Demographic and Health Survey 1989-1990

Sudan, 1989 - 1990

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SDN_1989_DHS_v01_M

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Department of Statistics

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Dec 20, 2012

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Mar 29, 2019

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The data from this study are used in the following publications:

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1 United Nations. "Levels and trends of contraceptive use as assessed in 2002." 2006.

2 World population monitoring 2003: Population, education and development. New York, USA: UN, 2004.

3 Abbasi-Shavazi, M J, and F Torabi. "Women’s Education and Fertility in Islamic Countries." (2012) Population Dynamics in Muslim Countries.

4 Abbasi-Shavazi, Mohammad J, and Fatemeh Torabi. "Population Dynamics in Muslim Countries." (2012) Women’s Education and Fertility in Islamic Countries.

5 Abusharaf, Rogaia. "Revisiting feminist discourses on infibulation: Responses from Sudanese feminists." (2000) Female “circumcision” in Africa: Culture, controversy, and change.

6 Ahmed, Samira, S. Al Hebshi, and B.V. Nylund. Sudan: An in-depth analysis of the social dynamics of abandonment of FGM/C. 2009.

7 Almroth, Lars. "Genital mutilation of girls in Sudan." (2005) Community-and hospital based studies on female genital cutting and its sequelae.

8 Almroth, Lars, Susan Elmusharaf, Nagla El Hadi, Abdelrahim Obeid, Mohamed El Sheikh, Saad Elfadil, and Staffan Bergstrom. "Primary infertility after genital mutilation in girlhood in Sudan: a case-control study." The Lancet 366, no. 9483 (2005): 385-391.

9 Alo, Olubunmi A, and Gbadebo Babatunde. "Intergenerational attitude change regarding Female Genital Cutting in Yoruba speaking ethnic group of Southwest Nigeria: A qualitative and quantitative enquiry." (2011) Electronic Journal of Human Sexuality.

10 Althaus A, Frances. "Female circumcision: rite of passage or violation of rights?." International Family Planning Perspectives 23, no. 3 (1997): 130-133.

11 Araoye O, Margaret. "Epidemiology of infertility: social problems of the infertile couples." West African Journal of Medicine 22, no. 2 (2004): 190-196.

12 Arnold, Fred. "Sex preference and its demographic and health implications." (1992) International Family Planning Perspectives.

13 Artadi V, Elsa. "Going into Labor: Earnings vs. Infant Survival in Rural Africa." (2005) Mimeograph, Bocconi University.

14 Awadelkarim, Khalid D, Renato Mariani-Costantini, and Nasr Elwali. "Cancer in the Sudan: An overview of the current status of knowledge on tumor patterns and risk factors." (2010) Science of the Total Environment.

15 Baird, Sarah, Jed Friedman, and Norbert R Schady. "Aggregate income shocks and infant mortality in the developing world." (2007) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.

16 Bankole, Akinrinola, Susheela Singh, and Taylor Haas. "Reasons why women have induced abortions: evidence from 27 countries." International Family Planning Perspectives 24, no. 3 (1998).

17 Basu, Deepankar. "Essays on dynamic nonlinear time series models and on gender inequality." The Ohio State University, 2008.

18 Basu, Deepankar, and Robert de Jong. "Son preference and gender inequality." South and South East Asia Econometric Society Meeting. Chennai, India, October 30, 2007.

19 Bayoumi, Ahmed. "Maternal and childhood mortality in the Nuba Mountains, Sudan: A pilot study." Sudanese Journal of Public Health 1, no. 1 (2006).

20 Bennell, Paul, Karin Hyde, and Nicola Swainson. "The impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on the education sector in sub-Saharan Africa." (2002) Sussex, Centre for International Education, University of Sussex.

21 Berg, R C, E M L Denison, and A Fretheim. Psychological, social and sexual consequences of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C): a systematic review of quantitative studies. : Kunnskapssenteret (Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, 2010.

22 Berman, Peter, and Laura Rose. "The role of private providers in maternal and child health and family planning services in developing countries." Health Policy and Planning 11, no. 2 (1996): 142.

