Demographic and Health Survey 1998

Turkiye, 1998

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TUR_1998_DHS_v01_M

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Institute of Population Studies, General Directorate of Mother and Child Health and Family Planning

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Dec 20, 2012

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Jun 14, 2022

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The data from this study are used in the following publications:

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1 United Nations. "Levels and trends of contraceptive use as assessed in 2002." 2006.

2 Population bulletin of the United Nations : Completing the fertility transition. New York, USA: United Nations Publications, 2009.

3 AbouZahr, Carla, and Tessa Wardlaw. "Maternal mortality at the end of a decade: Signs of progress?." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 79, no. 6 (2001): 561-568.

4 Adali, Tugba. "Tempo effects on period fertility in Turkey: A study from Turkey Demographic and Health Surveys." Turkish Journal of Population Studies 30, no. 31 (2008): 43-54.

5 Adetunji, Jacob. "Trends in under-5 mortality rates and the HIV/AIDS epidemic." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 78, no. 10 (2000): 1200-1206.

6 Åhman, Elisabeth, and Jelka Zupan. Neonatal and perinatal mortality: Country, regional and global estimates 2004. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Department of Making Pregnancy Safer, 2004.

7 Ahman, Elizabeth, and Jelka Zupan. "Neonatal and perinatal mortality : country, regional and global estimates 2004." (2007) WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data.

8 Akgu¨n, Seval. "Sexual, Reproductive Health, and Demographic Profile of Turkey." Health Development Research 1, no. 2 & 3 (2005): 53-77.

9 Anderson G, Kermyt. "Life expectancy and the timing of life history events in developing countries." Human Nature 21, no. 2 (2010): 103-123.

10 ARE,. World population monitoring 2002: Reproductive rights and reproductive health. New York, USA: UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division , 2004.

11 Ashford, Lori. Unmet need for family planning: Recent trends and their implications for programs. Washington DC, USA: Population Reference Bureau , 2003.

12 Atun, Rifat, Sabahattin Aydin, Sarbani Chakraborty, Safir Sumer, Meltem Aran, Ipek Gurol, Serpil Nazlioglu, Senay Özgülcü, Ülger Aydogan, and Banu Ayar. "Universal health coverage in Turkey: enhancement of equity." The Lancet 382, no. 9886 (2013): 65-99.

13 Baird, Sarah, Jed Friedman, and Norbert R Schady. "Aggregate income shocks and infant mortality in the developing world." (2007) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.

14 Bajos, Nathalie, Agnès Guillaume, and Osmo Kontula. Reproductive Health Behaviour of Young Europeans. : Council of Europe Publishing, 2003.

15 Becker, Stan, and Santosh C Sutradhar. "Fertility intentions: are the undecided more like those who want more or want no more children?." Journal of biosocial science 39, no. 1 (2007): 137.

16 Berthelemy, Jean-Claude, and Juliette Seban. "Equity in Access to Health Services in Developing Countries." Revue d'economie du developpement 23, no. 5 (2009): 9-40.

17 Betràn, Ana P, Mario Merialdi, Jeremy A Lauer, Wang Bing-Shun, Jane Thomas, Paul Van Look, and Marsden Wagner. "Rates of caesarean section: analysis of global, regional and national estimates." Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 21, no. 2 (2007): 98-113.

18 Bhagowalia, Priya, Susan Chen, and William Masters. "The distribution of child nutritional status across countries and over time." 2008 Annual Meeting. Orlando, Florida, 2008.

19 Bhalotra, Sonia, and Samantha Rawlings. "Intergenerational Persistence in Health in Developing Countries: Trends and Country Differences." (2010) University of Bristol.

20 Bhalotra, Sonia, and Samantha Rawlings. "The intergenerational correlation of health in developing countries." (2008) University of Bristol, UK.

