MDG_2018_AFB-R7_v01_M DDI_MDG_2018_AFB-R7_v01_M_WB Development Economics Data Group 2021-03-22 Metadata Editor Version 01 (March 2021) MDG_2018_AFB-R7_v01_M Afrobarometer Survey 2018 Round 7 AFB-R7 2018 Ghana Centre for Democratic Development (CDD) Institute for Justice and Reconciliation in South Africa (IJR) Institute for Empirical Research in Political Economy (IREEP) Institute for Development Studies (IDS) Michigan State University (MSU) University of Cape Town (UCT, South Africa) Department for International Development Swedish Internation Development Cooperation Agency United States Agency for International Development World Bank Group Metadata Editor For general inquiries For general inquiries For data Other Household Survey [hh/oth] Afrobarometer collects and disseminates information regarding Africans’ views on democracy, governance, economic reform, civil society, and quality of life. Round 1 surveys were conducted between 1999 and 2001. At that time, the project covered seven countries in Southern Africa (Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe), three countries in West Africa (Ghana, Nigeria and Mali) and two in East Africa (Uganda and Tanzania). Round 2 surveys were completed by November 2003 with four new countries added: Kenya, Senegal, Cape Verde and Mozambique. Round 3 surveys were conducted from March 2005 to February 2006 in the same countries, plus Benin and Madagascar. Round 4 surveys were conducted during 2008 and 2009 in 20 countries, reflecting the addition of Burkina Faso and Liberia. The fifth Round of surveys were done between October 2011 and June 2013. In the Round 5 surveys, the project covered an additional 15 countries in different regions of the continent. Among the new R5 countries were Mauritius and Swaziland in Southern Africa; Burundi and Ethiopia in East Africa; Cameroon, Niger, Cote D’Ivoire, Guinea, Sierra Leone and Togo in West Africa. Afrobarometer also worked with the Arab Barometer and implemented R5 surveys in Algeria, Egypt, Morocco Sudan and Tunisia. Additional Round 5.5 surveys were also conducted in Mali and Zimbabwe. In Round 6, surveys were done 36 countries. Two countries that were covered in Round 5, Ethiopia and Egypt, were not included due to operational constraints. In their place, the Network added Gabon and Sao Tome and Principe. The survey covered 34 African countries covered in Round 7 (2016-2018). Here are the list of countries covered in Round 7: Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cote d'Ivoire, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Version 01: Edited, anonymized dataset for public distribution conflict, security and peace [4.1] domestic political issues [4.2] government, political systems and organisations [4.4] mass political behaviour, attitudes/opinion [4.6] political ideology [4.7] business/industrial management and organisation [2.2] mass media [7.4] social exclusion [12.9] cultural activities and participation [13.2] cultural and national identity [13.3] religion and values [13.5] social behaviour and attitudes [13.6] social change [13.7] social conditions and indicators [13.8] The Afrobarometer is a comparative series of public attitude surveys that assess African citizen's attitudes to democracy and governance, markets, and civil society, among other topics. The surveys have been undertaken at periodic intervals since 1999. The Afrobarometer's coverage has increased over time. Round 1 (1999-2001) initially covered 7 countries and was later extended to 12 countries. Round 2 (2002-2004) surveyed citizens in 16 countries. Round 3 (2005-2006) 18 countries, Round 4 (2008) 20 countries, Round 5 (2011-2013) 34 countries, and Round 6 (2014-2015) 36 countries. The survey covered 34 countries in Round 7 (2016-2018). Madagascar National coverage The lowest level of geographic aggregation covered by the data is district. Individual The sample universe for Afrobarometer surveys includes all citizens of voting age within the country. In other words, we exclude anyone who is not a citizen and anyone who has not attained this age (usually 18 years) on the day of the survey. Also excluded are areas determined to be either inaccessible or not relevant to the study, such as those experiencing armed conflict or natural disasters, as well as national parks and game reserves. As a matter of practice, we have also excluded people living in institutionalized settings, such as students in dormitories and persons in prisons or nursing homes. Sample survey data [ssd] Face-to-face [f2f] Public use files, available to all The user of the data acknowledges that the original collector of the data, the authorized distributor of the data, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for use of the data or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses. mad_r7_data_eng.sav 1200 345 .sav Afrobarometer round 7 survey data. Respondent number 1200 Urban or Rural Primary Sampling Unit 1200 1 2 1 Urban 264 2 Rural 936 Province or region 1200 420 441 -1 Missing 0 420 ALAOTRA MANGORO 56 421 AMORON'I MANIA 40 422 ANALAMANGA 208 423 ANALANJIROFO 56 424 ANDROY 32 425 ANOSY 32 426 ATSIMO ANDREFANA 72 427 ATSIMO ATSINANANA 48 428 ATSINANANA 72 429 BETSIBOKA 16 430 BOENY 48 431 BONGOLAVA 24 432 DIANA 40 433 HAUTE MATSIATRA 64 434 IHOROMBE 16 435 ITASY 40 436 MELAKY 16 437 MENABE 32 438 SAVA 56 439 SOFIA 64 440 VAKINANKARATRA 96 441 VATOVAVY FITOVINANY 72 EA-SVC-A. Electricity grid in the PSU/EA 1200 0 1 -1 Missing 0 0 No 864 1 Yes 336 9 Can't determine 0 EA-SVC-B. Piped water system in the PSU/EA 1200 0 1 -1 Missing 0 0 No 720 1 Yes 480 9 Can't determine 0 EA-SVC-C. Sewage system in the PSU/EA 1200 0 1 -1 Missing 0 0 No 1080 1 Yes 120 9 Can't determine 0 EA-SVC-D. Cell phone service in the PSU/EA 1200 0 1 -1 Missing 0 0 No 136 1 Yes 1064 9 Can't determine 0 EA-FAC-A. Post office in the PSU/EA 1200 0 1 -1 Missing 0 0 No 1072 1 Yes 128 9 Can't determine 0 EA-FAC-B. School in the PSU/EA 1200 0 1 -1 Missing 0 0 No 48 1 Yes 1152 9 Can't determine 0 EA-FAC-C. Police station in the PSU/EA 1200 0 1 -1 Missing 0 0 No 944 1 Yes 256 9 Can't determine 0 EA-FAC-D. Health Clinic in the PSU/EA 1200 0 1 -1 Missing 0 0 No 656 1 Yes 544 9 Can't determine 0 EA-FAC-E. Market stalls in the PSU/EA 1200 0 1 -1 Missing 0 0 No 296 1 Yes 904 9 Can't determine 0 EA-FAC-F. Bank in the PSU/EA 1200 0 1 -1 Missing 0 0 No 1032 1 Yes 168 9 Can't determine 0 EA-FAC-G. Paid transport in the PSU/EA 1200 0 1 -1 Missing 0 0 No 568 1 Yes 632 9 Can't determine 0 EA-SEC-A. Police in the PSU/EA 1200 0 1 -1 Missing 0 0 No 912 1 Yes 288 9 Don't know 0 EA-SEC-B. Soldiers/army in the PSU/EA 1200 0 1 -1 Missing 0 0 No 1104 1 Yes 96 9 Don't know 0 EA-SEC-C. Roadblocks by police/army in the PSU/EA 1200 0 1 -1 Missing 0 0 No 1104 1 Yes 96 9 Don't know 0 EA-SEC-D. Customs checkpoints in the PSU/EA 1200 0 1 -1 Missing 0 0 No 1184 1 Yes 16 9 Don't know 0 EA-SEC-E. Roadblocks by private security/local community in the PSU/EA 1200 0 1 -1 Missing 0 0 No 1128 1 Yes 72 9 Don't know 0 EA-ROAD-A. Road surface at start point 1200 1 5 -1 Missing 0 1 Earth 944 2 Gravel 8 3 Stone 32 4 Muram 0 5 Paved/ Tarred 216 6 Concrete 0 EA-ROAD-B. Road surface last 5 km 1200 1 5 -1 Missing 0 1 Earth 856 2 Gravel 24 3 Stone 32 4 Muram 8 5 Paved/ Tarred 280 6 Concrete 0 EA-ROAD-C. Road condition last 5 km 1200 1 6 -1 Missing 0 1 Impassable 88 2 Very poor 376 3 Poor 216 4 Fair 248 5 Good 232 6 Very good 40 Reason for Unsuccessful Call Household 1 1200 1 9997 1 Refused to be interviewed 18 2 Person selected was never at home 1 3 Household/Premises empty for the survey period 14 4 Not a citizen/Spoke only a foreign language 1 5 Deaf/Did not speak a survey language 1 6 Did not fit gender quota 15 7 No adults in household 6 8 Other 3 9997 Interview was successful 1141 Reason for Unsuccessful Call Household 1 (Verbatim) 1200 1197 ENQUETE EN ETAT D'EBRIETE 1 MALADIE 2 Reason for Unsuccessful Call Household 2 1200 1 9997 1 Refused to be interviewed 2 2 Person selected was never at home 1 3 Household/Premises empty for the survey period 4 4 Not a citizen/Spoke only a foreign language 0 5 Deaf/Did not speak a survey language 0 6 Did not fit gender quota 3 7 No adults in household 1 8 Other 0 9997 Interview was successful 1189 Reason for Unsuccessful Call Household 3 1200 3 9997 1 Refused to be interviewed 0 2 Person selected was never at home 0 3 Household/Premises empty for the survey period 1 4 Not a citizen/Spoke only a foreign language 0 5 Deaf/Did not speak a survey language 0 6 Did not fit gender quota 2 7 No adults in household 0 8 Other 0 9997 Interview was successful 1197 Reason for Unsuccessful Call Household 4 1200 6 9997 1 Refused to be interviewed 0 2 Person selected was never at home 0 3 Household/Premises empty for the survey period 0 4 Not a citizen/Spoke only a foreign language 0 5 Deaf/Did not speak a survey language 0 6 Did not fit gender quota 1 7 No adults in household 0 8 Other 0 9997 Interview was successful 1199 Reason for Unsuccessful Call Household 5 1200 9997 9997 1 Refused to be interviewed 0 2 Person selected was never at home 0 3 Household/Premises empty for the survey period 0 4 Not a citizen/Spoke only a foreign language 0 5 Deaf/Did not speak a survey language 0 6 Did not fit gender quota 0 7 No adults in household 0 8 Other 0 9997 Interview was successful 1200 Reason for Unsuccessful Call Household 6 1200 9997 9997 1 Refused to be interviewed 0 2 Person selected was never at home 0 3 Household/Premises empty for the survey period 0 4 Not a citizen/Spoke only a foreign language 0 5 Deaf/Did not speak a survey language 0 6 Did not fit gender quota 0 7 No adults in household 0 8 Other 0 9997 Interview was successful 1200 Reason for Unsuccessful Call Household 7 1200 9997 9997 1 Refused to be interviewed 0 2 Person selected was never at home 0 3 Household/Premises empty for the survey period 0 4 Not a citizen/Spoke only a foreign language 0 5 Deaf/Did not speak a survey language 0 6 Did not fit gender quota 0 7 No adults in household 0 8 Other 0 9997 Interview was successful 1200 Reason for Unsuccessful Call Household 8 1200 9997 9997 1 Refused to be interviewed 0 2 Person selected was never at home 0 3 Household/Premises empty for the survey period 0 4 Not a citizen/Spoke only a foreign language 0 5 Deaf/Did not speak a survey language 0 6 Did not fit gender quota 0 7 No adults in household 0 8 Other 0 9997 Interview was successful 1200 This interview, gender 1200 1 2 1 Male 599 2 Female 601 Number of adults in household 1200 1 8 1 239 2 550 3 216 4 117 5 49 6 19 7 6 8 4 Number of calls 1200 1 2 1 1162 2 38 Date of interview 1200 2018-01-20 18 2018-01-21 46 2018-01-22 32 2018-01-23 69 2018-01-24 53 2018-01-25 59 2018-01-26 57 2018-01-27 46 2018-01-28 28 2018-01-29 54 2018-01-30 64 2018-01-31 52 2018-02-01 62 2018-02-02 56 2018-02-03 52 2018-02-04 23 2018-02-05 55 2018-02-06 43 2018-02-07 54 2018-02-08 59 2018-02-09 48 2018-02-10 34 2018-02-11 15 2018-02-12 25 2018-02-13 30 2018-02-14 10 2018-02-15 8 2018-02-17 16 2018-02-19 8 2018-02-20 8 2018-02-23 8 2018-02-25 4 2018-02-26 4 1200 Q1. Age 1200 18 999 -1 Missing 0 18 35 19 28 20 36 21 25 22 33 23 26 24 24 25 47 26 28 27 22 28 39 