Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2014
Kingdom of Eswatini, 2014
Get MicrodataIdentification
SWZ_2014_MICS_v01_M
Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2014
| Name | Country code |
|---|---|
| Kingdom of Eswatini | SWZ |
Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey - Round 5 [hh/mics-5]
UNICEF has strategically invested in data collection and helped transform the data landscape for more than 20 years. The global Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) programme is the centerpiece of this strategy. UNICEF supports governments in carrying out these household surveys through a global programme of methodological research and technical assistance in settings as diverse as Argentina, Bhutan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Iraq. MICS findings have been used extensively as a basis for policy decisions and programme interventions, and for the purpose of influencing public opinion on the situation of children and women around the world.
The MICS was originally developed in response to the World Summit for Children to measure progress towards an internationally agreed set of mid-decade goals. The first round of MICS was conducted around 1995 in more than 60 countries.
In response to an increased demand for data all over the world, UNICEF has been providing assistance to countries at more frequent intervals since 2009 - every three years instead of every five years. This is providing the opportunity for countries to capture rapid changes in key indicators, particularly the MDGs. As key data sources generating data on equity, MICS will play a key role in tracking progress towards elimination of disparities and inequities. While UNICEF and partners work with national governments to accelerate improvements in the lives of the most vulnerable, MICS will produce the data to validate the results of these focused interventions.
The Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS5), is the fifth round of MICS surveys.
The Kingdom of Eswatini Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS5) 2014 was conducted in 2014 by the Central Statistical Office with technical and financial support from UNICEF. The survey provides statistically sound and internationally comparable data essential for developing evidence-based policies and programmes, and for monitoring progress toward national goals and global commitments. Among these global commitments are those emanating from the World Fit for Children Declaration and Plan of Action, the goals of the United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS, the Education for All Declaration and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
The 2014 Kingdom of Eswatini MICS5 has as its primary objectives to:
-
Provide up-to-date information on the situation of women, children, men and other vulnerable populations in Kingdom of Eswatini;
-
Generate data for the critical assessment of the progress made in various areas, and to put additional efforts in those areas that require more attention;
-
Furnish data needed for monitoring progress toward goals established in the Millennium Declaration and other internationally agreed upon goals, as a basis for future action;
-
Collect disaggregated data for the identification of disparities, to allow for evidence based policy-making aimed at social inclusion of the most vulnerable;
-
Contribute to the generation of baseline data for the post-2015 agenda;
-
Validate data from other sources and the results of focused interventions.
-
Track progress made in the implementation of national commitments, strategies and frameworks, National Development Strategy (NDS) Vision 2022, PRSAP 2008, extended National Strategic Framework 2014-2018, National Health Sector Strategic Plan (NHSSPII), and National Plan of Action for Children 2011-2015. · Identify new areas of concern for government and partners.
Sample survey data [ssd]
-
Individuals
-
Households
Version
- v01: Edited, anonymous datasets for public distribution.
Scope
The scope of MICS 5 includes:
-
HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE: List of Household Members, Children Orphaned or made Vulnerable, Education and Basic Needs, Child Discipline · Household Characteristics, Water and Sanitation, Handwashing, Salt Iodization
-
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR INDIVIDUAL WOMEN: Woman’s Background, Access to Mass Media and Use of Information/Communication Technology, Fertility/Birth History, Desire for Last Birth, Maternal and Newborn Health, Post-natal Health Checks, Illness Symptoms, Contraception, Unmet Need, Attitudes Toward Domestic Violence, Marriage/Union, Sexual Behaviour, HIV/AIDS, Non Communicable diseases, Tobacco and Alcohol Use, Life Satisfaction and Social Participation.
-
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR INDIVIDUAL MEN (ONLY IN THE SELECTED SUB-SAMPLE): Man’s Background, Access to Mass Media and Use of Information/Communication Technology, Fertility, Attitudes Toward Domestic Violence, Marriage/Union, Contraception, Sexual Behaviour, HIV/AIDS, Non-Communicable Diseases, Circumcision, Tobacco and Alcohol Use, Life Satisfaction and Social Participation.
-
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR CHILDREN UNDER-FIVE: Age, Birth Registration, Early Childhood Development, Breastfeeding and Dietary Intake, Immunization, Care of Illness and Anthropometry
Coverage
The 2014 Kingdom of Eswatini MICS was designed to provide estimates for indicators on the situation of the country at the national level, for urban and rural areas, and for the four administrative regions of Kingdom of Eswatini: Hhohho, Manzini, Shiselweni and Lubombo.
The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women age 15-49 years, all men age 15-49 years and all children under 5 living in the household.