21 Biliker A, M. "Maternal mortality in Turkey." Journal of Perinatal Medicine 31, no. 5 (2003): 380-385.

22 Blanc K, Ann. "The effect of power in sexual relationships on sexual and reproductive health: an examination of the evidence." Studies in Family Planning 32, no. 3 (2001): 189-213.

23 Block, Steven A, William A Masters, and Priya Bhagowalia. "Child undernutrition, household poverty and national income in developing countries: Quantile regression results." Agricultural & Applied Economics Association 2010: AAEA,CAES, & WAEA Joint Annual Meeting. Denver, Colorado, USA, July 25-27, 2010.

24 Bloom, David, Elizabeth Cafiero, Mark McGovern, Klaus Prettner, Anderson Stanciole, Jonathan Weiss, Samuel Bakkila, and Larry Rosenberg. "The economic impact of non-communicable disease in China and India: Estimates, projections, and comparisons." (2013) IZA DP No. 7563.

25 Bloom, David, David Canning, Isabel Guenther, and Sebastian Linnemayr. "Mortality Expectations and Fertility Decisions." (2008) Harvar School of Public Heath, 140 Mt. Auburn St., Cambridge, MA.

26 Bloom, David E, David Canning, Isabel Gunther, and Sebastian Linnemayr. "Social interactions and fertility in developing countries." (2008) Program on the Global Demography of Aging (PGDA) Working Series.

27 Bongaarts, John. "Can Family Planning Programs Reduce High Desired Family Size in Sub-Saharan Africa?." International Perspectives on on Sexual and Reproductive Health 37, no. 4 (2011): 209-216.

28 Bongaarts, John. "Fertility transitions in developing countries: progress or stagnation?." Studies in Family Planning 39, no. 2 (2008): 105-110.

29 Bongaarts, John. "Household size and composition in the developing world in the 1990s." (2001) Population studies.

30 Bongaarts, John. "The causes of stalling fertility transitions." (2005) Policy Research Division Working Paper.

31 Bongaarts, John. "The causes of stalling fertility transitions." Studies in Family Planning 37, no. 1 (2006): 1-16.

32 Bongaarts, John, and Zachary Zimmer. "Living arrangements of older adults in the developing world: An analysis of DHS household surveys." (2001) Population Council Policy and Research Division.

33 Bosch-Capblanch, Xavier, K Banerjee, and A Burton. "There are children not receiving a single dose of any vaccine: from ‘data to policy’in immunisation and health systems. Data quality and socio-economic determinants of unvaccination in low-and middle-income countries." AMC-University van Amsterdam, 2012.

34 Bosch-Capblanch, Xavier, K Banerjee, and A Burton. "Unvaccinated children in years of increasing coverage: how many and who are they? Evidence from 96 low-and middle-income countries." Tropical Medicine & International Health 17, no. 6 (2012): 697-710.

35 Bozkurt, Ali, Birgul Özcirpici, Servet Ozgur, Saime Sahinoz, Turgut Sahinoz, Gunay Saka, Ali Ceylan, Ersen Ilcin, Hamit Acemoglu, Yilmaz Palanci, Feridun Akkafa, and Mucide Ak. "Induced abortion and effecting factors of ever married women in the Southeast Anatolian Project Region, Turkey: a cross sectional study." BMC Public Health 4, no. 1 (2004): 65.

36 Bozzoli, Carlos, Angus Deaton, and Climent Quintana-Domeque. "Adult height and childhood disease." Demography 46, no. 4 (2009): 647-669.

37 Bozzoli, Carlos, Angus S Deaton, and Climent Quintana-Domeque. "Child mortality, income and adult height." (2007) NBER Working Paper Series.

38 Brown, Jennifer, Roeland Monasch, George Bicego, Anthony Burton, and J. Ties Boerma. "An assessment of the quality of national child immunization coverage estimates in population-based surveys." (2002) MEASURE Evaluation Project.

39 Bruce, Judith, and Erica Chong. The diverse universe of adolescents, and the girls and boys left behind: A note on research, program and policy priorities (Background paper to Public choices, private decisions: Sexual and reproductive health and the Millennium Development Goals). New York, USA: UN Millennium Project, 2006.