29 19 30 51 31 12 32 32 33 27 34 26 35 39 36 20 37 17 38 26 39 9 40 54 41 24 42 33 43 19 44 13 45 37 46 17 47 19 48 33 49 9 50 38 51 10 52 22 53 17 54 22 55 15 56 13 57 11 58 16 59 11 60 23 61 12 62 16 63 12 64 8 65 8 66 7 67 6 68 12 69 2 70 10 71 2 72 4 73 1 74 2 75 3 76 5 77 1 78 3 80 2 81 1 82 1 84 1 85 1 90 2 998 Refused 0 999 Don't know 1 Q2a. Respondent's mother tongue 1200 420 422 -1 Missing 0 1 English 0 2 French 0 420 "Official" Malagasy 473 421 Malagasy with regional dialect 726 422 Chinese 1 423 Comorian 0 424 Indo-pakistani 0 9995 Other 0 9998 Refused 0 9999 Don't know 0 Q2b. Language spoken in home 1200 2 9999 -1 Missing 0 1 English 0 2 French 1 420 "Official" Malagasy 464 421 Malagasy with regional dialect 734 422 Chinese 0 423 Comorian 0 424 Indo-pakistani 0 9995 Other 0 9998 Refused 0 9999 Don't know 1 Q3. Overall direction of the country 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Going in the wrong direction 954 2 Going in the right direction 232 8 Refused 2 9 Don't know 12 Q4a. Country’s present economic condition 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Bad 346 2 Fairly Bad 465 3 Neither good nor bad 193 4 Fairly Good 155 5 Very good 38 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 3 Q4b. Your present living conditions 1200 1 5 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Bad 216 2 Fairly Bad 424 3 Neither good nor bad 381 4 Fairly Good 158 5 Very good 21 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 0 Q5. Your living conditions vs. others 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Much worse 52 2 Worse 337 3 Same 688 4 Better 116 5 Much better 4 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know 2 Q6. Country’s economic condition compared to 12 months ago 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Much worse 135 2 Worse 594 3 Same 286 4 Better 174 5 Much better 3 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 8 Q7. Country’s economic condition in 12 months’ time 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Much worse 119 2 Worse 351 3 Same 352 4 Better 248 5 Much better 13 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know 116 Q8a. How often gone without food 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 397 1 Just once or twice 76 2 Several times 353 3 Many times 339 4 Always 34 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 1 Q8b. How often gone without water 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 557 1 Just once or twice 54 2 Several times 202 3 Many times 199 4 Always 187 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 1 Q8c. How often gone without medical care 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 355 1 Just once or twice 109 2 Several times 382 3 Many times 312 4 Always 37 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 5 Q8d. How often gone without cooking fuel 1200 0 4 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 721 1 Just once or twice 113 2 Several times 205 3 Many times 141 4 Always 20 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 0 Q8e. How often gone without cash income 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 75 1 Just once or twice 72 2 Several times 352 3 Many times 588 4 Always 112 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 1 Q8f. Frequency going without basic necessities 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 About once every two or three months 145 2 About once a month 139 3 Two or three times a month 208 4 About once a week 124 5 Several times a week 254 6 Every day 256 7 Not applicable 70 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 4 Q9. How dependent on receiving remittances 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all / Does not receive remittances 1023 1 A little bit 109 2 Somewhat 49 3 A lot 18 7 Not applicable 0 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 1 Q10a. How often felt unsafe walking in neighbourhood 1200 0 4 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 384 1 Just once or twice 105 2 Several times 252 3 Many times 279 4 Always 180 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 0 Q10b. How often feared crime in home 1200 0 8 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 501 1 Just once or twice 109 2 Several times 218 3 Many times 229 4 Always 142 8 Refused 1 9 Don't know 0 Q11a. Had something stolen from house 1200 0 3 -1 Missing 0 0 No 949 1 Yes, once 140 2 Yes, twice 55 3 Yes, three or more times 56 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 0 Q11b. Have been physically attacked 1200 0 3 -1 Missing 0 0 No 1141 1 Yes, once 40 2 Yes, twice 10 3 Yes, three or more times 9 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 0 Q12a. Radio news 1200 0 4 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 379 1 Less than once a month 52 2 A few times a month 77 3 A few times a week 237 4 Every day 455 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 0 Q12b. Television news 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 889 1 Less than once a month 26 2 A few times a month 25 3 A few times a week 80 4 Every day 178 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 2 Q12c. Newspaper news 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 965 1 Less than once a month 57 2 A few times a month 60 3 A few times a week 66 4 Every day 47 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 5 Q12d. Internet news 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 1089 1 Less than once a month 18 2 A few times a month 7 3 A few times a week 45 4 Every day 34 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 7 Q12e. Social media news 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 1070 1 Less than once a month 12 2 A few times a month 9 3 A few times a week 45 4 Every day 57 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 7 Q13. Discuss politics 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 721 1 Occasionally 362 2 Frequently 104 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 13 Q14. Freedom to say what you think 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Not at all free 118 2 Not very free 399 3 Somewhat free 449 4 Completely free 181 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 53 Q15. Government bans organizations vs. join any 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Agree very strongly with 1 55 2 Agree with 1 118 3 Agree with 2 501 4 Agree very strongly with 2 479 5 Agree with neither 18 8 Refused 2 9 Don't know 27 Q16. Men only as leaders vs. women leaders 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Agree very strongly with 1 174 2 Agree with 1 231 3 Agree with 2 315 4 Agree very strongly with 2 471 5 Agree with neither 5 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 4 Q17. Newspapers free to publish vs. government control 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Agree very strongly with 1 378 2 Agree with 1 464 3 Agree with 2 178 4 Agree very strongly with 2 111 5 Agree with neither 18 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 51 Q18a. Access to information: school budget 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all likely 177 1 Not very likely 399 2 Somewhat likely 438 3 Very likely 138 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard 47 Q18b. Access to information: land ownership 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all likely 180 1 Not very likely 380 2 Somewhat likely 449 3 Very likely 114 8 Refused 3 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard 74 Q18c. Access to information: local government development plan and budget 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all likely 245 1 Not very likely 495 2 Somewhat likely 310 3 Very likely 76 8 Refused 2 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard 72 Q18d. Access to information: business registration 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all likely 207 1 Not very likely 412 2 Somewhat likely 410 3 Very likely 76 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard 94 Q19a. Better or worse: freedom to say what you think 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Much less freedom 119 2 Somewhat less freedom 277 3 Same 303 4 Somewhat more freedom 257 5 Much more freedom 101 8 Refused 4 9 Don’t know 139 Q19b. Better or worse: freedom to join political organizations 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Much less freedom 88 2 Somewhat less freedom 216 3 Same 310 4 Somewhat more freedom 278 5 Much more freedom 133 8 Refused 3 9 Don’t know 172 Q19c. Better or worse: media freedom to investigate, report 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Much less freedom 150 2 Somewhat less freedom 299 3 Same 248 4 Somewhat more freedom 218 5 Much more freedom 74 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 211 Q19d. Better or worse: freedom of NGOs/groups to speak, act 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Much less freedom 172 2 Somewhat less freedom 282 3 Same 284 4 Somewhat more freedom 220 5 Much more freedom 75 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 167 Q19e. Better or worse: freedom of opposition to function 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Much less freedom 204 2 Somewhat less freedom 281 3 Same 255 4 Somewhat more freedom 197 5 Much more freedom 80 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know 182 Q20a. Member of religious group 1200 0 3 -1 Missing 0 0 Not a Member 700 1 Inactive Member 352 2 Active Member 84 3 Official Leader 64 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 0 Q20b. Member of voluntary association or community group 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not a Member 837 1 Inactive Member 247 2 Active Member 59 3 Official Leader 54 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 3 Q21a. Attend a community meeting 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No, would never do this 63 1 No, but would do if had the chance 68 2 Yes, once or twice 44 3 Yes, several times 319 4 Yes, often 705 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 1 Q21b. Join others to raise an issue 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No, would never do this 115 1 No, but would do if had the chance 179 2 Yes, once or twice 57 3 Yes, several times 409 4 Yes, often 437 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 3 Q22. Voting in the most recent national election 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 You were not registered to vote 109 1 You voted in the elections 808 2 You decided not to vote 51 3 You could not find the polling station 1 4 You were prevented from voting 0 5 You did not have time to vote 28 6 You did not vote because your name not in the register 22 7 Did not vote for some other reason 68 8 You were too young to vote 110 9 Don’t know / Can’t remember 3 98 Refused 0 Q23. Freeness and fairness of the last national election 1200 1 98 -1 Missing 0 1 Not free and fair 176 2 Free and fair, with major problems 93 3 Free and fair, but with minor problems 263 4 Completely free and fair 585 8 Do not understand question 4 9 Don’t know 78 98 Refused 1 