| Table of contents |
ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................................... VIII
LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................................. IX
LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. X
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................... 1
OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................................................ 1
SCOPE AND METHODS ........................................................................................................................... 1
RURAL MAINLAND TANZANIA RESULTS ....................................................................................................... 2
How many people are food insecure and malnourished?.................................................................... 2
Where are the food insecure and malnourished people? .................................................................... 2
Who is food insecure? ................................................................................................................... 4
Underlying causes of food insecurity ............................................................................................... 4
Shocks ....................................................................................................................................... 5
Recommendations........................................................................................................................ 6
RURAL ZANZIBAR RESULTS ..................................................................................................................... 7
How many people are food insecure?.............................................................................................. 7
Where are the food insecure people? .............................................................................................. 7
Who is food insecure? ................................................................................................................... 8
Underlying causes of food insecurity ............................................................................................... 8
Shocks ....................................................................................................................................... 9
Recommendations........................................................................................................................ 9
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................11
BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................................................11
CURRENT FOOD SECURITY CHALLENGES .....................................................................................................11
CFSVA OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................ 13
OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................................................13
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND DEFINITIONS ..............................................................................................13
METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................................................15
Sources of data ..........................................................................................................................15
Sampling strategy for primary data collection .................................................................................16
Instruments ...............................................................................................................................17
Enumerator training and data collection .........................................................................................18
Data entry and analysis ...............................................................................................................18
Key stakeholders and partners .....................................................................................................18
Limitations and challenges ...........................................................................................................19
MAINLAND TANZANIA 2009/2010 CFSVA RESULTS ........................................................................ 20
HUMAN AND SOCIAL CAPITAL .................................................................................................................20
Demographics ............................................................................................................................20
Education...................................................................................................................................22
Health .......................................................................................................................................24
Migration and displacement ..........................................................................................................26
PHYSICAL CAPITAL ..............................................................................................................................28
Housing Amenities ......................................................................................................................28
Water and Sanitation ...................................................................................................................28
Asset ownership and wealth index .................................................................................................30
ECONOMIC CAPITAL AND LIVELIHOOD STRATEGIES ........................................................................................33
Income and activities ..................................................................................................................33
Livelihood strategy profiles...........................................................................................................37
Expenditures ..............................................................................................................................42
Credit, Cash, Exchange ................................................................................................................44
NATURAL CAPITAL ...............................................................................................................................45
Agricultural Production ................................................................................................................45
Productive Land ..........................................................................................................................46
Crop Production ..........................................................................................................................48
Duration of harvest .....................................................................................................................53
Seeds and agricultural inputs .......................................................................................................54
Access to livestock ......................................................................................................................56
FOOD CONSUMPTION ...........................................................................................................................58
Dietary Diversity and Food Sources ...............................................................................................58
Food Consumption Groups ...........................................................................................................62
HEALTH AND NUTRITION .......................................................................................................................69
Maternal and child health .............................................................................................................69
Hygiene and child care practices ...................................................................................................71
Maternal and child nutrition ..........................................................................................................74
RISK AND VULNERABILITY CONTEXT .........................................................................................................83
Risk and Vulnerability Approach ....................................................................................................83
Shocks ......................................................................................................................................83
Risk Analysis ..............................................................................................................................88
High food prices ..........................................................................................................................97
Plant disease and animal/other pests ............................................................................................97
Coping Strategies .......................................................................................................................97
Assistance ................................................................................................................................ 101
RURAL ZANZIBAR 2009/2010 CFSVA RESULTS ............................................................................. 102
HUMAN AND SOCIAL CAPITAL ............................................................................................................... 102
Demographics .......................................................................................................................... 102
Education................................................................................................................................. 104
Health ..................................................................................................................................... 106
Population Growth and Migration ................................................................................................ 107
PHYSICAL CAPITAL ............................................................................................................................ 109
Housing Amenities .................................................................................................................... 109
Asset ownership and wealth index ............................................................................................... 111
ECONOMIC CAPITAL AND LIVELIHOOD STRATEGIES ...................................................................................... 114
Income and activities ................................................................................................................ 114
Livelihood strategy profiles......................................................................................................... 116
Expenditures ............................................................................................................................ 120
Credit, Cash and Exchange ........................................................................................................ 122
NATURAL CAPITAL ............................................................................................................................. 123
Agricultural Production .............................................................................................................. 123
Productive Land ........................................................................................................................ 123
Crop Production ........................................................................................................................ 124
Duration of harvest ................................................................................................................... 128
Seeds and agricultural inputs ..................................................................................................... 129
Access to livestock .................................................................................................................... 131
FOOD CONSUMPTION ......................................................................................................................... 133
Dietary Diversity and Food Sources ............................................................................................. 133
Food Consumption Groups ......................................................................................................... 136
RISK AND VULNERABILITY CONTEXT ....................................................................................................... 142
Risk and Vulnerability Approach .................................................................................................. 142
Shocks .................................................................................................................................... 142
High food prices ........................................................................................................................ 143
Lack of rainfall/drought.............................................................................................................. 143
Plant disease and animal/other pests .......................................................................................... 144
Coping Strategies ..................................................................................................................... 144
Assistance ................................................................................................................................ 145
UNDERLYING CAUSES OF FOOD INSECURITY AND MALNUTRITION .............................................. 146
RURAL MAINLAND TANZANIA ................................................................................................................ 146
Underlying causes of food insecurity ............................................................................................ 146
Underlying causes of malnutrition ............................................................................................... 147
RURAL ZANZIBAR ............................................................................................................................. 149
Underlying causes of food insecurity ............................................................................................ 149
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................................................... 151
RURAL MAINLAND TANZANIA ................................................................................................................ 151
Conclusions .............................................................................................................................. 151
Recommendations..................................................................................................................... 155
RURAL ZANZIBAR ............................................................................................................................. 157
Conclusions .............................................................................................................................. 157
Recommendations..................................................................................................................... 159
ANNEXES ....................................................................................................................................... 161
ANNEX 1: IN-DEPTH REGIONAL PROFILES OF POOREST FOOD CONSUMPTION REGIONS............................................. 162
Mtwara .................................................................................................................................... 162
Manyara .................................................................................................................................. 164
Arusha .................................................................................................................................... 166
Singida .................................................................................................................................... 168
Lindi ........................................................................................................................................ 170
ANNEX 2: INTRAREGIONAL ESTIMATIONS OF FOOD INSECURITY ....................................................................... 172
Geographic Distribution of Food Security and Poverty Indicators ..................................................... 172
Methodology Details .................................................................................................................. 174
ANNEX 3: RURAL MAINLAND TANZANIA TABLES ......................................................................................... 179
Human and Social Capital .......................................................................................................... 179
Physical Capital ........................................................................................................................ 184
Economic Capital and Livelihood Strategies .................................................................................. 188
Natural Capital ......................................................................................................................... 193
Food consumption ..................................................................................................................... 196
Health and Nutrition .................................................................................................................. 197
Risk and Vulnerability Context .................................................................................................... 202
ANNEX 4: RURAL ZANZIBAR TABLES ....................................................................................................... 205
Human and Social Capital .......................................................................................................... 205
Natural Capital ......................................................................................................................... 208
Physical Capital ........................................................................................................................ 210
Economic Capital and Livelihood Strategies .................................................................................. 212
Food consumption chapter ......................................................................................................... 215
Risk and Vulnerability Context .................................................................................................... 216 |