40 ÇALIKOGLU, SULE. "A study of infant mortality in Turkey in relation to health policy." Master of Arts in Political Science and Public Administration, Bilkent University, 2001.

41 Carr, Dara. "Improving the health of the world's poorest people." (2004) Health Bulletin.

42 Castaldo, Adriana, Saskia Gent, Gunjan Sondhi, and Ann Whitehead. "Child Migration in National Surveys." (2009) Development Research Centre on Migration, Globalisation and Poverty Working Paper No. T-28.

43 Chauvet, Lisa, Flore Gubert, and Sandrine Mesple-Somps. "Are Remittances More Effective Than Aid To Improve Child Health? An Empirical Assessment using Inter and Intra-Country Data." Annual Bank Conference on Development Economics. Cape Town, South Africa, May 16, 2008.

44 Christian, Parul. "Nutrition and Maternal Survival in Developing Countries." (2008) Handbook of Nutrition and Pregnancy.

45 Clarke, George R, and Scott J Walsten. "Universal (ly Bad) Service." (2002)

46 Cleland, John, and Mohamed M Ali. "Reproductive consequences of contraceptive failure in 19 developing countries." Obstetrics & Gynecology 104, no. 2 (2004): 314.

47 Collumbien, Martine, Makeda Gerressu, and John Cleland. "Non-use and use of ineffective methods of contraception." (2004) Comparative Quantification of Health Risks.

48 Corsi, Daniel, Melissa Neuman, Jocelyn Finlay, and S V Subramanian. "Demographic and health surveys: a profile." International journal of epidemiology 41, no. 6 (2012): 1602-1613.

49 Corsi, Daniel J, Jocelyn E Finlay, and S V Subramanian. "Global burden of double malnutrition: Has anyone seen it?." PLoS ONE 6, no. 9 (2011): e2512.

50 D ayioglu, Meltem G, Murat Kirdar, and Aysit Tansel. "Impact of sibship size, birth order and sex composition on school enrolment in urban Turkey." Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 71, no. 3 (2009): 399-426.

51 Dayioglu, Meltem, and Murat G Kirdar. "Determinants of and trends in labor force participation of women in Turkey." Welfare and Social Policy Analytical Work Program , no. 5 (2010).

52 Diallo B, Amadou. "Four essays on the links between poverty, inequality and heath with empircal application to developing countries: Africa compared to the rest of the world." Docteur ès Sciences Economiques, Université d’Auvergne, 2009.

53 Diallo, Amadou B, and Quentin Wodon. "Demographic transition towards smaller household sizes and basic infrastructure needs in developing countries." Economics Bulletin 15, no. 11 (2007): 1-11.

54 Dinç, Gönül, Erhan Eser, Umit Cihan, Semra Ay, Tumer Pala, Gül Ergör, and Cemil Özcan. "Fertility preferences, contraceptive behaviors and unmet needs: a gap between urban and suburban parts of a city." European J. of Contraception and Reproductive Healthcare 12, no. 1 (2007): 86-94.

55 Dixon-Mueller, Ruth. "How young is “too young”? Comparative perspectives on adolescent sexual, marital, and reproductive transitions." Studies in Family Planning 39, no. 4 (2008): 247-262.

56 Drabo, Alassane, and Christian Ebeke. "Remittances, public health spending and foreign aid in the access to health care services in developing countries." (2011) Centre d’Etudes et de Recherches sur le Développement International (CERDI-CNRS).

57 Eloundou-Enyegue, Parfait M, and C. Shannon Stokes. "Teen fertility and gender inequality in education: A contextual hypothesis." Demographic Research 11, no. 11 (2004): 305-334.

58 Erdem, Ebru. "Islam,secularism and gender equality: Empirical findings from 1998 Demographic and Health Survey in Turkey." Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association. Toronto, Canada, September 3-6, 2009.