23 Bloom, David, Elizabeth Cafiero, Mark McGovern, Klaus Prettner, Anderson Stanciole, Jonathan Weiss, Samuel Bakkila, and Larry Rosenberg. "The economic impact of non-communicable disease in China and India: Estimates, projections, and comparisons." (2013) IZA DP No. 7563.

24 Bloom, David, David Canning, Isabel Guenther, and Sebastian Linnemayr. "Mortality Expectations and Fertility Decisions." (2008) Harvar School of Public Heath, 140 Mt. Auburn St., Cambridge, MA.

25 Bloom, David E, David Canning, Isabel Gunther, and Sebastian Linnemayr. "Social interactions and fertility in developing countries." (2008) Program on the Global Demography of Aging (PGDA) Working Series.

26 Boerma, J. Ties, and George Stroh. "Using survey data to assess neonatal tetanus mortality levels and trends in developing countries." Demography 30, no. 3 (1993): 459-475.

27 Bongaarts, John. "The fertility impact of changes in the timing of childbearing in the developing world." Population Studies 53, no. 3 (1999): 277-289.

28 Bos, Eduard, and Amie Batson. "Using immunization coverage rates for monitoring health sector performance." (2000) Measurement and interpretations issues. World Bank HNP Discussion Papers.

29 Bos, Eduard, and Amie Batson. "Using immunization coverage rates for monitoring health sector performance." (2000) Washington, DC: The World Bank.

30 Bos, Eduard, and Amie Batson. "Using immunization coverage rates for monitoring health sector performance: Measurement and interpretation issues." (2000) World Bank HNP Discussion Papers.

31 Bosch-Capblanch, Xavier, K Banerjee, and A Burton. "There are children not receiving a single dose of any vaccine: from ‘data to policy’in immunisation and health systems. Data quality and socio-economic determinants of unvaccination in low-and middle-income countries." AMC-University van Amsterdam, 2012.

32 Bosch-Capblanch, Xavier, K Banerjee, and A Burton. "Unvaccinated children in years of increasing coverage: how many and who are they? Evidence from 96 low-and middle-income countries." Tropical Medicine & International Health 17, no. 6 (2012): 697-710.

33 Brockerhoff, Martin, and Ellen Brennan. "The poverty of cities in developing regions." Population and Development Review 24, no. 1 (1998): 75-114.

34 Buekens, P., A. Tsui, M. Kotelchuck, and J. Degraft-Johnson. "Tetanus immunization and prenatal care in developing countries." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 48, no. 1 (1995): 91-94.

35 Bulatao A, Rodolfo. Key indicators for family planning projects. Washington DC, USA: World Bank Publications, 1995.

36 Caldwell, John C, I. O Orubuloye, and Pat Caldwell. "Female genital mutilation: conditions of decline." Population Research and Policy Review 19, no. 3 (2000): 233-254.

37 Camlin, Carol, and Ines Escandon. "Contraceptive sterilization: Global issues and trends." (2002) Chapter 2: Sterilization incidence and prevalence.

38 Castaldo, Adriana, Saskia Gent, Gunjan Sondhi, and Ann Whitehead. "Child Migration in National Surveys." (2009) Development Research Centre on Migration, Globalisation and Poverty Working Paper No. T-28.

39 Chinere-Dan, Orieji. "In search of explanations for fertility and reproductive behaviour in Africa." (1993)

40 Cleland, John, Nelson Onuoha, and Ian Timaeus. Fertility change in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of the evidence. 1994.

41 Cohen, Barney, Carole L Jolly, James N Gribble, Etienne van de Walle, Althea Hill, Ian A Timaeus, John O Oucho, William T Gould, Sharon S Russell, and Michael A Stoto. "Demographic change in Sub-Saharan Africa." (1993)

42 Cohen, Clara K, David E Horlacher, and F L MacKellar. "Is urbanization good for a nation’s health?." (2009)

43 Collumbien, Martine, Makeda Gerressu, and John Cleland. "Non-use and use of ineffective methods of contraception." (2004) Comparative Quantification of Health Risks.

44 Corsi, Daniel, Melissa Neuman, Jocelyn Finlay, and S V Subramanian. "Demographic and health surveys: a profile." International journal of epidemiology 41, no. 6 (2012): 1602-1613.

