| Author(s) |
Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency, Harare, Zimbabwe The DHS Program ICF International, Rockville, Maryland, USA |
| Date |
2016-11-01 |
| Country |
Zimbabwe |
| Language |
English |
| Description |
This report presents the detailed findings from the 2015-16 TDHS-MIS at national, zonal (as used by the MoHCDGEC), and where possible, regional levels. |
| Table of contents |
TABLES AND FIGURES ........................................................................................................................... ix
PREFACE .................................................................................................................................................. xix
ADDITIONAL DHS PROGRAM RESOURCES ................................................................................... xxi
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................... xxiii
MAP OF ZIMBABWE ............................................................................................................................ xxvi
1 INTRODUCTION AND SURVEY METHODOLOGY .............................................................. 1
1.1 Survey Objectives ................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Sample Design ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Questionnaires ..................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Anthropometry, Anaemia Testing, and HIV Testing .......................................................... 3
1.5 Training of Field Staff ......................................................................................................... 4
1.6 Fieldwork ............................................................................................................................. 5
1.7 Data Processing ................................................................................................................... 5
1.8 Response Rates .................................................................................................................... 5
2 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS AND HOUSEHOLD POPULATION ................................ 7
2.1 Drinking Water Sources and Treatment .............................................................................. 8
2.2 Sanitation Facilities and Waste Disposal ............................................................................. 9
2.3 Exposure to Smoke Inside the Home and Other Housing Characteristics ......................... 10
2.4 Household Wealth ............................................................................................................. 11
2.5 Hand Washing ................................................................................................................... 12
2.6 Household Population and Composition ........................................................................... 13
2.7 Birth Registration .............................................................................................................. 14
2.8 Children’s Living Arrangements, School Attendance, and Parental Survival ................... 14
2.9 Education ........................................................................................................................... 15
2.9.1 Educational Attainment ....................................................................................... 15
2.9.2 School Attendance ............................................................................................... 15
3 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS ............................................................................. 35
3.1 Basic Characteristics of Survey Respondents .................................................................... 35
3.2 Education and Literacy ...................................................................................................... 36
3.4 Exposure to Mass Media and Internet Usage .................................................................... 37
3.5 Employment Status ............................................................................................................ 38
3.6 Occupation ......................................................................................................................... 39
3.7 Health Insurance Coverage ................................................................................................ 40
3.8 Tobacco Use ...................................................................................................................... 40
4 MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY .................................................................................. 61
4.1 Marital Status ..................................................................................................................... 61
4.2 Polygyny ............................................................................................................................ 62
4.3 Age at First Marriage ......................................................................................................... 63
4.4 Age at First Sexual Intercourse ......................................................................................... 63
4.5 Recent Sexual Activity ...................................................................................................... 64
5 FERTILITY ................................................................................................................................... 75
5.1 Current Fertility ................................................................................................................. 76
5.2 Children Ever Born and Living ......................................................................................... 77
5.3 Birth Intervals .................................................................................................................... 78
5.4 Insusceptibility to Pregnancy ............................................................................................. 78
5.5 Age at First Birth ............................................................................................................... 80
5.6 Teenage Childbearing ........................................................................................................ 80
6 FERTILITY PREFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 95
6.1 Desire for Another Child ................................................................................................... 95
6.2 Ideal Number of Children .................................................................................................. 97
6.3 Fertility Planning Status .................................................................................................... 98
6.4 Wanted Fertility Rates ....................................................................................................... 99
7 FAMILY PLANNING ................................................................................................................ 109
7.1 Contraceptive Knowledge and Use ................................................................................. 110
7.2 Source of Modern Contraceptive Methods ...................................................................... 112
7.3 Informed Choice .............................................................................................................. 113
7.4 Discontinuation of Contraceptives .................................................................................. 113
7.5 Demand for Family Planning .......................................................................................... 113
7.6 Future Use of Contraception ............................................................................................ 115
7.7 Exposure to Family Planning Messages in the Media ..................................................... 115