59 Ergocmen, B. A, I. Koc, P. Senlet, E. K Yigit, and E. Roman. "A closer look at traditional contraceptive use in Turkey." European J. of Contraception and Reproductive Healthcare 9, no. 4 (2004): 221-244.

60 Erreygers, Guido, Philip Clarke, and Tom Van Ourti. "“Mirror, mirror, on the wall, who in this land is fairest of all?”—Distributional sensitivity in the measurement of socioeconomic inequality of health." Journal of Health Economics 31, no. 1 (2012): 257-270.

61 Ezzati, Majid, Alan D Lopez, Anthonry Rodgers, and Christopher L Murray. Comparative quantification of health risks: Global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected major risk factors. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2004.

62 Filmer, Deon. "Commonwealth Education Partnerships 2007." (2006) Education inequalities around the world.

63 Filmer, Deon, Jed Friedman, and Norbert Schady. "Development, modernization, and childbearing: the role of family sex composition." The World Bank Economic Review 23, no. 3 (2009): 371-3.

64 Filmer, Deon, Jed Friedman, and Norbert R Schady. "Development, modernization, and son preference in fertility decisions." (2008) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.

65 Filmer, Deon, Amer Hasan, and Lant Pritchett. "A millennium learning goal: Measuring real progress in education." Center for Global Development , no. 97 (2006).

66 Fink, Gunther, Isabel Gunther, and Kenneth Hill. Water, sanitation and child health - Evidence from the Demographic and Health Surveys 1986-2007. 2010.

67 Finlay, Jocelyn. "Fertility response to natural disasters: the case of three high mortality earthquakes." (2009) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series.

68 Finlay, Jocelyn E, Emre Ozaltin, and David Canning. "The association of maternal age with infant mortality, child anthropometric failure, diarrhoea and anaemia for first births: evidence from 55 low-and middle-income countries." BMJ Open 1, no. 2 (2011).

69 Fleischman Foreit G, Karen. "Broadening the commercial sector participation in reproductive health." (2002) The role of the public sector prices on markets for oral contraceptives. Commercial Market Strategies Technical Paper.

70 Fleischman Foreit G, Karen. "Source of maternal and child health care as an indicator of ability to pay for family planning." International Family Planning Perspectives 28, no. 3 (2002): 167-169.

71 Forsberg, Birger C, Max G Petzold, Goran Tomson, and Peter Allebeck. "Diarrhoea case management in low-and middle-income countries: an unfinished agenda." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 85, no. 1 (2007): 42-48.

72 Gillespie, Duff, Saifuddin Ahmed, Amy Tsui, and Scott Radloff. "Unwanted fertility among the poor: An inequity?." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 85, no. 2 (2007): 100-107.

73 Gordon, David, Michelle Irving, Shailen Nandy, and Peter Townsend. "Multidimensional measures of child poverty." (2005) Townsend Centre for International Poverty Research Draft Conference Paper.

74 Gordon, David, Michelle K Irving, Shailen Nandy, and Peter Townsend. "The extent and nature of absolute poverty." (2007)

75 Gubhaju B, Bhakta. "Adolescent reproductive health in Asia." Asia Pacific Population Journal 17, no. 4 (2002): 97-119.

76 Gunther, Isabel, and Gunther Fink. "Water, sanitation and children's health: evidence from 172 DHS surveys." (2010) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.

77 Gu¨ndu¨z-Hogör, Ayse, and Jeroen Smits. "The status of rural women in Turkey: What is the role of regional differences." Nijmegen Center for Economics (NiCE) Working Paper 06, no. 101 (2006): 1-27.

78 Gwatkin, Davidson R, Shea Rutstein, Kiersten Johnson, Eldaw Suliman, Adam Wagstaff, and Agbessi Amouzou. "Socio-economic differences in health, nutrition, and population within developing countries." Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 10, no. 4 (2007).