45 DeJong, Jocelyn, Rana Jawad, Iman Mortagy, and Bonnie Shepard. "The sexual and reproductive health of young people in the Arab countries and Iran." Reproductive Health Matters 13, no. 25 (2005): 49-59.

46 DeJong, Jocelyn, Bonnie Shepard, Iman MORTAGI, and Rana Jawad. "The reproductive health of young people in the MIddle East and North Africa." IUSSP Conference. Tours, France, 2005.

47 Dixon-Mueller, Ruth. "How young is “too young”? Comparative perspectives on adolescent sexual, marital, and reproductive transitions." Studies in Family Planning 39, no. 4 (2008): 247-262.

48 Drapcho, Bob, and Nancy Mock. "DHS and conflict in Africa: findings from a comparative study and recommendations for improving the utility of DHS as a survey vehicle in conflict settings." (2000) Measure/Evaluation Project.

49 Effiong P, Edem. "Addressing female genital cutting: A public health perspective." (2006) Carolina Papers - International Health.

50 El Bashir, Hamid. "The Sudanese national committee on the eradication of harmful traditional practices and the campaign against female genital mutilation." (2006) Female Circumcision: Multicultural Perspectives.

51 Ericksen, Karen, and Tracy Brunette. "Patterns and predictors of infertility among African women: A cross-national survey of twenty-seven nations." Social Science & Medicine 42, no. 2 (1996): 209-220.

52 Ertur, Omer, and William S House. "An integrated approach to population and human resources development planning: A suggested framework for the Sudan." Journal of Contemporary African Studies 12, no. 1 (1993): 57-82.

53 Ezzati, Majid, Alan D Lopez, Anthonry Rodgers, and Christopher L Murray. Comparative quantification of health risks: Global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected major risk factors. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2004.

54 Filmer, Deon, Jed Friedman, and Norbert Schady. "Development, modernization, and childbearing: the role of family sex composition." The World Bank Economic Review 23, no. 3 (2009): 371-3.

55 Filmer, Deon, Jed Friedman, and Norbert R Schady. "Development, modernization, and son preference in fertility decisions." (2008) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.

56 Fink, Gunther, Isabel Gunther, and Kenneth Hill. Water, sanitation and child health - Evidence from the Demographic and Health Surveys 1986-2007. 2010.

57 Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn. "The Sudanese family: Past reflections and contemporary realities." (2006) African Families at the Turn of the 21st Century.

58 Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn, and Amel Gorani. "Women in Sudan: resistance and survival." (2005) Female well-being: toward a global theory of social change.

59 Foote, Karen A, Kenneth H Hill, and Linda G Martin. Population dynamics of Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington DC, USA: National Academy Press, 1993.

60 Freedman, Ronald, and Ann K Blanc. "Fertility transition: An update." International Family Planning Perspectives 18, no. 44 (1992): 44-72.

61 Friedman, Jed, and Norbert Schady. "How many more infants are likely to die In Africa as a result of the global financial crisis?." Research Working papers 1, no. 1 (2009): 1-18.

62 Gakidou, Emmanuela, and Gary King. "Health Systems Performance Assessment: Debates, Methods And Empiricism." (2003) Measuring Total Health Inequality: Adding Individual Variations to Group Differences.

63 Gakidou, Emmanuela, and Gary King. "Measuring total health inequality: adding individual variation to group-level differences." International Journal for Equity in Health 1, no. 3 (2002).

64 Gakidou, Emmanuela, and Effy Vayena. "Use of modern contraception by the poor is falling behind." PLoS medicine 4, no. 2 (2007): e31.

65 Gakidou, Emmanuela, and Gary King. "An individual-level approach to health inequality: child survival in 50 countries." (2001) GPE Discussion Paper Series.

66 Gakidou, Emmanuela, Shefali Oza, Cecilia V Fuertes, Amy Y Li, Diana K Lee, Angelica Sousa, Margaret C Hogan, Stephen V Hoorn, and Majid Ezzati. "Supplementary online content : Improving child survival through environmental and nutritional interventions: the importance of targeting interventions toward the poor.." The Journal of the American Medical Association 298, no. 16 (2007): 1876-1887.

