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Incentivizing Sanitation Uptake and Sustainable Usage through Micro Health Insurance, Impact Evaluation 2017
Endline Survey

India, 2017 - 2018
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Reference ID
IND_2017_ISUSUIE-EL_v01_M
Producer(s)
Orazio Attansio, Britta Augsburg
Metadata
DDI/XML JSON
Study website
Created on
Feb 27, 2024
Last modified
Feb 27, 2024
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108449
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513
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Questionnaires
Client Questionnaire 2017
Download [PDF, 6.64 MB]
Author(s) Institute of Fiscal Studies, University of London
Country India
Download http://catalog.ihsn.org//catalog/11933/download/103503
Community (Village) Questionnaire 2017
Download [PDF, 1.06 MB]
Author(s) Institute of Fiscal Studies, University of London
Country India
Download http://catalog.ihsn.org//catalog/11933/download/103504
Household (Clients) Questionnaire 2017
Download [PDF, 12.42 MB]
Author(s) Institute of Fiscal Studies, University of London
Country India
Download http://catalog.ihsn.org//catalog/11933/download/103507
Household (Non-Clients) Questionnaire 2017
Download [PDF, 13.33 MB]
Author(s) Institute of Fiscal Studies, University of London
Country India
Download http://catalog.ihsn.org//catalog/11933/download/103508
Mason Questionnaire 2017
Download [PDF, 6.23 MB]
Author(s) Institute of Fiscal Studies, University of London
Country India
Download http://catalog.ihsn.org//catalog/11933/download/103511
Non-Client (Neighbours) Questionnaire 2017
Download [PDF, 707.56 KB]
Author(s) Institute of Fiscal Studies, University of London
Country India
Download http://catalog.ihsn.org//catalog/11933/download/103512
Non-Client Index (Neighbours) Questionnaire 2017
Download [PDF, 466.95 KB]
Author(s) Institute of Fiscal Studies, University of London
Country India
Download http://catalog.ihsn.org//catalog/11933/download/103513
Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) Village Questionnaire 2017
Download [PDF, 4.85 MB]
Author(s) Strategic Evaluation Impact Fund, The World Bank
Country India
Download http://catalog.ihsn.org//catalog/11933/download/103515
Reports
Complementarities between Micro-Credit and Government Subsidies: Evidence from India’s Swachh Bharat Mission
Download [PDF, 812.71 KB]
Author(s) Britta Augsburg, Bet Caeyers, & Bansi Malde
Date 2018-10-26
Country India
Description This paper makes a fundamental contribution by providing rigorous evidence on the potential of an innovative public-private financing arrangement that can significantly contribute to the SDGs, in particular SDG 7 of sanitation for all.
Abstract Whereas standalone subsidy programs often risk dependencies and administrative targeting inefficiencies, standalone microcredit programs are usually not accessible to all and do not always create sufficient incentive for households to make non-productive investments at the socially optimal level. In the context of Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), the Government of India’s flagship sanitation programme which aims to reach an Open Defecation Free (ODF) India by October 2019, the results in this paper show that a smart combination of micro-credit and SBM subsidies solves a number of inefficiencies inherent to such programs when run in isolation from each other. Combining SBM administrative data with primary data of an RCT impact study conducted in 81 villages in rural Maharashtra that assesses the effectiveness of using microcredit for sanitation, we are able to show that (i) microfinance supports sanitation investment amongst subsidy ineligible households, implying a direct complementary role of micro-credit to the subsidy scheme; and that (ii) also subsidy eligible households avail the credit, supporting the notion that a post-construction subsidy fails to alleviate financial constraints of targeted beneficiaries. Looking at mechanisms, we show that reported toilet construction costs are double the subsidy amount, that there are significant delays in subsidy disbursement after toilet construction, and that microcredit reaches households that suffer from exclusion error of the subsidy scheme.
Table of contents 1. Introduction
2. Context
3. The Experiment
4. Empirical Model
5. Results
6. Mechanisms
7. Concluding Remarks
Download http://catalog.ihsn.org//catalog/11933/download/103505
India - Incentivizing Sanitation Uptake and Sustainable Usage Through Microfinance, Impact Evaluation Endline Report
Download [PDF, 4.98 MB]
Author(s) The World Bank
Date 2018-11-15
Country India
Description This report is structured as follows. We begin by providing details on the context, and a detailed description of the interventions in Section 2. Section 3 outlines the research questions that the evaluation addresses, while Section 4 provides details on the evaluation design, including the power calculations and details on the study sample and data. Thereafter, we present the results in Section 5 starting with the main outcomes - toilet uptake, toilet quality and toilet usage, followed by a discussion of observed mechanisms and concluding by targeting results and interactions with SBM (G). Section 6 provides a discussion of the findings and concludes.