79 Gwatkin, Davidson R, Adam Wagstaff, and Abdo Yazbeck. Reaching the poor with health, nutrition, and population services: what works, what doesn't, and why. : World Bank Publications, 2005.

80 Haberland, Nicole, Erica Chong, and Hilary Bracken. "Married adolescents: an overview." WHO/UNFPA/Population Council Technical Consultation on Married Adolescents. Geneva, December, 2003.

81 Hall, Sarah. "Neonatal mortality in developing countries: What can we learn from DHS data?." (2005) Southampton Statistical Sciences Research Institute Applications & Policy Working Paper.

82 Hancioglu, Attila. "Reproductive health, unmet needs and poverty: issues of access and quality of services." (2002) Performance of alternative approaches for identifying the relatively poor and linkages to reproductive health.

83 Harttgen, Kenneth, Stephan Klasen, and Sebastian Vollmer. "An African growth miracle? Or: what do asset indices tell us about trends in economic performance?." (2011) International Association for Research in Income and Wealth.

84 Hilber, Adriane M, Xavier Bosch-Capblanch, Christian Schindler, Lise Beck, Florence Sécula, Oran McKenzie, Sara Gari, Christina Stuckli, and Sonja Merten. Gender and immunisation. Basel, Switzerland: Swiss Centre for International Health, 2010.

85 Hill, Kenneth, and Yoonjoung Choi. "Neonatal mortality in the developing world." Demographic Research 14, no. 18 (2006): 429-452.

86 Houweling, Tanja A, Carine Ronsmans, Oona M Campbell, and Anton E Kunst. "Huge poor-rich inequalities in maternity care: an international comparative study of maternity and child care in developing countries." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 85, no. 10 (2007): 745-754.

87 Kim, S. A, A. D Stein, and R. Martorell. "Country development and the association between parity and overweight." International journal of obesity 31, no. 5 (2006): 805-812.

88 Koc, I. "Increased cesarean section rates in Turkey." European J. of Contraception and Reproductive Healthcare 8, no. 1 (2003): 1-10.

89 Koc, Ismet, and Turgay Ünalan. Adolescent reproductive behaviour in Turkey. 2001.

90 Korenromp, Eline. "Malaria incidence estimates at country level for the year 2004. Proposed estimates and draft report." (2005) World Health Organization, Roll Back Malaria. Geneva: WHO.

91 Kreider, Amanda, David Shapiro, Catherine Varner, and Malika Sinha. Socioeconomic progress and fertility transition in the developing world: Evidence from the Demographic and Health Surveys*. University Park, USA: Pennsylvania State University , 2009.

92 Kruk, Margaret E, Marta R Prescott, Helen de Pinho, and Sandro Galea. "Equity and the child health Millennium Development Goal: the role of pro-poor health policies." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 65, no. 4 (2011): 327-333.

93 Kulczycki, Andrzej. "Husband-wife agreement, power relations and contraceptive use in Turkey." (2008) International family planning perspectives.

94 Lamberti, Laura M, Christa L Walker, and Robert E Black. "Systematic review of diarrhea duration and severity in children and adults in low-and middle-income countries." (2012) BMC Public Health.

95 Lauer, Jeremy A, Ana P Betrán, Cesar G Victora, Mercedes de Onis, and Aluísio J Barros. "Breastfeeding patterns and exposure to suboptimal breastfeeding among children in developing countries: review and analysis of nationally representative surveys." BMC medicine 2, no. 1 (2004): 26.

96 Le Goff, Jean-Marie, and Yannic Forney. The Turkish demographic transition. Fertility and child mortality. : .

97 Lloyd B, Cynthia. Schooling and adolescent reproductive behavior in developing countries. : Millennium Project, 2006.

98 Lloyd B, Cynthia. "Social determinants of sexual and reproductive health: Informing future research and programme implementation." (2010) 7. The role of schools in promoting sexual and reproductive health among adolescents in developing countries.