67 Garenne, Michel. "Age at marriage and modernisation in sub-Saharan Africa." Southern African Journal of Demography 9, no. 2 (2004): 59-79.

68 Garenne, Michel. "Migration, urbanisation and child health in Africa: a global perspective." Conference on African Migration in Comparative Perspective. Johannesburg, South Africa, June 4-7, 2003.

69 Garenne, Michel. "Poisson variations of the sex ratio at birth in African Demographic Surveys." Human Biology 80, no. 5 (2008): 473-482.

70 Garenne, Michel. "Sex differences in health indicators among children in African DHS surveys." (2003) Journal of Biosocial Science.

71 Garenne, Michel, and Julien Zwang. "Premarital fertility and HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa." African Journal of Reproductive Health 12, no. 2 (2008): 64-74.

72 Garenne, Michel, and Veronique Joseph. "The timing of the fertility transition in sub-Saharan Africa." World Development 30, no. 10 (2002): 1835-1843.

73 Garenne M, Michel. "Fertility changes in sub-Saharan Africa." (2008) DHS Comparative Reports.

74 Goodkind, Daniel. "Sex-selective abortion, reproductive rights, and the greater locus of gender discrimination in family formation: Cairo's unresolved questions." (1997) PSC Research Report Series.

75 Gourbin, Catherin. "Santé de la reproduction au Nord et au Sud." (2009) Infertility in Sub-Saharan Africa.

76 Grim J, Brian. "Triangulating the world’s most dynamic religious market: Africa using a Quanti-Qualitative Method (QQM)." Association for the Study of Religion, Economics, and Culture (ASREC) Annual Conference. Washington, DC, USA, November 2, 2007.

77 Gubbins, Paul, and Damien De Walque. Maternal & Child Health in Sudan. : The World Bank.

78 Gubbins, Paul, and Damien Walque. Progress and challenges for improving child & maternal health in a post-conflict setting: the case of South Sudan. : .

79 Gunther, Isabel, and Gunther Fink. "Water, sanitation and children's health: evidence from 172 DHS surveys." (2010) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.

80 Hall, Sarah. "Neonatal mortality in developing countries: What can we learn from DHS data?." (2005) Southampton Statistical Sciences Research Institute Applications & Policy Working Paper.

81 Hanson, Kara, and Peter A Berman. Non-government financing and provision of health services in Africa: A background paper. : Data for Decision Making Project, Dept. of Population and International Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 1994.

82 Haq, Tarek. "Youth Employment and Labour Markets in the Arab States." (2006) Arab Youth Strategising for the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

83 Hassan, A. "Sudanese women's struggle to eliminate harmful practices." Planned parenthood challenges/International Planned Parenthood Federation , no. 2 (1995).

84 Hill, Kenneth, Carla AbouZahr, and Tessa Wardlaw. "Estimates of maternal mortality for 1995." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 79, no. 3 (2001): 182-193.

85 Hill, Kenneth, and Yoonjoung Choi. "Neonatal mortality in the developing world." Demographic Research 14, no. 18 (2006): 429-452.

86 Hohmann, Sophie, and Michel Garenne. "Absolute versus relative measures of poverty: Application to DHS African surveys." IUSSP International Conference. Marrakech, 2009.

87 Hopstock, Paul, Ann Sherpick, and Carla Briceno. Providers and consumers of commercial family planning services in developing countries. Arlington, USA: The PROFIT Project, 1997.

88 Ireton, François. "Quelques aspects de l'évolution démographique du Soudan 1956-1993: Essai de critique et de mise en cohérence des données." Egypte/Monde arabe , no. 17 (1994).

89 Islam, Mazurhai, and Mosleh Uddin. "Female circumcision in Sudan: Future prospects and strategies for eradication." (2001) International Family Planning Perspectives.

90 Jalilian, Pegah. "The effect of female education on human development and economic growth: A study of human capital formation in developing countries." Independent thesis, Advanced level (degree of Master), Södertörn University, 2012.