Q24a. Last national election: attend a campaign rally 1200 0 8 -1 Missing 0 0 No 992 1 Yes 207 8 Refused 1 9 Don't know 0 Q24b. Last national election: work for a candidate or party 1200 0 1 -1 Missing 0 0 No 1049 1 Yes 151 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 0 Q25a. Contact local government councillor 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 862 1 Only once 102 2 A few times 147 3 Often 87 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know 1 Q25b. Contact MP 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 1104 1 Only once 36 2 A few times 38 3 Often 20 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 2 Q25c. Contact official of a government agency 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 886 1 Only once 85 2 A few times 130 3 Often 95 8 Refused 3 9 Don’t know 1 Q25d. Contact political party official 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 1095 1 Only once 27 2 A few times 55 3 Often 21 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 2 Q25e. Contact traditional leader 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 575 1 Only once 91 2 A few times 254 3 Often 232 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 48 Q25f. Contact religious leader 1200 0 3 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 546 1 Only once 74 2 A few times 273 3 Often 307 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 0 Q26a. Join others to request government action 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No, would never do this 602 1 No, but would do if had the chance 370 2 Yes, once or twice 54 3 Yes, several times 114 4 Yes, often 48 8 Refused 2 9 Don't know 10 Q26b. Contact media 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No, would never do this 763 1 No, but would do if had the chance 365 2 Yes, once or twice 13 3 Yes, several times 15 4 Yes, often 20 8 Refused 3 9 Don't know 21 Q26c. Contact official for help 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No, would never do this 695 1 No, but would do if had the chance 386 2 Yes, once or twice 30 3 Yes, several times 45 4 Yes, often 22 8 Refused 1 9 Don't know 21 Q26d. Refuse to pay tax or fee to government 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No, would never do this 941 1 No, but would do if had the chance 165 2 Yes, once or twice 27 3 Yes, several times 21 4 Yes, often 23 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 23 Q26e. Attend a demonstration or protest march 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No, would never do this 938 1 No, but would do if had the chance 191 2 Yes, once or twice 14 3 Yes, several times 27 4 Yes, often 13 8 Refused 1 9 Don't know 16 Q27a. Reject one-party rule 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly Disapprove 515 2 Disapprove 392 3 Neither Approve Nor Disapprove 58 4 Approve 169 5 Strongly Approve 34 8 Refused 2 9 Don’t know 30 Q27b. Reject military rule 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly Disapprove 350 2 Disapprove 367 3 Neither Approve Nor Disapprove 127 4 Approve 247 5 Strongly Approve 74 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know 34 Q27c. Reject one-man rule 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly Disapprove 389 2 Disapprove 439 3 Neither Approve Nor Disapprove 88 4 Approve 156 5 Strongly Approve 47 8 Refused 2 9 Don’t know 79 Q28. Support for democracy 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 STATEMENT 3: Doesn't matter 334 2 STATEMENT 2: Sometimes non-democratic preferable 172 3 STATEMENT 1: Democracy preferable 564 8 Refused 3 9 Don't know 127 Q29. Govt gets things done vs. Govt accountable to citizens 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Agree very strongly with 1 241 2 Agree with 1 343 3 Agree with 2 320 4 Agree very strongly with 2 273 5 Agree with neither 11 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 12 Q30. Choose leaders through elections vs. other methods 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Agree very strongly with 1 484 2 Agree with 1 432 3 Agree with 2 142 4 Agree very strongly with 2 128 5 Agree with neither 6 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 8 Q31. Political parties divisive vs. many parties needed 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Agree very strongly with 1 164 2 Agree with 1 258 3 Agree with 2 355 4 Agree very strongly with 2 368 5 Agree with neither 35 8 Refused 2 9 Don't know 18 Q32. President monitored by parliament vs. free to act on own 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Agree very strongly with 1 226 2 Agree with 1 275 3 Agree with 2 314 4 Agree very strongly with 2 301 5 Agree with neither 43 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 41 Q33. President free to act vs. obey the laws and courts 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Agree very strongly with 1 96 2 Agree with 1 214 3 Agree with 2 441 4 Agree very strongly with 2 367 5 Agree with neither 49 8 Refused 5 9 Don't know 28 Q34. Presidential two term limit vs. no term limits 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Agree very strongly with 1 403 2 Agree with 1 406 3 Agree with 2 190 4 Agree very strongly with 2 143 5 Agree with neither 48 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 10 Q35. Extent of democracy 1200 1 98 -1 Missing 0 1 Not a democracy 446 2 A democracy, with major problems 225 3 A democracy, but with minor problems 250 4 A full democracy 75 8 Do not understand question / democracy 83 9 Don't know 120 98 Refused 1 Q36. Satisfaction with democracy 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 The country is not a democracy 43 1 Not at all satisfied 432 2 Not very satisfied 459 3 Fairly satisfied 91 4 Very satisfied 21 8 Refused 0 9 Do not know 154 Q37. Obey government always vs. only if vote for it 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Agree very strongly with 1 448 2 Agree with 1 596 3 Agree with 2 97 4 Agree very strongly with 2 43 5 Agree with neither 15 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 1 Q38a. Courts make binding decisions 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly Disagree 148 2 Disagree 262 3 Neither Agree Nor Disagree 115 4 Agree 526 5 Strongly Agree 130 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 19 Q38b. People must obey the law 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly Disagree 50 2 Disagree 147 3 Neither Agree Nor Disagree 99 4 Agree 636 5 Strongly Agree 263 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 5 Q38c. People must pay taxes 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly Disagree 66 2 Disagree 114 3 Neither Agree Nor Disagree 73 4 Agree 644 5 Strongly Agree 285 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 18 Q38d. Men have more right to job 1200 1 5 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly Disagree 170 2 Disagree 258 3 Neither Agree Nor Disagree 84 4 Agree 447 5 Strongly Agree 241 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 0 Q38e. Women have equal right to land 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly Disagree 46 2 Disagree 142 3 Neither Agree Nor Disagree 42 4 Agree 500 5 Strongly Agree 469 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 1 Q38f. Better if woman takes care of household 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly Disagree 31 2 Disagree 87 3 Neither Agree Nor Disagree 57 4 Agree 513 5 Strongly Agree 510 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know 1 Q38g. Government information for official use only 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly Disagree 292 2 Disagree 411 3 Neither Agree Nor Disagree 121 4 Agree 235 5 Strongly Agree 82 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 59 Q39a. How often party competition leads to conflict 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 164 1 Rarely 461 2 Often 380 3 Always 44 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know 150 Q39b. How often president ignores laws 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 185 1 Rarely 362 2 Often 357 3 Always 68 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 228 Q39c. How often president ignores parliament 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 203 1 Rarely 350 2 Often 312 3 Always 56 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 279 Q40. How much fear political intimidation or violence 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 A lot 53 1 Somewhat 75 2 A little bit 204 3 Not at all 858 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 10 Q41. Elections: opposition prevented from running 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 588 1 Sometimes 467 2 Often 69 3 Always 0 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 76 Q42a. How often careful what you say 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 249 1 Rarely 345 2 Often 316 3 Always 214 8 Refused 2 9 Don’t know 74 Q42b. How often careful which organisations joined 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 254 1 Rarely 314 2 Often 297 3 Always 253 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 82 Q42c. How often careful how vote 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 228 1 Rarely 428 2 Often 301 3 Always 189 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 54 Q42d. How often people treated unequally 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 172 1 Rarely 314 2 Often 495 3 Always 166 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 53 Q42e. How often officials unpunished 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 151 1 Rarely 280 2 Often 540 3 Always 174 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 55 Q42f. How often ordinary people unpunished 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 431 1 Rarely 400 2 Often 256 3 Always 67 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 46 Q43a. Trust president 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all 442 1 Just a little 265 2 Somewhat 308 3 A lot 146 8 Refused 5 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard enough 34 Q43b. Trust parliament/national assembly 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all 402 1 Just a little 305 2 Somewhat 315 3 A lot 97 8 Refused 3 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard enough 78 Q43c. Trust national electoral commission 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all 303 1 Just a little 314 2 Somewhat 364 3 A lot 122 8 Refused 2 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard enough 95 Q43d. Trust your elected local government council 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all 187 1 Just a little 265 2 Somewhat 475 3 A lot 238 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard enough 34 Q43e. Trust the ruling party 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all 530 1 Just a little 263 2 Somewhat 226 3 A lot 75 8 Refused 7 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard enough 99 Q43f. Trust opposition political parties 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all 404 1 Just a little 332 2 Somewhat 251 3 A lot 84 8 