99 Lopriore, C, M C Dop, A Solal-Celigny, and G Lagnado. "Excluding infants under 6 months of age from surveys: impact on prevalence of pre-school undernutrition." Public health nutrition 10, no. 01 (2007): 79-87.

100 MacDonald H, Theodore. Health, trade and human rights. Oxon, UK: Radcliffe Publishing Ltd, 2006.

101 MacDonald H, Theodore. Third world health: Hostage to first world health. Oxon, UK: Radcliffe Publishing Ltd, 2005.

102 Malarcher, Shawn. "Social determinants of sexual and reproductive health: Informing future research and programme implementation." (2010) 1. A view of sexual and reproductive health through the equity lens.

103 Marcotullio, Peter J, and Gordon McGranahan. Scaling urban environmental challenges: From local to global and back. : Earthscan/James \& James, 2007.

104 Mascarenhas, Maya N, Hoiwan Cheung, Colin D Mathers, and Gretchen A Stevens. "Measuring infertility in populations: constructing a standard definition for use with demographic and reproductive health surveys." Population Health Metrics 10, no. 1 (2012): 17.

105 Mathers, Colin D, Christina Bernard, Kim M Iburg, Mie Inoue, Doris Ma Fat, Kenji Shibuya, Claudia Stein, Niels Tomijima, and Hongyi Xu. "Global burden of disease in 2002: data sources, methods and results." (2003) Global Programme on Evidence for Health Policy Discussion Paper.

106 Meheus, F., and E. Van Doorslaer. "Achieving better measles immunization in developing countries: does higher coverage imply lower inequality?." Social Science & Medicine 66, no. 8 (2008): 1709-1718.

107 Mei, Zuguo, and Laurence M Grummer-Strawn. "Standard deviation of anthropometric Z-scores as a data quality assessment tool using the 2006 WHO growth standards: a cross country analysis." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 85, no. 6 (2007): 441-448.

108 Mencarini, Letizia, and Silvana Salvini. "Mediterranean fertility: toward a South-North convergence." (2003) Popolazione e Storia.

109 Menchini, Leonardo, and Giovanni Cornia. "The pace and distribution of health improvements during the last 40 years: some preliminary results." (2004) Centro Studi Luca D'Agliano Development Studies Working Papers.

110 Mendez, Michelle A, Carlos A Monteiro, and Barry M Popkin. "Overweight exceeds underweight among women in most developing countries." The American journal of clinical nutrition 81, no. 3 (2005): 714-721.

111 Monteiro, C A, W L Conde, B Lu, and B M Popkin. "Obesity and inequities in health in the developing world." International Journal of Obesity 28, no. 9 (2004): 1181-1186.

112 Montgomery, Mark R, and Paul C Hewett. "Urban poverty and health in developing countries: Household and neighborhood effects." Demography 42, no. 3 (2005): 397-425.

113 Moradi, Alexander. "Selective mortality or growth after childhood? What really is key to understand the puzzlingly tall adult heights in Sub-Saharan Africa." (2010) CSAE Working Paper Series.

114 Moser, Kath, Chris Frost, and David A Leon. "Comparing health inequalities across time and place—rate ratios and rate differences lead to different conclusions: analysis of cross-sectional data from 22 countries 1991-2001." International journal of epidemiology 36, no. 6 (2007): 1285-1291.

115 Ortayli, Nuriye, and Shawn Malarcher. "Equity analysis: identifying who benefits from family planning programs." Studies in Family Planning 41, no. 2 (2010): 101-108.

116 Ostby, Gudrun. "Dissaggregated inequalities and conflict in developing countries." Polarization and Conflict (PAC) Winter Meeting. Konstanz, Germany, June 2-5, 2005.

117 Ostby, Gudrun. "Horizontal inequalities, political environment and civil conflict: evidence from 55 developing countries." (2006) Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity (CRISE). Working Paper.

118 Ostby, Gudrun. "Inequality, institutions, and instability: Horizontal inequalities, political institutions, and civil conflict in developing countries 1986–2003." 1 st PIDDCP (Political Institutions, Development and a Domestic Civil Peace) Workshop. Oxford, UK, November 10-12, 2005.