91 Jeena, P.M., H.M. Coovadia, and M. Adhikari. "Probable association between urinary tract infections (UTI) and common diseases of infancy and childhood: a hospital-based study of UTI in Durban, South Africa." Journal of tropical pediatrics 42, no. 2 (1996): 112-114.

92 Johnston, Heidi B, and Kenneth H Hill. "Induced abortion in the developing world: indirect estimates." International Family Planning Perspectives 22, no. 3 (1996): 108-137.

93 Kosec, Katrina. The Child Health Implications of Privatizing the Urban Water Supply in Africa. : Standford University, 2011.

94 Larsen, Ulla. "Primary and secondary infertility in sub-Saharan Africa." International Journal of Epidemiology 29, no. 2 (2000): 285-291.

95 Larsen, Ulla. "Sterility in sub-Saharan Africa." Population Studies: A Journal of Demography 48, no. 3 (1994): 459-474.

96 Larsen, Ulla. "The effects of type of female circumcision on infertility and fertility in Sudan." Journal of biosocial science 34, no. 3 (2002): 363-377.

97 Larsen, Ulla, and Sharon Yan. "Does female circumcision affect infertility and fertility? A study of the Central African Republic, Cote d’Ivoire, and Tanzania." Demography 37, no. 3 (2000): 313-321.

98 Leete, Richard. "Issues in measuring and monitoring maternal mortality: Implications for programmes." (1998) United Nations Population Fund Technical and Policy Papers.

99 Lesthaeghe, R, and C Vanderhoeft. "Ready, willing and able: A conceptualization of transitions to new behavioral forms." (2001) DIFFUSION PROCESSES FERTILITY TRANSITION.

100 Lutz, Wolfgang, Warren C Sanderson, Sergei Scherbov, Brian C O'Neill, Anne Goujon, Paulina K Makinwa-Abedsoye, Georges Reniers, Gui-Ying Cao, and F Landis MacKellar. "The end of world population growth in the 21st century: new challenges for human capital formation and sustainable development." (2004)

101 Mace, Ruth, and Rebecca Sear. "Maternal mortality in a Kenyan pastoralist population." International journal of gynecology & obstetrics 54, no. 2 (1996): 137-141.

102 Marcotullio, Peter J, and Gordon McGranahan. Scaling urban environmental challenges: From local to global and back. : Earthscan/James \& James, 2007.

103 Mathers, Colin D, Christina Bernard, Kim M Iburg, Mie Inoue, Doris Ma Fat, Kenji Shibuya, Claudia Stein, Niels Tomijima, and Hongyi Xu. "Global burden of disease in 2002: data sources, methods and results." (2003) Global Programme on Evidence for Health Policy Discussion Paper.

104 Mei, Zuguo, Laurence M Grummer-Strawn, and Paul W Stupp. "From death to birth: Mortality decline and reproductive change." (1998) Effect of a child's death on birth spacing: A cross-national analysis.

105 Mohammed, Abdalla, Maghoub Elnour, Eltayeb Mohammed, Samah Ahmed, and Ahmed Abdelfattah. "Maternal mortality in Kassala State-Eastern Sudan: community-based study using Reproductive age mortality survey (RAMOS)." BMC pregnancy and childbirth 11, no. 1 (2011): 102.

106 Morrone, Aldo, Jana Hercogova, and Torello Lotti. "Stop female genital mutilation: appeal to the international dermatologic community." International journal of dermatology 41, no. 5 (2002): 253-263.

107 Muhuri, P K, M Anker, and J Bryce. "Treatment patterns for childhood diarrhoea: evidence from demographic and health surveys." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 74, no. 2 (1996): 135.

108 Mustafa, Babiker, Mohamed Omer, Muna Aziz, and Zein Zein El Abdein. "Neonatal tetanus in rural and displaced communities in the East Nile province." Journal of tropical pediatrics 42, no. 2 (1996): 110-112.

109 Ncube, Mthuli, and Abebe Shimeles. "The making of the middle class in Africa." (2012)

110 Ngom, Pierre, and Soukeynatou Fall. Fertility decline in francophone sub-Saharan Africa, 1980-2010. : African Population & Health Research Center, 2002.