7.8 Contact of Non-users with Family Planning Providers ................................................... 116
8 INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY ...................................................................................... 131
8.1 Infant and Child Mortality ............................................................................................... 132
8.2 Biodemographic Risk Factors ......................................................................................... 133
8.3 Perinatal Mortality ........................................................................................................... 134
8.4 Higher-risk Fertility Behaviour ....................................................................................... 134
9 MATERNAL HEALTH CARE ................................................................................................. 141
9.1 Antenatal Care Coverage and Content ............................................................................ 142
9.1.1 Skilled Providers ................................................................................................ 142
9.1.2 Timing and Number of ANC Visits ................................................................... 142
9.1.3 Components of ANC Visits ............................................................................... 143
9.2 Protection Against Neonatal Tetanus .............................................................................. 143
9.3 Place of Delivery ............................................................................................................. 144
9.4 Skilled Assistance during Delivery ................................................................................. 145
9.5 Delivery by Caesarean ..................................................................................................... 146
9.6 Postnatal Care .................................................................................................................. 146
9.6.1 Postnatal Health Check for Mothers .................................................................. 146
9.6.2 Postnatal Health Checks for Newborns ............................................................. 147
9.6.3 Content of Postnatal Care for Newborns ........................................................... 147
9.7 Problems in Accessing Health Care ................................................................................ 148
9.8 Prevention of Cervical Cancer ......................................................................................... 148
10 CHILD HEALTH ........................................................................................................................ 165
10.1 Birth Weight .................................................................................................................... 165
10.2 Vaccination of Children ................................................................................................... 166
10.3 Symptoms of Acute Respiratory Infection ...................................................................... 168
10.4 Fever ................................................................................................................................ 168
10.5 Diarrhoeal Disease ........................................................................................................... 169
10.5.1 Prevalence of Diarrhoea ..................................................................................... 169
10.5.2 Treatment of Diarrhoea ...................................................................................... 169
10.5.3 Feeding Practices ............................................................................................... 170
10.5.4 Knowledge of ORS Packets ............................................................................... 171
10.6 Disposal of Children’s Stools .......................................................................................... 171
11 NUTRITION OF CHILDREN AND ADULTS ........................................................................ 185
11.1 Nutritional Status of Children .......................................................................................... 185
11.1.1 Measurement of Nutritional Status among Young Children .............................. 186
11.1.2 Data Collection .................................................................................................. 187
11.1.3 Prevalence of Malnutrition in Children ............................................................. 187
11.2 Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices ...................................................................... 188
11.2.1 Initiation of Breastfeeding ................................................................................. 188
11.2.2 Exclusive Breastfeeding ..................................................................................... 189
11.2.3 Median Duration of Breastfeeding ..................................................................... 190
11.2.4 Complementary Feeding .................................................................................... 191
11.2.5 Minimum Acceptable Diet ................................................................................. 191
11.3 Anaemia Prevalence in Children ..................................................................................... 193
11.4 Vitamin A Supplementation and Deworming in Children .............................................. 194
11.5 Presence of Iodised Salt in Households ........................................................................... 195
11.6 Adults’ Nutritional Status ................................................................................................ 195
11.6.1 Nutritional Status of Women ............................................................................. 195
11.6.2 Nutritional Status of Men ................................................................................... 197
11.7 Anaemia Prevalence in Adults ........................................................................................ 197
11.8 Maternal Iron and Folate Supplementation ..................................................................... 198
12 MALARIA ................................................................................................................................... 217
12.1 Mosquito Nets and Indoor Residual Spraying ................................................................. 218
12.1.1 Ownership of Insecticide-Treated Nets .............................................................. 218
12.1.2 Access to Insecticide-Treated Nets (ITNs) ........................................................ 219
12.1.3 Source of Mosquito Nets ................................................................................... 220
12.1.4 Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) ......................................................................... 221
12.1.5 Use of Mosquito Nets among the De Facto Household Population ................... 222
12.1.6 Use of Mosquito Nets by Children .................................................................... 223
12.1.7 Use of Mosquito Nets by Pregnant Women ....................................................... 224
12.2 Prevalence, Diagnosis, and Prompt Treatment of Fever among Young Children ........... 225
13 HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND BEHAVIOUR ....................... 237
13.1 HIV/AIDS Knowledge, Transmission, and Prevention Methods .................................... 238
13.2 Knowledge about Mother-to-Child Transmission ........................................................... 239
13.3 HIV/AIDS Attitudes ........................................................................................................ 240
