Questionnaires
This study employed two questionnaires, both of which were written in English and translated into local languages (Danmgbe, Twi, Dagbani, Ewe, Hausa) for use in the field:
1. The Community questionnaire, administered once in each of the 100 communities, and
2. The Household questionnaire, administered to 12 households per community.
NORC's terms of reference instructed, to the extent possible, to use the questions from the fifth round of the Ghana Living Standard Survey (GLSS5+) as adapted for use in gathering baseline information. Their questionnaire replicated questions from the GLSS5+ in the household survey and the community survey.
NORC also drew on three other sources in developing the questionnaire. First, they consulted the questionnaire employed in the baseline data collection for the impact evaluation of the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC)-supported water improvement project in Lesotho. Second, they studied the structure and the precise wording of questions employed in water usage surveys conducted by UNICEF, the Development and Health Survey, and the Environmental Health Project (USAID) that have set international standards and conventions. Third, they employed some questions from the Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire-II (CWIQ).
Questions on water supply, cost and usage differ in several areas from those in the GLSS5+ in order to obtain more accurate and comprehensive information on time spent acquiring water, the quantity acquired, the source of water by the purpose for which it was used, and hygiene related to water usage.
The total interview time budgeted was 90 minutes, of which the majority is allocated to the all-important water sector questions.
Throughout the process of questionnaire development, NORC continuously consulted with and sought feedback from MiDA.
The household surveys includes modules on:
-Introduction: Respondent consent and name(s), language, housing, occupancy status.
-Household Members: Basic information on each household member, including age, gender, marital status, and other topics.
-Household Education: Education information on each household member.
-Household Health in the Last Two Weeks: Information on each household member's health in the last two weeks, including illness type, symptoms, treatment, length, severity, and other information.
-Activity Status, Primary and Secondary Occupations - Last 12 Months: Information on each household member's occupations in the last 12 months, including job type, payment, amount of work done, and other information.
-Water Use and Sources: Information on the household's use of different types of water sources, including the amount of water fetched, the time spent fetching water, cost, and uses.
-Toilets and Hygiene: Information on the household's use of toilets and hygiene practices.
-Household Unit, Durables, Fuel, Poverty Predictors: Information on materials used for household construction, ownership of durables, fuel use, and several poverty predictors.
The community survey includes modules on:
-Screening: Information on the community's history of water system improvement.
-Public Water Facilities: Information on the facilities available to households within the community, including type of facility, number in the community, condition, and builder of the facility.
-Schools Within a 30 Min. Walking Travel Time or 5KM Radius of Village: Information on all schools in or near the village, including name, type, year of establishment, and levels taught.