| Table of contents |
PREFACE…………………………………............................................................................................2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..................................................................................................................... ii
LIST OF FIGURES AND BOXES....................................................................................................... x
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................. xi
CHAPTER 1............................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................1
SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND OF MALAWI......................................................................1
1.1 Location .......................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Economic performance...............................................................................................................1
1.3 Government Policy on child labour...........................................................................................1
1.4 Government policy on education.……………………………………………………………..1
1.5 Demographic ch aracteristics.…………………………………………………………………1
1.6 Background and Justification for the survey ...........................................................................2
1.7 Objectives of the survey..............................................................................................................2
1.8 Arrangement of the report.........................................................................................................3
1.9 Glossary of Concepts and Definitions .......................................................................................4
1.10 Abbreviations and Acronyms ....................................................................................................4
CHAPTER 2................................................................................................................................6
SURVEY METHODOLOGY................................................................................................................7
2.1 Planning and Preparation ...........................................................................................................7
2.2 Scope and coverage.................................................................................................................7
2.3 Sample Design and Implementation...........................................................................................8
2.4 Determination of sample size ......................................................................................................9
2.5 Questionnaire and target respondents.....................................................................................10
2.6 Training ..............................................................................................................................10
2.7 Fieldwork Organisations and Monitoring...............................................................................10
2.8 Supervision and Quality Control..............................................................................................11
2.9 Data Processing and Editing.....................................................................................................11
2.10: Methodology of Street Kids Survey(SKS) and Children in Commercial Sexual Exploitation Survey(CPS) ................11
CHAPTER 3...........................................................................................................................15
EXISTING CHILD LABOUR INTERVENTION PROGRAMMES..............................................15
3.1 Definition of childlabour………………………………………………………………………18
3.2 Identified Previous Studies........................................................................................................15
3.3 Different Forms of Child Labour in the Country...................................................................15
3.4 Problems and Hazards of Child Labour..................................................................................15
3.5 The Legal Framework and Existing Policies to Control Child Labour................................16
3.6 Focus of the Existing Programmes on the Elimination of Child Labour ............................17
3.7 Exiting Child Labour Intervention Programmes: .................................................................17
3.8. Action Programmes by Government Agencies .......................................................................18
3.9 Action Programmes by NGOs and other agencies and Impact Assessment ........................18
CHAPTER 4.............................................................................................................................21
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SURVEY POPULATION.............................................................21
4.1 Population Composition ...........................................................................................................21
4.3 Selected Economic Characteristics of Households.................................................................28
4.4 Housing Characteristics of Population ...................................................................................30
CHAPTER 5..........................................................................................................................................37
CHARACTERISTICS OF WORKING CHILDREN.......................................................................37
5.1 Estimates of the number of working children........................................................................37
5.2 Demographic characteristics of working children (5-17 years).......................................….39
5.3 Currently working children by Education. ............................................................................40
5.4 Economic Characteristics.........................................................................................................41
5.5 Working Children and their Major Occupations..................................................................42
5.6 Usual working children and their major economic activities. ..............................................42
5.7 Currently working children and their major economic activities........................................43
5.8 Currently economically active children and their working hours per week.......................44
5.11 Working children by employment status................................................................................49
5.12 Current working children by employment status..................................................................50