Abstract This report discusses the results of the impact evaluation titled "Incentivizing Sanitation Uptake and Sustainable Usage Through Microfinance", funded through the Strategic Impact Evaluation Fund (SIEF), conducted by the Institute for Fiscal Studies, London, UK and supported by the Water Global Practice of the World Bank. The overall purpose of this project is to shed light on the role of informational and credit constraints in sanitation uptake. It does so by evaluating the effectiveness of two randomized interventions: (i) improving access to sanitation credit, where collateral-free micro-credit loans are made available to existing clients of a microfinance institution (MFI); and (ii) sanitation credit combined with a package of awareness creation activities. The evaluation design is a cluster randomized controlled trial. Out of 120 communities - Gram Panchayats (GPs) - in rural Maharashtra, India, 40 GPs were randomly assigned to receive the microfinance (MF) sanitation loan program (referred to as 'SL only'), 39 GPs were randomly selected to receive the MF sanitation loan program along with sanitation awareness creation activities (referred to as 'SL+A'), and 41 GPs were selected to receive neither one of these programs (referred to as 'Control'). The implementing MFI was already actively lending MF loans other than sanitation loans in these GPs prior to the evaluation.
Table of contents 1. Introduction
2. Context and Intervention
3. Research Questions
4. Evaluation Design
5. Results
6. Discussion and Conclusions
Download http://catalog.ihsn.org//catalog/11933/download/103509
Labelled Loans, Credit Constraints and Sanitation Investments
Download [PDF, 622.44 KB]
Author(s) Britta Augsburg, Bet Caeyers, Sara Giunti, & Bansi Malde
Date 2018-10-25
Country India
Description In this paper, we draw on a cluster randomized controlled trial of a sanitation loan program to study whether sanitation microcredit can boost the adoption of household toilets in rural India. The paper is structured as follows. Section 2 describes the context of the study and the sanitation loan product. Section 3 discusses the experimental design, followed by the empirical strategy in Section 4 and a presentation of our key impact estimates in Section 5. Section 6 presents the exposition of a simple theoretical model which forms the basis for our analysis of driving mechanisms behind the key findings. The section provides empirical support for the model's predictions. We conclude the paper in Section 7.
Abstract Credit constraints are considered to be an important driver of low adoption of preventive health investments among low-income households in developing countries. However, it is not obvious whether, and the extent to which, the provision of micro-credit for such investments will boost human capital investments, particularity when it is not bundled with the investment, and is characterized by other attractive attributes. We study a sanitation microloan program in rural India, which provided microfinance loans for sanitation that were not bundled with a specific sanitation investment. Using a cluster randomized controlled trial, we provide evidence that the loan program was effective in increasing sanitation ownership. A simple theoretical framework indicates that these impacts could have been achieved through three channels - relaxation of credit constraints, salience of the loan label, or a lower interest rate for the sanitation loan. Empirically, we find that the sanitation investment is not accompanied by an increase in household borrowing, ruling out the credit constraints channel. Credit based interventions are thus a viable strategy to improve uptake of lumpy preventive health investments, though there is significant room for improvement in the design of such interventions.
Table of contents 1. Introduction
2. Context and Intervention
3. The Experiment
4. Empirical Model
5. Results
6. Channels
7. Conclusion
Download http://catalog.ihsn.org//catalog/11933/download/103510
Technical documents
Dataset Information
Download [PDF, 588.16 KB]
Country India
Description This document includes general information on each of the datasets, including number of observations, the corresponding questionnaire and the topics covered, the respondents for each dataset, and the unique identifiers.
Download http://catalog.ihsn.org//catalog/11933/download/103506
Other Materials
Sanitation Credit Presentation - Labelled Loans, Credit Constraints and Sanitation Investments, Evidence From an RCT on Sanitation Loans in Rural India
Download [PDF, 1.04 MB]
Author(s) Strategic Impact Evaluation Fund, The World Bank
Date 2018-10-31
Country India
Download http://catalog.ihsn.org//catalog/11933/download/103514
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