13.3.1 Discriminatory Attitudes towards People Living with HIV............................... 240
13.3.2 Attitudes towards Negotiating Safer Sexual Relations with Husbands ............. 241
13.4 Multiple Sexual Partners and Condom Use ..................................................................... 241
13.5 Paid Sex ........................................................................................................................... 242
13.6 Coverage of HIV Testing Services .................................................................................. 242
13.6.1 Awareness of HIV Testing Services and Experience with HIV Testing ........... 242
13.6.2 HIV Testing of Pregnant Women ...................................................................... 244
13.7 Male Circumcision .......................................................................................................... 244
13.8 Self-reporting of Sexually Transmitted Infections .......................................................... 245
13.9 Injections ......................................................................................................................... 245
13.10 HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge and Behaviour among Young People ............................ 245
13.10.1 Knowledge about HIV/AIDS and Source for Condoms .................................... 245
13.10.2 First Sex ............................................................................................................. 246
13.10.3 Premarital Sex .................................................................................................... 247
13.10.4 Multiple Sexual Partners and Condom Use ....................................................... 247
13.10.5 Age-mixing in Sexual Relationships .................................................................. 247
13.10.6 Coverage of HIV Testing Services .................................................................... 247
14 HIV PREVALENCE ................................................................................................................... 273
14.1 Coverage Rates for HIV Testing ..................................................................................... 273
14.2 HIV Prevalence ............................................................................................................... 274
14.2.1 HIV Prevalence among Women and Men ......................................................... 274
14.2.2 HIV Prevalence among Children ....................................................................... 275
14.2.3 HIV Prevalence among Women and Men by Background Characteristics ....... 276
14.2.4 HIV Prevalence by Sexual Risk Behaviour ....................................................... 277
14.2.5 HIV Prevalence among Young People .............................................................. 277
14.2.6 HIV Prevalence by Other Characteristics Related to HIV Risk ......................... 278
14.2.7 HIV Prevalence among Couples ........................................................................ 279
15 WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT ................................................................................................ 295
15.1 Married Women’s and Men’s Employment .................................................................... 295
15.2 Control over Women’s Earnings ..................................................................................... 296
15.3 Control over Men’s Earnings .......................................................................................... 297
15.4 Women’s and Men’s Ownership of Assets ..................................................................... 297
15.5 Women’s Participation in Decision Making .................................................................... 299
15.6 Attitudes towards Wife Beating ...................................................................................... 300
16 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ........................................................................................................... 315
16.1 Measurement of Violence ................................................................................................ 316
16.1.1 The Use of Valid Measures of Violence ............................................................ 316
16.1.2 Ethical Considerations ....................................................................................... 317
16.1.3 Subsample for the Violence Module .................................................................. 317
16.2 Experience of Physical Violence ..................................................................................... 318
16.3 Experience of Sexual Violence ........................................................................................ 319
16.4 Experience of Different Forms of Violence .................................................................... 319
16.5 Violence during Pregnancy ............................................................................................. 320
16.6 Marital Control ................................................................................................................ 320
16.7 Spousal Violence ............................................................................................................. 321
16.7.1 Prevalence of Spousal Violence ......................................................................... 321
16.7.2 Recent Spousal Violence ................................................................................... 322
16.8 Duration of Marriage and Spousal Violence ................................................................... 323
16.9 Injuries due to Spousal Violence ..................................................................................... 323
16.10 Violence Initiated by Women against Their Husbands/Partners ..................................... 323
16.11 Response to Violence ...................................................................................................... 324
16.11.1 Help-Seeking among Women Who Have Experienced Violence ...................... 324
16.11.2 Sources for Help ................................................................................................ 324
17 ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY ............................................................................. 343
17.1 Data ................................................................................................................................. 343
17.2 Direct Estimates of Adult Mortality ................................................................................ 344
17.3 Trends in Adult Mortality ................................................................................................ 345
17.4 Direct Estimation of Maternal Mortality ......................................................................... 346
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................... 351
APPENDIX A SAMPLE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION ........................................................ 353
APPENDIX B HIV TESTING METHODOLOGY ............................................................................. 365
APPENDIX C ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS ................................................................... 371
APPENDIX D DATA QUALITY TABLES ......................................................................................... 389
APPENDIX E SURVEY PERSONNEL ............................................................................................... 397
APPENDIX F QUESTIONNAIRES ..................................................................................................... 399 |
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