119 Ozaltin, Emre, Kenneth Hill, and S V Subramanian. "Association of maternal stature with offspring mortality, underweight, and stunting in low-to middle-income countries." JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association 303, no. 15 (2010): 1507-1516.

120 Özdemir, Erhan. "The effects of rural-to-urban migration on the status of women in Turkey." (2003) Turkish Journal of Population Studies.

121 Ozvaris, Sevkat B, Nuriye N Sahin-Hodoglugil, and Ayse Akin. "Estimates of neonatal mortality,“smaller” and “before term” births in Turkey based on the 1998 Demographic and Health Survey data." Turkish Journal of Public Health 3, no. 1 (2005): 2-19.

122 Pelletier, David L, and Edward A Frongillo. "Changes in child survival are strongly associated with changes in malnutrition in developing countries." The Journal of nutrition 133, no. 1 (2003): 107.

123 Pullum W, Thomas. "An assessment of the quality of data on health and nutrition in the DHS Surveys, 1993-2003." (2008) DHS Methodological Reports.

124 Rajaratnam, Julie K, Linda N Tran, Alan D Lopez, and Christopher J Murray. "Measuring under-five mortality: validation of new low-cost methods." PLoS medicine 7, no. 4 (2010): e1000.

125 Rani, Manju, and Elizabeth Lule. "Exploring the socioeconomic dimension of adolescent reproductive health: a multicountry analysis." (2004) International Family Planning Perspectives.

126 Raveendran, Rini. "A Study on the Unmet Need Of Contraception in Rural area of Davangere Taluk And Pattern of Adoption of Contraceptive Methods." M.D. in Community Medicine , J.J.M. Medical Collage, 2008.

127 Rechel, Bernd, Laidon Shapo, and Martin McKee. "Millennium Development goals for health in Europe and central Asia: relevance and policy implications." (2004) World Bank Working Paper No. 33.

128 Robertson, Aileen, Cristina Tirado, Tim Lobstein, Marco Jermini, Cecile Knai, Jorgen H Jensen, Anna Ferro-Luzzi, and W.P.T. James. Food and health in Europe: a new basis for action. Copenhagen, Denmark: World Health Organization, 2004.

129 Rosen E, James. "Adolescent health and development (AHD): A resource guide for World Bank Operations Staff and government counterparts." (2004) HNP Discussion Paper.

130 Ross A, John. "Effort measures for family planning action programs: Past trends and future prospects." Completing the Fertility Transition , no. 48/49 (2002).

131 Ross, John A, and William L Winfrey. "Unmet need for contraception in the developing world and the former Soviet Union: an updated estimate." International family planning perspectives 28, no. 3 (2002): 138-143.

132 Roudi-Fahimi, Farzaneh. "Iran’s family planning program: Responding to a nation’s needs." (2002) Population Reference Bureau MENA Briefs.

133 Roudi-Fahimi, Farzaneh. Women's reproductive health in the Middle East and North Africa. : Population Reference Bureau Washington, DC, 2003.

134 Roudi-Fahimi, Farzaneh, and Valentine M Moghadam. "Empowering women, developing society: Female education in the Middle East and North Africa." (2003) Population Reference Bureau.

135 Schady, Norbert, and Marc F Smitz. Aggregate economic shocks and infant mortality: New evidence for middle-income countries. Washington, DC, USA: The World Bank, 2009.

136 Sedgh, Gilda, Rubina Hussain, Akinrinola Bankole, and Susheela Singh. Women with an unmet need for contraception in developing countries and their reasons for not using a method. New York, USA: Guttmacher Institute, 2007.

137 Senlet, Pinar, Pinar L Curtis, Jill Mathis, and Han Raggers. "The role of changes in contraceptive use in the decline of induced abortion in Turkey." Studies in family planning 32, no. 1 (2001): 41-52.