Refused 5 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard enough 124 Q43g. Trust police 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all 387 1 Just a little 314 2 Somewhat 356 3 A lot 130 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard enough 13 Q43h. Trust army 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all 307 1 Just a little 312 2 Somewhat 386 3 A lot 164 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard enough 30 Q43i. Trust courts of law 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all 414 1 Just a little 339 2 Somewhat 310 3 A lot 95 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard enough 42 Q43j. Trust traditional leaders 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all 83 1 Just a little 114 2 Somewhat 353 3 A lot 498 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard enough 152 Q43k. Trust religious leaders 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all 90 1 Just a little 161 2 Somewhat 377 3 A lot 537 8 Refused 2 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard enough 33 Q44a. Corruption: office of the Presidency 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 None 168 1 Some of them 492 2 Most of them 282 3 All of them 112 8 Refused 4 9 Don't know/ Haven’t heard 142 Q44b. Corruption: Members of Parliament 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 None 129 1 Some of them 561 2 Most of them 295 3 All of them 80 8 Refused 1 9 Don't know/ Haven’t heard 134 Q44c. Corruption: government officials 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 None 104 1 Some of them 533 2 Most of them 324 3 All of them 80 8 Refused 1 9 Don't know/ Haven’t heard 158 Q44d. Corruption: local government councillors 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 None 346 1 Some of them 567 2 Most of them 173 3 All of them 35 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know/ Haven’t heard 79 Q44e. Corruption: police 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 None 116 1 Some of them 508 2 Most of them 409 3 All of them 126 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know/ Haven’t heard 41 Q44f. Corruption: judges and magistrates 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 None 147 1 Some of them 494 2 Most of them 350 3 All of them 113 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know/ Haven’t heard 96 Q44g. Corruption: traditional leaders 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 None 675 1 Some of them 294 2 Most of them 43 3 All of them 19 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know/ Haven’t heard 169 Q44h. Corruption: religious leaders 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 None 728 1 Some of them 341 2 Most of them 46 3 All of them 10 8 Refused 2 9 Don't know/ Haven’t heard 73 Q44i. Corruption: business executives 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 None 214 1 Some of them 559 2 Most of them 195 3 All of them 26 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know/ Haven’t heard 206 Q44j. Corruption: non-governmental organisations 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 None 419 1 Some of them 422 2 Most of them 86 3 All of them 17 8 Refused 1 9 Don't know/ Haven’t heard 255 Q45. Level of corruption 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Increased a lot 595 2 Increased somewhat 316 3 Stayed the same 122 4 Decreased somewhat 106 5 Decreased a lot 12 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 49 Q46. Ordinary people can fight corruption 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly Disagree 84 2 Disagree 206 3 Neither Agree Nor Disagree 111 4 Agree 519 5 Strongly Agree 255 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know 24 Q47. Ordinary people can report corruption without fear 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Can report without fear 325 1 Risk retaliation 834 8 Refused 2 9 Don’t know 39 Q48a. Ordinary person: pay bribe to avoid taxes 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all likely 200 1 Not very likely 387 2 Somewhat likely 473 3 Very likely 96 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard 44 Q48b. Ordinary person: pay bribe to avoid going to court 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all likely 194 1 Not very likely 312 2 Somewhat likely 500 3 Very likely 157 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard 36 Q48c. Ordinary person: pay bribe to register land not theirs 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all likely 245 1 Not very likely 294 2 Somewhat likely 469 3 Very likely 154 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard 38 Q48d. Rich person: pay bribe to avoid taxes 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all likely 55 1 Not very likely 128 2 Somewhat likely 326 3 Very likely 654 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard 37 Q48e. Rich person: pay bribe to avoid going to court 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all likely 40 1 Not very likely 83 2 Somewhat likely 303 3 Very likely 744 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard 30 Q48f. Rich person: pay bribe to register land not theirs 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all likely 53 1 Not very likely 73 2 Somewhat likely 274 3 Very likely 770 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard 30 Q49a. Contact with public school 1200 0 1 -1 Missing 0 0 No 755 1 Yes 445 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 0 Q49b. Difficulty to obtain public school services 1200 1 7 -1 Missing 0 1 Very easy 58 2 Easy 267 3 Difficult 100 4 Very Difficult 20 7 No contact 755 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 0 Q49c. Pay bribe for public school services 1200 0 7 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 391 1 Once or twice 28 2 A few times 14 3 Often 12 7 No contact 755 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 0 Q49d. Contact with public clinic or hospital 1200 0 1 -1 Missing 0 0 No 698 1 Yes 502 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 0 Q49e. Difficulty to obtain medical care 1200 1 7 -1 Missing 0 1 Very easy 33 2 Easy 260 3 Difficult 146 4 Very Difficult 63 7 No contact 698 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 0 Q49f. Time taken to receive medical care 1200 0 7 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 4 1 After a long time 123 2 After a short time 220 3 Right away 155 7 No contact 698 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 0 Q49g. Pay bribe for medical care 1200 0 7 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 397 1 Once or twice 54 2 A few times 28 3 Often 23 7 No contact 698 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 0 Q49h. Tried to obtain identity document 1200 0 1 -1 Missing 0 0 No 620 1 Yes 580 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 0 Q49i. Difficulty to obtain identity document 1200 1 7 -1 Missing 0 1 Very easy 57 2 Easy 343 3 Difficult 151 4 Very Difficult 29 7 No contact 620 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 0 Q49j. Time taken to obtain identity document 1200 0 7 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 7 1 After a long time 164 2 After a short time 327 3 Right away 82 7 No contact 620 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 0 Q49k. Pay bribe for identity document 1200 0 7 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 455 1 Once or twice 62 2 A few times 42 3 Often 21 7 No contact 620 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 0 Q49l. Tried to obtain household services 1200 0 8 -1 Missing 0 0 No 1005 1 Yes 194 8 Refused 1 9 Don't know 0 Q49m. Difficulty to obtain household services 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very easy 4 2 Easy 35 3 Difficult 70 4 Very Difficult 84 7 No contact 1005 8 Refused 1 9 Don't know 1 Q49n. Pay bribe for household services 1200 0 7 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 166 1 Once or twice 14 2 A few times 13 3 Often 2 7 No contact 1005 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 0 Q49o. Requested police assistance 1200 0 1 -1 Missing 0 0 No 1087 1 Yes 113 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 0 Q49p. Difficulty to obtain police assistance 1200 1 7 -1 Missing 0 1 Very easy 7 2 Easy 38 3 Difficult 44 4 Very Difficult 24 7 No contact 1087 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 0 Q49q. Time taken to receive police assistance 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 16 1 After a long time 36 2 After a short time 46 3 Right away 13 7 No contact 1087 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 2 Q49r. Pay bribe to receive police assistance 1200 0 7 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 75 1 Once or twice 19 2 A few times 9 3 Often 10 7 No contact 1087 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 0 Q49s. Contact with police in other situations 1200 0 3 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 1109 1 Once or twice 56 2 A few times 21 3 Often 14 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 0 Q49t. Pay bribe to avoid problem with police 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 52 1 Once or twice 17 2 A few times 14 3 Often 7 7 No contact 1109 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 1 Q50. Respected by public officials 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all 125 1 A little bit 238 2 Somewhat 547 3 A lot 262 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know 27 Q51. Treatment by public officials compared to others 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Much Worse 57 1 Worse 190 2 Same 483 3 Better 361 4 Much Better 75 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know 33 Q52. Get correct amount when buying grain 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 177 1 Sometimes 585 2 Always 415 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 23 Q53a. Likelihood of response: reporting teacher misconduct 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all likely 127 1 Not very likely 217 2 Somewhat likely 588 3 Very likely 215 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard 53 Q53b. Likelihood of response: reporting corruption 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all likely 181 1 Not very likely 307 2 Somewhat likely 419 3 Very likely 98 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard 195 Q53c. Likelihood of response: reporting crime 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all likely 161 1 Not very likely 310 2 Somewhat likely 557 3 Very likely 119 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard 53 Q54a. MPs listen 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 886 1 Only Sometimes 212 2 Often 47 3 Always 3 8 Refused 2 9 Don’t know 50 Q54b. Local government councillors listen 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 583 1 Only Sometimes 362 2 Often 202 3 Always 16 8 Refused 2 9 Don’t know 35 Q55pt1. Most important problems - 1st response 1200 0 9999 -1 Missing 0 0 Nothing/ no problems 8 1 Management of the economy 99 2 Wages, incomes and salaries 70 3 Unemployment 91 4 