CHAPTER 6..........................................................................................................................................52
CHARACTERISTICS OF CHILD LABOUR AND WORKING CONDITIONS.........................52
6.1 Estimated Number of Children engaged in Child Labour, by Age and Sex ........................52
6.2 Child labour by Education Levels and Sex ...........................................................................52
6.3 Estimated Number of Children engaged in Child Labour by industry..............................................51
6.4 Estimated Number of Children engaged in Child Labour by their Workplace ....................................54
6.5 Estimated Number of Children engaged in Child Labour by their employment status and Sex………………..55
6.6 Estimated Number of Children engaged in Child Labour......................................................55
by working hours and Sex.........................................................................................................55
6.7 Estimated Number of Children engaged in Child Labour by their Monthly Household Expenditure Group and Sex ..........…54
6.8 Percentage distribution of child employees by mode of payment………………………….55
6.9 Use of earnings………………………………………………………………………………….56
CHAPTER 7…………………………………………………………………………………………..57
CAUSESOFCHILDLABOUR..….……………………………………………………………….….57
7.1 Determinants of child labour………………………………………………………………...57
7.2 Household structure.……………………………………………………………………….…57
7.3 Household Size...………...…………………………………………………………………....58
7.4 Household Expenditure pattern..……………………………………………………….…...58
7.5 Household main activity from which they derivrd their income.…………………………59
7.6 Household amenities………….………………………………………………………………60
7.7 Orphan hood………………………………………………………………………………….61
7.8 Educational Background of the mother.…………………………………………………….62
CHAPTER 8…………………………………………………………………………………………..65
EFFECTS OF WORK ONCHILDREN.……………………………………………………………65
8.1 Child Labour and Reason for not attending School.………………………………………..65
8.2 Child Labour and its Effects on Education...……………………………………………......65
8.3 Child Labour and Dropping School………………………………………………………….66
8.4 School Attendance……………………………………………………………………………..67
8.5 Child Labour and consequences to household if child stops working .........................…….67
8.6 Health and Safety of Child Labourers……………………………………………………….69
CHAPTER 9…………………………………………………………………………………………..72
STREET KIDS......................................................................................................................................73
9.1 Background characteristics of the Interviewed Street Kids ...............................................73
9.2 Parent Survival Status, Living Arrangements .......................................................................73
and Working Status of Parents................................................................................................73
9.3 Street Kids and their Mother’s Activity Status......................................................................74
9.4 Reasons for Street Kids to be on the Street ............................................................................75
9.5 Distribution of Street Kids by Place of Sleep .........................................................................75
9.6 School Attendance Among Street Kids...................................................................................76
9.7 Working Street Children..........................................................................................................77
9.8 Health Concerns: Substance Abuse, Harassment and HIV/AIDS Awareness.....................79
9.9 Knowledge of HIV/AIDS...........................................................................................................84
CHAPTER 10 ........................................................................................................................................92
CHILDREN IN COMMERCIAL SEXUAL EXPLOITATION (CSEC)........................................92
10.1 Background Characteristics CSEC.........................................................................................92
10.2 Employment Status of the Mother ..........................................................................................95
10.3 Education Background of the Respondents ...........................................................................96
10.4 Safe Sex Practice Among CSEC’s ...........................................................................................98
10.5 Alternative businesses for children in commercial sexual exploitation ............................103
10.6 Reasons for Joining Sex Trade, Drugs and Alcohol Abuse.................................................105
10.7 HIV/AIDS Prevention.............................................................................................................108
10.8 Commercial Sex workers and Government Programs.........................................................111
CHAPTER 11 ......................................................................................................................................113
CONCLUSION AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS………………………………………………..113
11.1 Number and Characteristics of Working Children…...…………………………………..114
11.2 Number and Characteristics of Child Labourers...………………………………………..114
11.3 Education……………………………………………………………………………………..114
11.4 Health…………………………………………………………………………………………115
11.5 Parent Perception on Working Children..…………………………………………………115
11.6 Joined-up Government...........................................................................................................116
11.7 Legal FrameWork...................................................................................................................116
11.8 Education Policy......................................................................................................................117
11.9 Labour Policy ..........................................................................................................................117
11.10 Other Related Social Policies .................................................................................................117
References……………………………………………………………………………………………141
ANNEX I
Sampling errors for selected estimates.…………………………………………………………...142
ANNEX II
Household questionnaire…………………………………………………………………………...151
ANNEXIII
Children’s questionnaire……………………………………………………………………………172
ANNEX IV
Street Kids Questionnaire…………………………………………………………………………184
ANNEX V
Children in Commercial Sexual Exploitation Questionnaire……………………………………197 |
