| Table of contents |
List of Figures, Tables, Boxes and Maps ........................................................................... ii
Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................................................................................ v
Foreword ...................................................................................................................... viii
Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... x
Key findings ..................................................................................................................... 2
1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 4
1.1 Rwanda's impressive accomplishements .................................................................. 4
1.2 Poverty and inequality persist ................................................................................ 4
1.3 Outlook and reasons for this assessment................................................................. 5
2 Study objectives and methodology .......................................................................... 6
2.1 Key objectives of the assessment ........................................................................... 6
2.2 Conceptual framework and definitions..................................................................... 6
2.3 Methodology ........................................................................................................ 7
2.4 Study limitations .................................................................................................. 9
3 The state of food security and nutrition in Rwanda in 2012 ................................... 11
3.1 Increasing food availability .................................................................................. 11
3.2 Markets are generally efficient and fair ................................................................. 18
3.3 Half of households have difficulty accessing food .................................................... 29
3.4 Almost four in five households had acceptable food consumption in March/April 2012 . 30
3.5 Acceptable levels of acute malnutrition but still alarmingly high rates of chronic malnutrition for children under five .......... 37
3.6 Women's nutritional status .................................................................................. 38
4 Understanding the issues behind poor food consumption and chronic malnutrition in Rwanda .............. 40
4.1 What are the individual factors that determine child stunting? ................................. 42
4.2 What households are food insecure or have stunted children? .................................. 46
4.3 Where do the food insecure households and the malnourished children live? ............. 62
5 How shocks impact food security .......................................................................... 78
5.1 Risk and vulnerability approach ............................................................................ 78
5.2 Main shocks ....................................................................................................... 79
5.3 Resilience and capacity to cope with shocks ........................................................... 82
5.4 Rainfall deficit and erratic rainfall ......................................................................... 85
5.5 Floods ............................................................................................................... 88
5.6 Increases in staple food prices ............................................................................. 89
6 What is being done? key tools and mechanisms in place to address poverty, malnutrition and food insecurity in Rwanda .... 92
6.1 Assistance received ............................................................................................ 92
6.2 Government led social protection ......................................................................... 96
6.3 Livelihoods, agriculture and livestock support ........................................................ 99
6.4 Education support ............................................................................................ 101
6.5 Multisectoral strategy to eliminate malnutrition .................................................... 101
6.6 Health ............................................................................................................ 101
6.7 Food assistance ............................................................................................... 102
7 The way forward to tackle food insecurity and malnutrition ................................ 103
7.1 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 103
7.2 Recommendations ............................................................................................ 105
Annexes (included in the CD-ROM) .............................................................................. 108 |