Poverty/destitution 85 5 Rates and Taxes 0 6 Loans / credit 1 7 Farming/agriculture 83 8 Food shortage/famine 108 9 Drought 18 10 Land 5 11 Transportation 1 12 Communications 2 13 Infrastructure / roads 120 14 Education 29 15 Housing 0 16 Electricity 8 17 Water supply 33 18 Orphans/street children/homeless children 1 19 Services (other) 3 20 Health 34 21 AIDS 0 22 Sickness / Disease 0 23 Crime and Security 267 24 Corruption 78 25 Political violence 0 26 Political instability / ethnic tensions 11 27 Discrimination/ inequality 3 28 Gender issues / women’s rights 0 29 Democracy/political rights 1 30 War (international) 0 31 Civil war 1 32 Agricultural marketing 13 9995 Other 26 9998 Refused 0 9999 Don’t know 1 Q55pt1other. MIP - 1st response (verbatim other) 1200 1174 ANARCHIE 1 APPLICATION DES LOIS 1 ECART ENTRE RICHE ET PAUVRE 1 EGOISME / CUPIDITÉ 3 FILOUTRIE 1 INSÉCURITÉ FONCIERE 1 L’ARRIVÉE MASSIVE DES ÉTRANGERS 1 L’AUTODÉFENSE COMMUNAUTAIRE OU "DINA" 1 LA MENTALITE 7 LA MENTALITE 1 LE MANQUE DE PIETE ET DE CRAINTE DE DIEU 1 LE PRÉSIDENT DEVRAIT ETRE DESTITUE 1 LES DIRIGEANTS 1 MARASME ECONOMIQUE 1 MAUVAISE GOUVERNANACE 1 RÉSEAU TÉLÉPHONIQUE 1 SOCIAL 1 VINDICTE POPULAIRE 1 Q55pt2. Most important problems - 2nd response 1200 1 9998 -1 Missing 0 1 Management of the economy 74 2 Wages, incomes and salaries 75 3 Unemployment 67 4 Poverty/destitution 68 5 Rates and Taxes 3 6 Loans / credit 1 7 Farming/agriculture 103 8 Food shortage/famine 98 9 Drought 26 10 Land 17 11 Transportation 11 12 Communications 3 13 Infrastructure / roads 116 14 Education 68 15 Housing 2 16 Electricity 15 17 Water supply 44 18 Orphans/street children/homeless children 0 19 Services (other) 6 20 Health 69 21 AIDS 0 22 Sickness / Disease 2 23 Crime and Security 149 24 Corruption 47 25 Political violence 4 26 Political instability / ethnic tensions 9 27 Discrimination/ inequality 4 28 Gender issues / women’s rights 0 29 Democracy/political rights 7 30 War (international) 0 31 Civil war 0 32 Agricultural marketing 18 9995 Other 25 9996 No further reply 68 9998 Refused 1 Q55pt2other. MIP - 2nd response (verbatim other) 1200 1146 ABUS DE POUVOIR 1 ACCES A L'EAU POTABLE 1 ARGENT / PAUVRETE 1 ASSAINISSEMENT 1 BONNE GESTION DES RESSOURCES 1 BUREAU POUR LE "FOKONTANY" (DEMEMBREMENT DE LA MAIRIE) 1 CANAL D'ÉVACUATION D'EAU 1 CARBURANT 2 COUT DE LA VIE/ INFLATION 15 COUT DES MEDICAMENTS 1 ECOUTE DU PEUPLE 2 EDUCATION 1 EGOISME / CUPIDITÉ 2 EGOISME / CUPIDITÉ DES DIRIGEANTS 1 EXPORTATION BOVINE 1 GESTION DES EMPLOYEURS PEU SOUCIEUX DES DROITS SOCIAUX DES EMPLOYES 1 GOUVERNANCE 1 GOUVERNANCE FORESTIERE 1 INSTABILITÉ DE L’ETAT 1 LA DEMOCRATIE 1 LA DEVALUATION DE LA MONNAIE NATIONALE 1 LA MENTALITÉ 1 LA REVISION DES LOIS 1 LE CLIMAT 1 LE MANQUE D'EFFICACITE GENERALISE 1 LE MANQUE DE FERMETE 1 LE MANQUE DE PIETE ET DE CRAINTE DE DIEU 1 LE MANQUE DE RESPECT ENTRE CITOYENS 1 LE SOCIAL 1 LES DETTES EXTERIEURS 1 MAUVAISE GOUVERNANCE DANS L'ETABLISSEMENT DES PASSEPORTS DES BOVINS 1 OUTILS DE TRAVAIL 1 OUTILS DE TRAVAIL POUR LA PECHE 1 POLITIQUE POLITICIENNE 1 REFORME DE L’ETAT: INCLUSION DES AUTORITES TRADITIONNELLES PARMI LES DECIDEURS ETATIQUE 1 REFORME DU SECTEUR AGRICOLE EN MILIEU RURAL 1 REHAUSSER LA VALEUR DE LA DEVISE NATIONALE 1 Q55pt3. Most important problems - 3rd response 1200 1 9996 -1 Missing 0 1 Management of the economy 42 2 Wages, incomes and salaries 56 3 Unemployment 59 4 Poverty/destitution 43 5 Rates and Taxes 3 6 Loans / credit 2 7 Farming/agriculture 90 8 Food shortage/famine 81 9 Drought 24 10 Land 13 11 Transportation 11 12 Communications 1 13 Infrastructure / roads 92 14 Education 81 15 Housing 6 16 Electricity 28 17 Water supply 50 18 Orphans/street children/homeless children 0 19 Services (other) 5 20 Health 85 21 AIDS 0 22 Sickness / Disease 5 23 Crime and Security 101 24 Corruption 56 25 Political violence 1 26 Political instability / ethnic tensions 11 27 Discrimination/ inequality 9 28 Gender issues / women’s rights 1 29 Democracy/political rights 5 30 War (international) 0 31 Civil war 1 32 Agricultural marketing 31 9995 Other 23 9996 No further reply 184 9998 Refused 0 Q55pt3other. MIP - 3rd response (verbatim other) 1200 1168 AIDES ALIMENTAIRES 1 ALLOCATION POUR LES PAUVRES 1 ASSAINISSEMEN: CONSTRUCTION D'INFRASTRUCTURE SANITAIRE (WC) 1 ASSAINISSEMENT 1 BARRAGE AGRICOLE 1 CANAUX D'IRRIGATION 1 CREATION D’UNE NOUVELLE COMMUNE 1 DESPOTISME 1 DETOURNEMENT DE FONDS 1 ECOUTE DU PEUPLE 2 EGOISME DES POLITICIENS 1 ENVIRONNEMENT 1 EQUITE DES SALAIRES DES FONCTIONAIRES 1 EXPLOITATION ILLICITE DES RESSOURCES 1 EXPULTION DES ETRANGERS QUI S'APPROPRIENT DES RESSOURCES DU PAYS 1 FINANCEMENT DES COMMUNES 1 FORMATION EN TECHNIQUES AGRICOLES 1 GOUVERNANCE DES AIDES INTERNATIONALES 1 INTERDICTION DE LA COMMERCIALISATION DES ZEBUS FEMELLES 1 LA JUSTICE 1 LA MENTALITE 1 LAISSER LES DIRIGEANTS TRAVAILLER POUR ÉVITER LES CRISES 1 LE SPORT 1 MAUVAISE GOUVERNANCE: MANQUE DE PRISE DE RESPONSABILITE DE L'ETAT 1 PIROGUE OU PETIT BATEAU 1 PRISE EN CHARGE DES PERSONNES AGEES 1 RECONSTRUCTION APRES LES CYCLONES 1 RÉORGANISATION DE LA VIE PUBLIQUE 1 RESEAU TELEPHONIQUE 1 SALLE DE CLASSE 1 SUBVENTION DES COMMUNES 1 Q56a. Handling managing the economy 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Badly 511 2 Fairly Badly 461 3 Fairly Well 184 4 Very Well 21 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know / Haven’t heard enough 23 Q56b. Handling improving living standards of the poor 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Badly 618 2 Fairly Badly 430 3 Fairly Well 123 4 Very Well 13 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know / Haven’t heard enough 16 Q56c. Handling creating jobs 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Badly 597 2 Fairly Badly 447 3 Fairly Well 120 4 Very Well 12 8 Refused 2 9 Don't know / Haven’t heard enough 22 Q56d. Handling keeping prices stable 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Badly 809 2 Fairly Badly 291 3 Fairly Well 77 4 Very Well 17 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know / Haven’t heard enough 6 Q56e. Handling narrowing income gaps 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Badly 722 2 Fairly Badly 392 3 Fairly Well 65 4 Very Well 11 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know / Haven’t heard enough 10 Q56f. Handling reducing crime 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Badly 559 2 Fairly Badly 357 3 Fairly Well 222 4 Very Well 47 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know / Haven’t heard enough 15 Q56g. Handling improving basic health services 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Badly 279 2 Fairly Badly 375 3 Fairly Well 464 4 Very Well 71 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know / Haven’t heard enough 11 Q56h. Handling addressing educational needs 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Badly 202 2 Fairly Badly 342 3 Fairly Well 548 4 Very Well 95 8 Refused 1 9 Don't know / Haven’t heard enough 12 Q56i. Handling providing water and sanitation services 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Badly 375 2 Fairly Badly 395 3 Fairly Well 351 4 Very Well 64 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know / Haven’t heard enough 15 Q56j. Handling ensuring enough to eat 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Badly 567 2 Fairly Badly 488 3 Fairly Well 123 4 Very Well 18 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know / Haven’t heard enough 4 Q56k. Handling fighting corruption 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Badly 628 2 Fairly Badly 365 3 Fairly Well 101 4 Very Well 17 8 Refused 1 9 Don't know / Haven’t heard enough 88 Q56l. Handling maintaining roads and bridges 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Badly 654 2 Fairly Badly 319 3 Fairly Well 191 4 Very Well 32 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know / Haven’t heard enough 4 Q56m. Handling providing reliable electric supply 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Badly 660 2 Fairly Badly 361 3 Fairly Well 152 4 Very Well 12 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know / Haven’t heard enough 15 Q56n. Handling preventing election violence 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Badly 283 2 Fairly Badly 434 3 Fairly Well 246 4 Very Well 39 8 Refused 6 9 Don't know / Haven’t heard enough 192 Q56o. Handling preventing or resolving violent community conflict 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Badly 262 2 Fairly Badly 450 3 Fairly Well 335 4 Very Well 47 8 Refused 2 9 Don't know / Haven’t heard enough 104 Q56q. Handling promoting equal rights/opportunities for women 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Badly 116 2 Fairly Badly 236 3 Fairly Well 674 4 Very Well 147 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know / Haven’t heard enough 27 Q56r. Handling addressing needs of youth 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Badly 318 2 Fairly Badly 481 3 Fairly Well 312 4 Very Well 37 8 Refused 1 9 Don't know / Haven’t heard enough 51 Q56s. Handling protecting rights, promoting opportunities for disabled 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very Badly 324 2 Fairly Badly 328 3 Fairly Well 355 4 Very Well 53 8 Refused 9 9 Don't know / Haven’t heard enough 131 Q57a. Better or worse: access to medical care 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Much worse 94 2 Worse 382 3 Same 349 4 Better 332 5 Much better 40 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 3 Q57b. Better or worse: personal safety 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Much worse 145 2 Worse 326 3 Same 476 4 Better 205 5 Much better 28 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know 19 Q57c. Better or worse: government effectiveness on education 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Much worse 91 2 Worse 298 3 Same 312 4 Better 442 5 Much better 44 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know 12 Q57d. Better or worse: get assistance from police 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Much worse 151 2 Worse 331 3 Same 457 4 Better 215 5 Much better 27 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 19 Q57e. Better or worse: government assists people to resolve problems 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Much worse 178 2 Worse 372 3 Same 419 4 Better 171 5 Much better 18 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 42 Q57f. Better or worse: MPs listen 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Much worse 284 2 Worse 359 3 Same 343 4 Better 131 5 Much better 16 8 Refused 3 9 Don’t know 64 Q57g. Better or worse: equal opportunities and treatment for women 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Much worse 40 2 Worse 123 3 Same 431 4 Better 510 5 Much better 84 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 12 Q58a. Performance: President 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly Disapprove 375 2 Disapprove 408 3 Approve 322 4 Strongly Approve 67 8 Refused 12 9 Don’t know / haven't heard enough 16 Q58b. Performance: MP/National Assembly rep 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly Disapprove 222 2 Disapprove 502 3 Approve 387 4 Strongly Approve 49 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know / haven't heard enough 39 Q58c. Performance: local government councillor 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly Disapprove 81 2 Disapprove 305 3 Approve 706 4 Strongly Approve 83 7 Not applicable 0 8 Refused 2 9 Don’t know / haven't heard enough 23 Q58d. Performance: traditional leader 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly Disapprove 26 2 Disapprove 100 3 Approve 689 4 Strongly Approve 242 7 Not applicable 0 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know / haven't heard enough 142 Q58e. Performance: your Mayor 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly Disapprove 122 2 Disapprove 381 3 Approve 559 4 Strongly Approve 126 7 Not applicable 0 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know / haven't heard enough 11 Q59a. Who responsible: MPs do jobs 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 The President / Executive 242 1 The Parliament / County Assembly 107 2 Their Political Party 64 3 The Voters 688 4 No One 10 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know 88 Q59b. Who responsible: local councillors do jobs 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 The President / Executive 70 1 The Parliament / County Assembly 156 2 Their Political Party 103 3 The Voters 762 4 No One 18 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know 90 Q59c. Who responsible: president does job 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 The President / Executive 67 1 The Parliament / County Assembly 173 2 Their Political Party 79 3 The Voters 799 4 No One 19 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know 62 Q60a. Feared violence in neighbourhood 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No, Never 983 1 Yes, feared but didn't experience 173 2 Yes, Feared and experienced 42 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 2 Q60b. Feared violence at political event 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No, Never 1088 1 Yes, feared but didn't experience 93 2 Yes, Feared and experienced 7 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 12 Q60c. Feared violence during public protest 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No, Never 1064 1 Yes, feared but didn't experience 99 2 Yes, Feared and experienced 10 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 27 Q61a. Armed forces protect from security threats 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Never 115 2 Rarely 341 3 Sometimes 411 4 Often 187 5 Always 111 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know / Haven’t heard enough 35 Q61b. Armed forces get necessary resources 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Never 136 2 Rarely 262 3 Sometimes 369 4 Often 147 5 Always 71 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know / Haven’t heard enough 215 Q61c. Armed forces are professional and respectful to citizens 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Never 123 2 Rarely 326 3 Sometimes 447 4 Often 189 5 Always 91 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know / Haven’t heard enough 24 Q62. Free to move when public security threatened vs impose curfews 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Agree very strongly with 1 68 2 Agree with 1 113 3 Agree with 2 458 4 Agree very strongly with 2 545 5 Agree with neither 10 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 6 Q63. Government should monitor private communication vs right to privacy 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Agree very strongly with 1 246 2 Agree with 1 412 3 Agree with 2 281 4 Agree very strongly with 2 174 5 Agree with neither 60 8 Refused 1 9 Don't know 26 Q64 Absolute freedom of religion vs government regulates what is said 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Agree very strongly with 1 386 2 Agree with 1 411 3 Agree with 2 234 4 Agree very strongly with 2 108 5 Agree with neither 41 8 Refused 3 9 Don't know 17 Q65. Country governed by religious law vs secular law 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Agree very strongly with 1 254 2 Agree with 1 271 3 Agree with 2 321 4 Agree very strongly with 2 281 5 Agree with neither 51 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 22 Q66. Difficulty to move across borders 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Very difficult 316 2 Difficult 331 3 Easy 82 4 Very easy 12 7 Never try 334 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know 124 Q67. Lived outside country 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No 1091 1 Yes 104 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 5 Q68a. Considered emigration to other country 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Not at all 1038 1 A little bit 100 2 Somewhat 22 3 A lot 35 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 5 Q68b. Planned emigration to other country 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 You are not currently making any specific plans or preparations 135 1 You are planning to move in the next year or two but not yet making preparations 21 2 You are currently making preparations to move, like getting a visa 1 7 Not applicable 1038 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 5 Q69. Most likely country for emigration 1200 1 99 -1 Missing 0 1 Mauritius 15 2 Another country in East Africa and Indian Ocean 5 3 Elsewhere in Africa 7 4 Europe 86 5 North America 18 6 Central/South America 3 7 Middle East 2 8 Asia 6 9 Australia 1 10 Outside of Africa 8 97 Not applicable 1038 98 Refused 0 99 Don't know 11 Q70. Most important reason for emigrating 1200 1 9999 -1 Missing 0 1 Find work 95 2 Economic hardship 9 3 Lower taxes at destination 0 4 Poverty 19 5 Poor infrastructure/ services 2 6 Better business prospects 1 7 Natural Disasters 0 8 Better democratic environment 2 9 Political persecution 0 10 Religious persecution 0 11 Civil war 0 12 Crime 4 13 Better schools 0 14 Better medical services 0 15 To pursue an education 9 16 To accompany family members who are moving for work 4 17 To join spouse/ family members who have already migrated 3 18 Travel/tourism/adventure/experience other cultures 7 9995 Other 2 9997 Not applicable 1038 9998 Refused 0 9999 Don’t know 5 Q70other. Most important reason for emigrating (verbatim) 1200 1198 QUALITE DE VIE ET LA MENTALITE DU PEUPLE AU NIVEAU DU PAYS D'ACCUEIL 1 VACANCE 1 Q71. Climate conditions compared to ten years ago 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No experience 59 1 Much worse 440 2 Worse 440 3 About the same 129 4 Better 104 5 Much better 18 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know/Haven’t heard enough to say 10 Q72a. Severity of droughts 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Much more severe 670 2 Somewhat more severe 304 3 Stayed the same 168 4 Somewhat less severe 51 5 Much less severe 3 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 4 Q72b. Severity of flooding 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Much more severe 514 2 Somewhat more severe 296 3 Stayed the same 310 4 Somewhat less severe 66 5 Much less severe 11 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 3 Q73a. Heard about climate change 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No 548 1 Yes 646 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know/Haven't heard enough 6 Q73b. Climage change: meaning 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Negative changes in the weather 547 2 Positive changes in the weather 70 3 Other changes in weather patterns 33 7 Not applicable 548 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know/ Haven’t heard enough 2 Q74. Climate change: main cause 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Human Activity 431 2 Natural processes 112 3 Both human activity and natural processes 106 4 None of these 0 7 Not applicable 548 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know / Haven’t heard enough 3 Q75. Climate change: affecting country 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Much better 10 2 Somewhat better 26 3 Neither/ no change / about the same 86 4 Somewhat worse 264 5 Much worse 264 7 Not applicable 548 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know / Haven’t heard enough to say 2 Q76. Climate change needs to be stopped? By ordinary people? 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No, climate change doesn’t need to be stopped 39 1 Yes, Ordinary Malagasy can do nothing at all 100 2 Yes, Ordinary Malagasy can do a little bit 294 3 Yes, Ordinary Malagasy can do a lot 215 7 Not applicable 548 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 4 Q77a. Girls and boys have equal chance at education 1200 1 8 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly Disagree 1 2 Disagree 10 3 Neither Agree Nor Disagree 12 4 Agree 436 5 Strongly Agree 740 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know 0 Q77b. Women and men have equal chance to earn income 1200 1 8 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly Disagree 1 2 Disagree 10 3 Neither Agree Nor Disagree 13 4 Agree 471 5 Strongly Agree 704 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know 0 Q77c. Women and men have equal chance of paying job 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly Disagree 3 2 Disagree 17 3 Neither Agree Nor Disagree 14 4 Agree 541 5 Strongly Agree 623 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 2 Q77d. Women and men have equal chance to own/inherit land 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly Disagree 19 2 Disagree 73 3 Neither Agree Nor Disagree 43 4 Agree 466 5 Strongly Agree 597 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 2 Q78a. Justified for parents to physically discipline children 1200 1 3 -1 Missing 0 1 Never justified 279 2 Sometimes justified 675 3 Always justified 246 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 0 Q78b. Justified for men to beat their wives 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Never justified 1150 2 Sometimes justified 35 3 Always justified 13 8 Refused 1 9 Don't know 1 Q79a_MAD. Mob justice in locality/commune 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No, Never 883 1 Yes, often 38 2 Yes, Sometimes 104 3 Yes, One or two times 160 8 Refused 1 9 Don't know 14 Q79b_MAD. Agree with practice of mob justice 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Strongly Agree 167 1 Agree 325 2 Neither agree nor disagree 144 3 Disagree 291 4 Strongly disagree 271 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 2 Q79c_MAD. Mob justice is effective vs incites violence 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Agree very strongly with 1 289 2 Agree with 1 367 3 Agree with 2 257 4 Agree very strongly with 2 191 5 Agree with neither 89 8 Refused 1 9 Don't know 6 Q80a_MAD. Mob justice justified: Theft of cows 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Never justified 384 2 Sometimes justified 337 3 Always justified 476 8 Refused 1 9 Don't know 2 Q80b_MAD. Mob justice justified: Burglary/Property