111 Obermeyer, Ziad, Julie K Rajaratnam, Chang H Park, Emmanuela Gakidou, Margaret C Hogan, Alan D Lopez, and Christopher J Murray. "Measuring adult mortality using sibling survival: a new analytical method and new results for 44 countries, 1974-2006." PLoS Medicine 7, no. 4 (2010): e1000.

112 Obermeyer M, Carla. "Female genital surgeries: the known, the unknown, and the unknowable." Medical Anthropology Quarterly 13, no. 1 (1999): 79-106.

113 Obermeyer M, Carla. "The consequences of female circumcision for health and sexuality: an update on the evidence." Culture, Health & Sexuality 7, no. 5 (2005): 443-461.

114 Obermeyer, Carla M, and Robert F Reynolds. "Female genital surgeries, reproductive health and sexuality: a review of the evidence." Reproductive Health Matters 7, no. 13 (1999): 112-120.

115 Olenick, I. "Female circumcision is nearly universal in Egypt, Eritrea, Mali and Sudan." International Family Planning Perspectives 24, no. 1 (1998): 47-49.

116 Ostby, Gudrun. "Dissaggregated inequalities and conflict in developing countries." Polarization and Conflict (PAC) Winter Meeting. Konstanz, Germany, June 2-5, 2005.

117 Ostby, Gudrun. "Horizontal inequalities, political environment and civil conflict: evidence from 55 developing countries." (2006) Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity (CRISE). Working Paper.

118 Ostby, Gudrun. "In-migration, inequality and urban violence." Climate Change and Security Conference. Trondheim, Norway, June 21-24, 2010.

119 Ostby, Gudrun. "Inequality, institutions, and instability: Horizontal inequalities, political institutions, and civil conflict in developing countries 1986–2003." 1 st PIDDCP (Political Institutions, Development and a Domestic Civil Peace) Workshop. Oxford, UK, November 10-12, 2005.

120 Pelletier, David L, and Edward A Frongillo. "Changes in child survival are strongly associated with changes in malnutrition in developing countries." The Journal of nutrition 133, no. 1 (2003): 107.

121 Pitt, Mark. "Women's schooling, the selectivity of fertility, and child mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa." (1995) Living Standards Measurement Study Working Paper.

122 Pitt M, Mark. "Estimating the determinants of child health when fertility and mortality are selective." Journal of Human Resources 32, no. 1 (1997): 129-158.

123 Rajaratnam, Julie K, Linda N Tran, Alan D Lopez, and Christopher J Murray. "Measuring under-five mortality: validation of new low-cost methods." PLoS medicine 7, no. 4 (2010): e1000.

124 Rogo, Khama O, Tshiya Subayi, and Nahid Toubia. "Female genital cutting, women's health and development: the role of the World Bank." (2007) World Bank Working Paper Africa Human Development Series.

125 Sato, Ryuzaburo. "Fertility in the developing countries: A comparative study of the Demographic and Health Surveys." (1994) Chapter 2: Impacts of contraception, breastfeeding, and infant mortality on fertility.

126 Satti, Alia, Susan Elmusharaf, Hibba Bedri, Tayseer Idris, K. Hashim, Gafaar Suliman, and Lars Almroth. "Prevalence and determinants of the practice of genital mutilation of girls in Khartoum, Sudan." Annals of Tropical Paediatrics: International Child Health 26, no. 4 (2006): 303-310.

127 Shah, Nasra M, Makhdoom A Shah, and Zoran Radovanovic. "Patterns of desired fertility and contraceptive use in Kuwait." International Family Planning Perspectives 24, no. 3 (1998): 133-138.

128 Shweder A, Richard. ""What about female genital mutilation?” and why understanding culture matters in the first place." (2002) Engaging cultural differences: The multicultural challenge in liberal democracies.

129 Singh, Susheela, and Renee Samara. "Early marriage among women in developing countries." (1996) International family planning perspectives.

130 Skirbekk, Vegard. "Fertility trends by social status." Demographic Research 18, no. 5 (2008): 145-180.

131 Slack T, Alison. Food and nutrition security data on the World Wide Web. Washington DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute, 1999.