138 Senlet, Pinar, Jill Mathis, Siân Curtis, and Han Raggers. Abortion and contraceptive use in Turkey. : Measure Evaluation, 2000.

139 Shapiro, David, Amanda Kreider, Catherine Varner, and Malika Sinha. "Stalling of fertility transitions and socioeconomic change in the developing world: evidence from the demographic and health surveys." 36th Chaire Quetelet, Annual Symposium in Demography. Louvain la Neuve, Belgium, November, 2010.

140 Smits, J., and A. G Hosgor. "Effects of family background characteristics on educational participation in Turkey." International Journal of Educational Development 26, no. 5 (2006): 545-560.

141 Smits, Jeroen, and Ayse Gündüz-Hosgör. "Linguistic capital: language as a socio-economic resource among Kurdish and Arabic women in Turkey." Ethnic & Racial Studies 26, no. 5 (2003): 829-853.

142 Stichnoth, Holger, and Mustafa Yeter. "Cultural influences on the fertility behaviour of first-and second-generation immigrants in Germany." ZEW-Centre for European Economic Research Discussion Paper , no. 13-023 (2013).

143 Storeygard, Adam, Deborah Balk, Marc Levy, and Glenn Deane. "The global distribution of infant mortality: a subnational spatial view." Population, space and place 14, no. 3 (2008): 209-229.

144 Tezcan, Sabahat, and Tugba Adali. "Marriage characteristics and reproductive health of adolescents in Turkey: findings from Demographic and Health Surveys 1998 and 2008.." (2012) The Turkish journal of pediatrics.

145 Tfaily, Rania. "First cousin marriages and marital relationships in Egypt, Jordan, Turkey and Yemen." 25th International Population Conference of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population. Tours, France, 2005.

146 TÜRKYILMAZ S, Ahmet. "Application of synthetic estimation to selected demographic and health indicators as a traditional small area estimation for provinces of Turkey." (2003) Turkish Journal of Population Studies.

147 Ucar, Baris. "The analysis of transition time from religious to civil marriage in Turkey the evidence from TDHS-1998 and TDHS-2008." The 2nd Asian Population Association Conference Bangkok, Thailand 26-29 August 2012. Bangkok, 2012.

148 Van de Poel, Ellen. "Urbanization, health and inequality in the developing world." PhD Thesis, University Rotterdam, 2009.

149 Van de Poel, Ellen, Owen O’Donnell, and Eddy Van Doorslaer. "Are urban children really healthier? Evidence from 47 developing countries." Social Science & Medicine 65, no. 10 (2007): 1986-2003.

150 Van de Poel, Ellen, Ahmad R Hosseinpoor, Niko Speybroeck, Tom Van Ourti, and Jeanette Vega. "Socioeconomic inequality in malnutrition in developing countries." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 86, no. 4 (2008): 282-291.

151 Wang, Limin. "Determinants of child mortality in LDCs: Empirical findings from demographic and health surveys." Health Policy 65, no. 3 (2003): 277-299.

152 Wang, Limin. Determinants of child mortality in low-income countries: Empirical findings from Demographic and Health Surveys. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank, 2002.

153 Wang, Limin. Health outcomes in low-income countries and policy implications: Empirical findings from demographic and health surveys. : World Bank, Environment Dept., 2002.

154 Wang, Limin. "Health outcomes in poor countries and policy options: Empirical findings from Demographic and Health Surveys." (2002) World Bank Policy Research Papers.

155 Ward-Batts, Jennifer, and Kaitlin Antishin. "Compulsory Schooling in Turkey, Educational Attainment, and the Gender Gap."

156 Wardlaw, Tessa, Ann Blanc, Jelka Zupan, and Elisabeth Ahman. Low birthweight: country, regional and global estimates. New York, USA: WHO, 2004.

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158 Yavuz, Sutay. "Completing the fertility transition: third birth developments by language groups in Turkey." Demographic Research 15, no. 15 (2006): 435-460.

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