theft 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Never justified 597 2 Sometimes justified 340 3 Always justified 261 8 Refused 1 9 Don't know 1 Q80c_MAD. Mob justice justified: Shoplifting/Pickpocketing 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Never justified 857 2 Sometimes justified 222 3 Always justified 118 8 Refused 1 9 Don't know 2 Q80d_MAD. Mob justice justified: Rape 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Never justified 383 2 Sometimes justified 276 3 Always justified 533 8 Refused 1 9 Don't know 7 Q81a_MAD. Existence of "Dina" in locality 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No, none 311 1 Yes, one or two 421 2 Yes, some 291 3 Yes, several 166 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 11 Q81b_MAD. Types of "Dina" in locality 1200 1 95 -1 Missing 0 1 Dina for theft of cows 311 2 Dina for hygiene and sanitation 151 3 Dina for protection of natural resources and environment 50 4 Dina related to tradition 118 5 Dina linked to illegal firearms 6 7 Not applicable 322 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 2 95 None of these/Other 240 Q81c_MAD. Types of "Dina" sanctions introduced 1200 1 95 -1 Missing 0 1 No sanctions 12 2 Fine in cash 638 3 Confiscation of property 27 4 Corporal punishment 113 5 A combination of these 67 7 Not applicable 322 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 2 95 Other 19 Q81d_MAD. The "Dina" promote social order vs it has no merit 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Agree very strongly with 1 604 2 Agree with 1 458 3 Agree with 2 80 4 Agree very strongly with 2 40 5 Agree with neither 8 8 Refused 2 9 Don't know 8 Q82a_MAD. Agree with merger of primary and middle school 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly disagree 299 2 Disagree 408 3 Neither agree nor disagree 66 4 Agree 267 5 Strongly agree 140 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 20 Q82b_MAD. Agree with the removal of the CEPE 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly disagree 527 2 Disagree 381 3 Neither agree nor disagree 39 4 Agree 157 5 Strongly agree 80 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 16 Q82c_MAD. Agree with the change to the school calendar 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly disagree 211 2 Disagree 278 3 Neither agree nor disagree 72 4 Agree 357 5 Strongly agree 264 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 18 Q83a_MAD. Problem with public school: Too expensive 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 310 1 One or two times 121 2 Sometimes 169 3 Often 140 7 No experience with schools in the past 12 months 455 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 5 Q83b_MAD. Problem with public school: Lack of textbooks/supplies 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 218 1 One or two times 110 2 Sometimes 193 3 Often 161 7 No experience with schools in the past 12 months 515 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 3 Q83c_MAD. Problem with public school: Poor quality of teaching 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 272 1 One or two times 82 2 Sometimes 169 3 Often 157 7 No experience with schools in the past 12 months 515 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 5 Q83d_MAD. Problem with public school: Absent teachers 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 287 1 One or two times 90 2 Sometimes 164 3 Often 139 7 No experience with schools in the past 12 months 515 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 5 Q83e_MAD. Problem with public school: Overcrowded classes 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 267 1 One or two times 74 2 Sometimes 135 3 Often 205 7 No experience with schools in the past 12 months 515 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 4 Q83f_MAD. Problem with public school: Poor infrastructure 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 238 1 One or two times 72 2 Sometimes 160 3 Often 211 7 No experience with schools in the past 12 months 515 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 4 Q84. Ethnic community, cultural group or tribe 1200 420 9999 -1 Missing 0 420 Antakarana 24 421 Antandroy 59 422 Antanosy 21 423 Antefasy 12 424 Antembahoaka 9 425 Antemoro 45 426 Antesaka 58 427 Bara 24 428 Betsileo 169 429 Betsimisaraka 170 430 Bezanozano 12 431 Mahafafly 15 432 Merina 343 433 Sakalava 78 434 Sihanaka 20 435 Tanala 10 436 Tsimiety 75 437 Vezo 19 438 Masikoro 11 9990 Malagasy only or “doesn’t think of self in those terms” 4 9995 Other 21 9998 Refused 0 9999 Don't know 1 Q84other. Ethnic community, cultural group or tribe (verbatim) 1200 1168 AMBANIANDRO 4 ANJOATY 1 BETANIMENA 2 BETSIREBAKA 1 BISARAKA 1 DAKOTRAKE 1 MAKOA 2 MASIKORO 4 MASOKORO 7 RANOMENA 2 TANALAGNA 1 TANALAPATSY 1 TOMAROABO 3 VALOVOTAKA 1 ZAFISORO 1 Q85a. Ethnic group treated unfairly 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 1122 1 Sometimes 55 2 Often 7 3 Always 0 7 Not applicable 5 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know 10 Q85b. Ethnic or national identity 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 I feel only (ethnic group) 32 2 I feel more (ethnic group) than (national identity) 125 3 I feel equally (national identity) and (ethnic group) 491 4 I feel more (national identity) than (ethnic group) 198 5 I feel only (national identity) 348 7 Not applicable 5 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 1 Q86a. Experienced discrimination based on gender 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 1143 1 Once or twice 19 2 Several times 29 3 Many times 8 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 1 Q86b. Experienced discrimination based on religion 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 1133 1 Once or twice 26 2 Several times 26 3 Many times 13 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 2 Q86c. Experienced discrimination based on ethnicity 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 1144 1 Once or twice 23 2 Several times 21 3 Many times 11 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 1 Q86d. Experienced discrimination based on disability 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 95 1 Once or twice 4 2 Several times 2 3 Many times 0 7 Not applicable (no disability) 1098 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 1 Q87a. Neighbours: people of different religion 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly dislike 34 2 Somewhat dislike 73 3 Would not care 662 4 Somewhat like 258 5 Strongly like 172 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 1 Q87b. Neighbours: people of different ethnicity 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly dislike 17 2 Somewhat dislike 71 3 Would not care 694 4 Somewhat like 246 5 Strongly like 170 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know 1 Q87c. Neighbours: homosexuals 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly dislike 977 2 Somewhat dislike 87 3 Would not care 92 4 Somewhat like 19 5 Strongly like 15 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know 9 Q87d. Neighbours: immigrants and foreign workers 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Strongly dislike 157 2 Somewhat dislike 157 3 Would not care 534 4 Somewhat like 188 5 Strongly like 159 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 5 Q88a. Close to political party 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No, not close to any party 758 1 Yes, feels close to a party 346 8 Refused 43 9 Don't know 53 Q88b. Which party 1200 422 9999 -1 Missing 0 420 AKFM (Antokon’ny Kongresin’ny Fahaleovantenan’i Madagasikara) 0 421 AKFM Fanavaozana (Antokon’ny Kongresin’ny Fahaleovantenan’i Madagasikara Fanavaozana) 0 422 AME (Antoko Miombon’Ezaka) 1 423 Antoko Maintso (Hasin’i Madagasikara) 0 424 AREMA (Antokin’ny REvolisiona Malagasy) 15 425 AVI (Asa Vita no Ifampitsarana) 1 426 CRN-AFFA 0 427 GRAD ILOAFO (Groupe de Réflexion pour le Développement à Madagascar) 0 428 LEADER FANILO (Libéralisme Economique et Action DEmocratique pour la Réconciliation ) 5 429 Mahaleo tena 2 430 MAMAFISOA (Malagasy MAndroso ao anatin’ny FIhavanana sy ny SOAtoavina) 0 431 MFM (Mitolona ho amin’ny Fampandrosoana) 0 432 MDM (Miara Mientana ho an’ny Demokrasia) 1 433 MONIMA (MOuvement National pour l’Indépendance de Madagascar) 1 434 MTS (Malagasy Tonga Saina) 2 435 RPSD-Vaovao (Rassemblement pour la Social Démocratie) 1 436 TEZA 0 437 TGV (Tanora malaGasy Vonona) 35 438 TIM (Tiako i Madagasikara) 122 439 UNDD (Union Nationale pour le Développement et la Démocratie) 0 440 MAPAR (Miaraka Amin’ny Prezida Andry Rajoelina) 32 441 HVM (Hery Vaovao ho an’I Madagasikara) 74 442 Vitantsika io 0 443 MMM (Malagasy Miara-Miainga) 3 9995 Other 22 9997 Not Applicable 854 9998 Refused 19 9999 Don't know 10 Q88bother. Which party (verbatim) 1200 1178 ADN 1 ANTOKO MARINA 1 ANTOKO POLITIKAM-PIVAVAHANA 1 DIDIER RATSIRAKA 3 EDGARD RAZAFINDRAVAHA 1 FRIDOM 1 HERY RAJAONARIMAMPIANINA 1 INDEPENDANT 1 MAMPIRAY 1 MARC RAVALOMANANA 2 NICOLAS HVM 1 PstMAIHOL 1 RAJOELINA ANDRY 1 RAVALOMANANA 3 RAVALOMANANA MARC 1 RPSD 1 VONJY IRAY TSY MIVAKY 1 Q89a. Own radio 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No, don’t own 392 1 Yes, someone else owns 108 2 Yes, do own 698 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 2 Q89b. Own television 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No, don’t own 869 1 Yes, someone else owns 61 2 Yes, do own 259 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 11 Q89c. Own motor vehicle, car or motorcycle 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No, don’t own 1088 1 Yes, someone else owns 34 2 Yes, do own 61 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know 16 Q89d. Own computer 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No, don’t own 1105 1 Yes, someone else owns 23 2 Yes, do own 59 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 13 Q89e. Own bank account 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No, don’t own 1067 1 Yes, someone else owns 36 2 Yes, do own 85 8 Refused 1 9 Don’t know 11 Q89f. Own mobile phone 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No, don’t own 551 1 Yes, someone else owns 93 2 Yes, do own 552 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 4 Q90. Mobile phone access to internet 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 No, does not have internet access 353 1 Yes, has internet 197 7 Not applicable 648 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 2 Q91a. How often use a mobile phone 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 1089 1 Less than once a month 16 2 A few times a month 20 3 A few times a week 41 4 Everyday 32 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 2 Q91b. How often use the internet 1200 0 9 -1 Missing 0 0 Never 1063 1 Less than once a month 17 2 A few times a month 16 3 A few times a week 59 4 Everyday 43 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 2 Q92a. Source of water for household use 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Inside the house 38 2 Inside the compound 433 3 Outside the compound 703 