132 Smits, Jeroen, and Christiaan Monden. "Twinning across the developing world." PLoS ONE 6, no. 9 (2011): e2523.

133 Sowa, Agnieszka, and Christina Behrendt. "Social Security in Low and Middle-Income Countries: The Role of Household Survey Data." (2006) Issues in Social Protection Discussion Paper No. 14.

134 Stanton, Cynthia, Noureddine Abderrahim, and Kenneth Hill. DHS maternal mortality indicators: an assessment of data quality and implications for data use. Calverton, USA: Macro International Inc, 1997.

135 Stewart, Frances, Graham Brown, and Luca Mancini. "Monitoring and Measuring Horizontal Inequalities." (2010)

136 Swar-Eldahab, Amna. "Constraints on effective family planning in urban Sudan." (1993) Studies in family planning.

137 Taha, Tahar. "Family planning practice in Central Sudan." Social Science & Medicine 37, no. 5 (1993): 685-689.

138 Teebi, Ahmed, and Talaat Farag. Genetic Disorders Among Arab Populations. New York, USA: Oxford University Pres, 1997.

139 Timceus M, Ian. "Health and Mortality: Issues of Global Concern." (1999) v. Mortality in sub-Saharan Africa.

140 Toubia, N., and S. Izett. Female Genital Mutilation. : Geneva: World Health Organisation, 1998.

141 TS Gould, W. "Ideology and data analysis in African population policies: The case of Kenya." Applied Geography 15, no. 3 (1995): 203-218.

142 Umbeli, T., A. Mukhtar, and M. Abusalab. "Study of unmet need for family planning in Dar Assalam, Sudan 2001." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 11, no. 4 (2005): 595.

143 Vaidyanathan, Kuniseri. "Measurement of reproductive health through sample survey." Proceedings of the Conference on Statistics for Economic and Social Development. 1998.

144 Van de Walle, Etienne. "Demographic change in sub-Saharan Africa." (1993) Recent trends in marriage ages.

145 van Ginneken, Jeroen K, Julian Lob-Levyt, and Sandy Gove. "Potential interventions for preventing pneumonia among young children in developing countries: Promoting maternal education." Tropical Medicine & International Health 1, no. 3 (1996): 283-294.

146 Verma, Vijay, and Thanh Le. "An analysis of sampling errors for the Demographic and Health Surveys." International Statistical Review 64, no. 3 (1996): 265-294.

147 Wang, Limin. "Determinants of child mortality in LDCs: Empirical findings from demographic and health surveys." Health Policy 65, no. 3 (2003): 277-299.

148 Wang, Limin. Determinants of child mortality in low-income countries: Empirical findings from Demographic and Health Surveys. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank, 2002.

149 Wang, Limin. Health outcomes in low-income countries and policy implications: Empirical findings from demographic and health surveys. : World Bank, Environment Dept., 2002.

150 Wang, Limin. "Health outcomes in poor countries and policy options: Empirical findings from Demographic and Health Surveys." (2002) World Bank Policy Research Papers.

151 Westoff, Charles F, and Akinrinola Bankole. "The potential demographic significance of unmet need." International Family Planning Perspectives 22, no. 1 (1996): 16-20.

152 Witter, Sophie. Summary report: review of free care policy (pregnant women and under-fives) in northern Sudan. 2011.

153 Wright, Jim A, Hong Yang, and Kate Walker. "Do international surveys and censuses exhibit ‘dry season’ bias?." (2011) Population, Space and Place.

154 Wultoff M, Bangha. "The mortality situation in Cameroun." (1995) African Population Studies.

155 Yaw, Oheneba-Sakyi, and Takyi Baffour. African Families at the Turn of the 21st Century. USA: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006.

156 Yousif, Hassan, Anne Goujon, and Wofgang Lutz. Future population and education trends in the countries of North Africa. Laxenburg, Austria : International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 1996.

157 Yousif M, Hassan. "Fertility and mortality in North Africa: Levels, trends and future prospects." (1995) International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis.

158 Yousif M, Hassan. "Population, biomass and the environment in central Sudan." International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 2, no. 1 (1995): 54-69.

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