn't tell 0 99 Missing data 2 Is there a supermarket (food/ clothing)? 173. Are the following services present in the primary sampling unit/enumerator area: Supermarket (food and/or clothing)? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Yes 167 2 No 1038 3 Couldn't tell 1 99 Missing data 2 Are there cafes, corner shops? 174. Are the following services present in the primary sampling unit/enumerator area: Cafes/corner shops/Spaza shops? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Yes 192 2 No 1014 3 Couldn't tell 0 99 Missing data 2 Are there any market stalls (selling food/clothing)? 175. Are the following services present in the primary sampling unit/enumerator area: Market stalls (selling food and/or clothing)? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Yes 625 2 No 582 3 Couldn't tell 0 99 Missing data 1 Were there any police or police vehicles at PSU or EA? 176. At the PSU/EA did you (or any of your colleagues) see: Any policemen or police vehicles? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Yes 260 2 No 947 3 Couldn't tell 0 99 Missing data 1 Were there any soldiers or army vehicles? 177. At the PSU/EA did you (or any of your colleagues) see: Any soldiers or army vehicles? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Yes 136 2 No 1071 3 Couldn't tell 0 99 Missing data 1 Were there any pavements along roads? 178. At the PSU/EA did you (or any of your colleagues) see: Any pavement along the roads or streets? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Yes 121 2 No 1083 3 Couldn't tell 1 99 Missing data 3 Any household yards with crops/vegetables being grown? 179. At the PSU/EA did you (or any of your colleagues) see: Any gardens or fields attached to households containing evidence of crops/vegetables being grown? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Yes 1107 2 No 100 3 Couldn't tell 0 99 Missing data 1 Any household yards/fields containing livestock? 180. At the PSU/EA did you (or any of your colleagues) see: Any yards or fields attached to households containing livestock such as goats, sheep, cows, or horses? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Yes 1007 2 No 200 3 Couldn't tell 0 99 Missing data 1 Any household yards/fields with trees higher than one storey? 181. At the PSU/EA did you (or any of your colleagues) see: Any yards, gardens, or fields attached to households with trees growing in them that were large than one story in height? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Yes 899 2 No 293 3 Couldn't tell 15 99 Missing data 1 How many formal houses in PSU? 182. How many houses within the primary sampling unit are formal houses? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 All 113 2 Most 582 3 Some 487 4 None 9 5 Can't determine 16 99 Missing data 1 Type of area in which interview was conducted 183. Type of area in which interview was conducted? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Urban (formal) 58 2 Suburban (formal) 97 3 Township/town 154 4 Rural township/town 190 5 Rural village 700 6 Rural cluster/kraal 8 7 urban non-permanent shack camp 0 8 Rural non-permanent shack camp 0 9 Can't deteremine 0 99 Missing data 1 Was the PSU clearly sign-posted the last 10km of journey? 184. Thinking of the journey here: Was the PSU clearly sign posted along the last 10km of your journey? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Yes 346 2 No 861 99 Missing data 1 Any stop/give way signs along last 10km of journey? 185. Thinking of the journey here: Were there any stop/give way signs along the last 10km of your journey? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Yes 439 2 No 767 99 Missing data 2 Any traffic lights or robots along last 10km of journey? 186. Thinking of the journey here: Were there any traffic lights/robots along the last 10km of your journey? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Yes 124 2 No 1083 99 Missing data 1 Were they in working order? 187. Thinking of the journey here: If yes above, were all of them in working order? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Yes 105 2 No 95 97 Not Applicable 1003 99 Missing data 5 Did you see a water-filled river in last 1km of journey? 188. Thinking of the journey here: Did you (or any of your colleagues) see a water filled river during the last 1km of your journey? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Yes 318 2 No 889 99 Missing data 1 Did you see a water-filled dam or lake in last 1km of journey? 189. Thinking of the journey here: Did you (or any of your colleagues) see a water-filled dam or lake during the last 1km of your journey? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 Yes 34 2 No 1172 99 Missing data 2 How much of the last 10km was graded sand/dirt roads? 190. Roughly how much of the last 10km of your journey were spent on these different sorts of roads: Graded sand/dirt roads? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 0 kms 701 2 190 3 5-10 kms 197 4 All 118 99 Missing data 2 How much of the last 10km was ungraded dirt roads? 191. Roughly how much of the last 10km of your journey were spent on these different sorts of roads: Ungraded dirt roads? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 0 kms 556 2 359 3 5-10 kms 188 4 All 103 99 Missing data 2 How much of the last 10km journey was spent off road? 192. Roughly how much of the last 10km of your journey were spent on these different sorts of roads: Off road? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 0 kms 848 2 224 3 5-10 kms 118 4 All 16 99 Missing data 2 How much of the last 10km journey was spent on tarred/concrete road? 193. Roughly how much of the last 10km of your journey were spent on these different sorts of roads: Tarred or concrete roads? Question was answered by enumerator. 1208 1 99 1 0 kms 376 2 95 3 5-10 kms 511 4 All 224 99 Missing data 2