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 26 Q92b. Location of toilet or latrine 1200 0 8 -1 Missing 0 0 No latrine 190 1 Inside the house 44 2 Inside the compound 765 3 Outside the compound 200 8 Refused 1 9 Don't know 0 Q93. Electric connection from mains 1200 0 5 -1 Missing 0 0 No mains electric supply or connection to the home 926 1 Never 3 2 Occasionally 47 3 About half of the time 24 4 Most of the time 92 5 All of the time 108 8 Refused 0 9 Don't know 0 Q94. Employment status 1200 0 3 -1 Missing 0 0 No, not looking 556 1 No, looking 209 2 Yes, part time 178 3 Yes, full time 257 8 Refused 0 9 Don’t know 0 Q95a. Occupation of respondent 1200 0 99 -1 Missing 0 0 Never had a job 38 1 Student 39 2 Housewife / homemaker 30 3 Agriculture / farming / fishing / forestry 749 4 Trader / hawker / vendor 86 5 Retail / Shop 47 6 Unskilled manual worker 10 7 Artisan or skilled manual worker 51 8 Clerical or secretarial 21 9 Supervisor / Foreman / Senior Manager 7 10 Security services 8 11 Mid-level professional 50 12 Upper-level professional 5 95 Other 58 98 Refused 0 99 Don’t know 1 Q95b. Employer of respondent 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 Works for self 945 2 Private sector 82 3 Non Governmental Organizations / Civil society sector 3 4 Government 61 7 Not applicable 107 8 Refused 1 9 Don't know 1 Q95c. Who decides how money is used 1200 1 9 -1 Missing 0 1 You make the decisions yourself 287 2 Your spouse makes the decisions 71 3 You make the decisions jointly with your spouse 761 4 You make the decisions jointly with other family members 18 5 Other family members make the decisions without you 17 6 None of the above / Some other response 23 7 Not applicable, no earnings 17 8 Refused 2 9 Don’t know 4 Q96a. Head of household 1200 1 12 -1 Missing 0 1 You (respondent) 685 2 Respondent's spouse 403 3 Respondent's father 62 4 Respondent's mother 37 5 Respondent's son 5 6 Respondent's daughter 1 7 Respondent's grandfather 1 8 Respondent's grandmother 1 9 Another male relative 2 10 Another female relative 2 11 Someone else 0 12 More than one person 1 98 Refused 0 99 Don’t know 0 Q96b. Occupation of head of household 1200 0 98 -1 Missing 0 0 Never had a job 9 1 Student 3 2 Housewife / homemaker 3 3 Agriculture / farming / fishing / forestry 346 4 Trader / hawker / vendor 37 5 Retail / Shop 11 6 Unskilled manual worker 4 7 Artisan or skilled manual worker 26 8 Clerical or secretarial 5 9 Supervisor / Foreman / Senior Manager 3 10 Security services 9 11 Mid-level professional 22 12 Upper-level professional 4 95 Other 31 97 Not applicable (respondent is head of household) 685 98 Refused 2 99 Don’t know 0 Q97. Education of respondent 1200 0 98 -1 Missing 0 0 No formal schooling 128 1 Informal schooling only 9 2 Some primary schooling 376 3 Primary school completed 178 4 Some secondary school / high school 322 5 Secondary school / high school completed 117 6 Post-secondary qualifications, other than university 5 7 Some university 46 8 University completed 16 9 Post-graduate 1 98 Refused 2 99 Don’t know 0 Q98. Religion of respondent 1200 0 9999 -1 Missing 0 0 None 153 1 Christian only 7 2 Roman Catholic 467 3 Orthodox 1 4 Coptic 0 5 Anglican 15 6 Lutheran 153 7 Methodist 0 8 Presbyterian 1 9 Baptist 0 10 Quaker / Friends 0 11 Mennonite 0 12 Evangelical 3 13 Pentecostal 19 14 Independent 4 15 Jehovah’s Witness 10 16 Seventh Day Adventist 19 17 Mormon 0 18 Muslim only 24 19 Sunni only 1 20 Ismaeli 0 21 Mouridiya Brotherhood 0 22 Tijaniya Brotherhood 0 23 Qadiriya Brotherhood 0 24 Shia 0 25 Traditional / ethnic religion 18 26 Hindu 0 27 Bahai 0 28 Agnostic 0 29 Atheist 0 30 Dutch Reformed 0 31 Calvinist 243 32 Church of Christ 1 33 Zionist Christian Church 0 34 Jewish 1 420 Apokalypsy 0 9995 Other 57 9998 Refused 1 9999 Don't know 2 Q98other. Religion of respondent (verbatim) 1200 1143 ADVENTISTE 2 APOKALIPSIA 1 APOKALYPSY 4 APOSTOLIKA 1 APOSTOLY 1 ARAMPILATSARA 1 ARAMPILAZANTSARA 1 ARAMPILAZATSARA 1 AREMA 2 ASSEMBLE DE DIEU 1 ASSEMBLEE DE DIEU 1 ASSEMBLER DE DIEU 1 BAPTISTE 1 C.I.M 1 CIM COMMUNOTE INVENGELIQUE DE MADAGASCAR 1 FFJT 1 FIANGONANA FIFOHAZANA SOATANANA 1 FIFOHAZANA 5 FIFOHAZANA SOATANANA 1 FIKRIFA FIANGONANA KRISTY FANDRESENA 1 FMFOI 1 FOMBAN-DRAZANA 1 FOMBAN -DRAANA 1 FOMBANDRAZANA 1 FPVM 1 FVKFM 2 JENTILISY 1 JESOSY FAMONJENA 1 JESOSY FAMONJENA ANTSIKA 1 JESOSY FITIAVANA 1 JESOSY MAMONJY 4 METM 1 MINO AN'ANDRIAMANITRA 1 RAZANA 6 REMA 1 RHEMA 1 RHEMA DE MADAGASCAR 1 RHEMA FAMONJENA 1 SHINE 1 Q99. Vote for which party 1200 422 9999 -1 Missing 0 420 AKFM (Antokon’ny Kongresin’ny Fahaleovantenan’i Madagasikara) 0 421 AKFM Fanavaozana (Antokon’ny Kongresin’ny Fahaleovantenan’i Madagasikara Fanavaozana) 0 422 AME (Antoko Miombon’Ezaka) 1 423 Antoko Maintso (Hasin’i Madagasikara) 0 424 AREMA (Antokin’ny REvolisiona Malagasy) 17 425 AVI (Asa Vita no Ifampitsarana) 4 426 CRN-AFFA 0 427 GRAD ILOAFO (Groupe de Réflexion pour le Développement à Madagascar) 0 428 LEADER FANILO (Libéralisme Economique et Action DEmocratique pour la Réconciliation ) 6 429 Mahaleo tena 6 430 MAMAFISOA (Malagasy MAndroso ao anatin’ny FIhavanana sy ny SOAtoavina) 0 431 MFM (Mitolona ho amin’ny Fampandrosoana) 0 432 MDM (Miara Mientana ho an’ny Demokrasia) 0 433 MONIMA (MOuvement National pour l’Indépendance de Madagascar) 1 434 MTS (Malagasy Tonga Saina) 0 435 RPSD-Vaovao (Rassemblement pour la Social Démocratie) 0 436 TEZA 0 437 TGV (Tanora malaGasy Vonona) 57 438 TIM (Tiako i Madagasikara) 187 439 UNDD (Union Nationale pour le Développement et la Démocratie) 0 440 MAPAR (Miaraka Amin’ny Prezida Andry Rajoelina) 47 441 HVM (Hery Vaovao ho an’I Madagasikara) 86 442 Vitantsika io 0 443 MMM (Malagasy Miara-Miainga) 5 9995 Other 34 9997 Not Applicable 68 9998 Refused 138 9999 Don't know 543 Q99other. Vote for which party (verbatim) 1200 1166 ADN 1 ANDRY RAJOELINA 3 ANTOKO MAMPIRAY 1 ANTOKO MARINA 1 ANTOKOM-PINOANA 1 ANTOKOM BEHIVAVY 1 ARA-PIVAVAHANA 1 DIDIER RATSIRAKA 1 FRIDOM 1 HERY RAJAONARIMAMPIANINA 1 IARAKA ISIKA 1 MARC RAVALOMANANA 4 MAURICE 1 MPITONDRA FIVAVAHANA 1 MPITONDRA FIVAVAHANA NO FIDIKO 1 NY MBOLA HO AVY 1 NY VADINY 1 OLOMBAOVAO 1 PASTEUR MAHIOL 1 PST MAIHOL 1 RATSIRAKA 1 RAVALOMANANA 1 RAVALOMANANA MARC 4 ROLLAND RATSIRAKA 1 SUIVRE LES CONSIGNES DU FOKONTANY/QUARTIER OU AUTORITE LOCALE 1 UN CANDIDAT QUI N'EST PAS DU POUVOIR ACTUEL 1 Q100. Perceived survey sponsor 1200 0 99 -1 Missing 0 0 No one 2 1 Afrobarometer 701 2 Research Company 27 3 Non-government or religious organization 68 4 University / School / College 1 5 Private company 82 6 Media 1 7 Political party or politician 11 8 Government 193 9 International organization or another country 7 10 God 9 95 Other 20 98 Refused 4 99 Don’t know 74 1200 Length of interview 1200 -1 252.054866666667 -1 Missing 24 Q101. Gender of respondent 1200 1 2 1 Male 599 2 Female 601 Q102. Race of respondent 1200 1 9995 1 Black / African 1192 2 White / European 5 3 Coloured / Mixed race 2 4 Arab / Lebanese / North African 0 5 South Asian 0 6 East Asian 0 9995 Other 1 9999 Don't know 0 Q102other. Race of respondent (verbatim) 1200 1199 MALAGASY 1 Q103. Language of interview 1200 2 420 2 French 1 420 Malagasy 1199 9995 Other 0 Q104. Type of shelter of respondent 1200 1 5 1 Non-traditional / formal house 174 2 Traditional house / hut 971 3 Temporary structure / shack 41 4 Flat in a block of flats 8 5 Single room in a larger dwelling structure or backyard 6 7 Hostel in an industrial compound or farming compound 0 8 Other 0 Q105. Roof of respondent’s home 1200 1 10 1 Metal, aluminum, tin or zinc 551 2 Tiles 47 3 Shingles 44 4 Thatch or grass 516 5 Plastic sheets 12 6 Asbestos 15 7 Multiple materials 2 8 Concrete 8 9 Some other material 4 10 Could not tell / could not see 1 Q106. Others present 1200 1 4 1 No one 994 2 Spouse only 78 3 Children only 84 4 A few others 44 5 Small crowd 0 Q107a. Check with others 1200 0 1 0 No 1169 1 Yes 31 Q107b. Influence by others 1200 0 1 0 No 1184 1 Yes 16 Q107c. Approached by community/party representatives 1200 0 1 0 No 1192 1 Yes 8 Q107d. Feel threatened 1200 0 0 No 1200 1 Yes 0 Q107e. Physically threatened 1200 0 0 No 1200 1 Yes 0 Q108. Proportion difficulty answering 1200 0 4 0 None 36 1 Few 15 2 Some 38 3 Most 371 4 All 740 Q110a. Respondent friendly 1200 1 3 1 Friendly 1076 2 In between 122 3 Hostile 2 Q110b. Respondent interested 1200 1 3 1 Interested 946 2 In between 241 3 Bored 13 Q110c. Respondent cooperative 1200 1 3 1 Cooperative 1039 2 In between 147 3 Uncooperative 14 Q110d. Respondent patient 1200 1 3 1 Patient 1020 2 In between 163 3 Impatient 17 Q110e. Respondent at ease 1200 1 3 1 At ease 970 2 In between 224 3 Suspicious 6 Q110f. Respondent honest 1200 1 3 1 Honest 1025 2 In between 165 3 Misleading 10 Q112. Interviewer Number 1200 MAD02 8 MAD04 2 MAD05 3 MAD10 4 MAD12 40 MAD13 40 MAD14 40 MAD15 40 MAD16 40 MAD17 44 MAD18 44 MAD19 48 MAD20 51 MAD21 49 MAD22 52 MAD23 30 MAD24 30 MAD25 30 MAD26 28 MAD27 54 MAD28 55 MAD29 28 MAD30 32 MAD31 40 MAD32 40 MAD33 40 MAD34 40 MAD35 40 MAD36 40 MAD37 44 MAD38 48 MAD39 36 MAD40 40 Q113. Interviewer’s age 1200 21 58 21 52 23 70 24 44 25 138 26 120 27 99 28 109 29 84 31 82 32 48 33 48 36 72 39 93 44 3 46 28 47 30 48 36 54 4 58 40 Q114. Interviewer’s gender 1200 1 2 1 Male 775 2 Female 425 Q115. Interviewer rural or urban 1200 1 2 1 Rural 647 2 Urban 553 Q116. Interviewer's home language 1200 420 421 1 English 0 2 French 0 420 "Official" Malagasy 842 421 Malagasy with regional dialect 358 422 Chinese 0 423 Comorian 0 424 Indo-pakistani 0 9995 Other 0 9998 Refused 0 9999 Don't know 0 Q117. Interviewer's ethnic group or tribe 1200 423 436 420 Antakarana 0 421 Antandroy 0 422 Antanosy 0 423 Antefasy 48 424 Antembahoaka 0 425 Antemoro 3 426 Antesaka 84 427 Bara 0 428 Betsileo 164 429 Betsimisaraka 52 430 Bezanozano 110 431 Mahafafly 0 432 Merina 528 433 Sakalava 0 434 Sihanaka 127 435 Tanala 0 436 Tsimiety 84 437 Vezo 0 9995 Other 0 9998 Refused 0 9999 Don't know 0 Q118. Interviewer's education 1200 5 8 3 Primary school completed 0 4 Some secondary school / high school 0 5 Secondary school / high school completed 34 6 Post-secondary qualifications, other than university 0 7 Some university 673 8 University completed 493 9 Post graduate 0 Q119. Other spoken languages_first 1200 1 421 1 English 268 2 French 660 420 "Official" Malagasy 236 421 Malagasy with regional dialect 36 422 Chinese 0 423 Comorian 0 424 Indo-pakistani 0 9995 Other 0 9996 No further reply 0 Q119. Other spoken languages_second 1200 2 9996 1 English 0 2 French 268 420 "Official" Malagasy 660 421 Malagasy with regional dialect 84 422 Chinese 0 423 Comorian 0 424 Indo-pakistani 0 9995 Other 0 9996 No further reply 188 Q119. Other spoken languages_third 1200 420 9996 1 English 0 2 French 0 420 "Official" Malagasy 268 421 Malagasy with regional dialect 468 422 Chinese 0 423 Comorian 0 424 Indo-pakistani 0 9995 Other 0 9996 No further reply 464 Q119. Other spoken languages_fourth 1200 421 9996 1 English 0 2 French 0 420 "Official" Malagasy 0 421 Malagasy with regional dialect 238 422 Chinese 0 423 Comorian 0 424 Indo-pakistani 0 9995 Other 0 9996 No further reply 962 within country weighting factor 1200 0.660679300593285 1.40809580456815