Producers and sponsors
| Name |
|---|
| Central Statistical Office |
| United Nations Children’s Fund |
| Name |
|---|
| Government of the Kingdom of Eswatini |
| United Nations Children’s Fund |
| the United Nations Population fund |
| United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation |
| National Emergency Response Council on HIV/AIDS |
Sampling
Sample design features include target sample size, sample allocation, sampling frame and listing, choice of domains, sampling stages, stratification, and the calculation of sample weights.
A multi-stage, stratified cluster sampling approach was used for the selection of the survey sample.
The sample size required based on the desired level of precision for the Kingdom of Eswatini MICS was calculated as 5,205 households. For calculating this sample size, the key indicator used was the prevalence of pneumonia among children age 0-59 months, estimated to be 0.13 from the 2010 MICS.
The number of households selected per cluster for the 2014 Kingdom of Eswatini MICS5 was determined as 15 households, based on a number of considerations, including the design effect, the budget available, and the time that would be needed per team to complete one cluster. Dividing the total number of households by the number of sample households per cluster, it was calculated that 347 sample clusters would need to be selected nationwide.
SAMPLING FRAME AND SELECTION OF CLUSTERS
The 2007 census frame was used for the selection of clusters. Census enumeration areas were defined as primary sampling units (PSUs), and were selected from each of the sampling strata by using systematic pps (probability proportional to size) sampling procedures, based on the number of households in each enumeration area from the 2007 Population and Housing Census frame. The first stage of sampling was thus completed by selecting the required number of enumeration areas from each of the four regions, separately for the urban and rural strata.
LISTING ACTIVITIES
The sampling frame (the 2007 population census) was not up-to-date, so the more recent listing of households conducted for the ILFS 2013/14 was used for the selection of the 5,211 households from the 347 sample clusters for the MICS in order to reduce the total survey costs, as described above. Therefore, a separate new listing of households was not conducted for the MICS.
SELECTION OF HOUSEHOLDS
The list of households from the ILFS 2013/14 for each of the 347 sample EAs was used for selecting the sample households for MICS. The households were sequentially numbered from 1 to N (the total number of households in each enumeration area) at the Central Statistical Office, where the selection of 15 households in each enumeration area was carried out using random systematic selection procedures. The survey also had a questionnaire for men that was administered in every third household in each sampled cluster for interviews with all eligible men.
Of the 5,205 households selected for the sample, 4,981 were found to be occupied. Of these, 4,865 were successfully interviewed for a household response rate of 98 percent.
In the interviewed households, 5,001 women (age 15-49 years) were identified. Of these, 4,762 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 95 percent within the interviewed households.
The survey also sampled men (age 15-59 years) but required only a subsample. All men (age 15-59 years) were identified in every third household. A total of 1,629 men (age 15-59 years) were listed in the household questionnaires. Questionnaires were completed for 1,459 eligible men, which corresponds to a response rate of 90 percent within eligible interviewed households.
There were 2,728 children under-five years listed in the household questionnaires. Questionnaires were completed for 2,693 of these children, which corresponds to a response rate of 99 percent within interviewed households.
The Kingdom of Eswatini MICS sample is not self-weighting. Essentially, by allocating equal numbers of households to each of the regions, different sampling fractions were used in each region since the sizes of the regions varied. For this reason, sample weights were calculated, and these were used in the subsequent analyses of the survey data. The major component of the weight is the reciprocal of the sampling fraction employed in selecting the number of sample clusters and households in that particular sampling stratum (h) and PSU (i).
Since the number of households in each enumeration area (PSU) from the 2007 Census frame used for the first stage selection and the updated number of households in the enumeration area from the listing are generally different, individual overall probabilities of selection for households in each sample enumeration area (cluster) were calculated.
A final component in the calculation of sample weights takes into account the level of non-response for the household and individual interviews.
After the completion of fieldwork, response rates were calculated for each sampling stratum. These were used to adjust the sample weights calculated for each cluster.
The non-response adjustment factors for the individual women, men, and under-5 questionnaires were applied to the adjusted household weights. The numbers of eligible women, men, and under-5 children were obtained from the roster of household members in the Household Questionnaire for households where interviews were completed.
The design weights for the households were calculated by multiplying the inverse of the probabilities of selection by the non-response adjustment factor for each enumeration area. These weights were then standardized (or normalized), one purpose of which is to make the weighted sum of the interviewed sample units equal to the total sample size at the national level. Normalization is achieved by dividing the full sample weights (adjusted for non-response) by the average of these weights across all households at the national level. This is performed by multiplying the sample weights by a constant factor equal to the unweighted number of households at the national level divided by the weighted total number of households (using the full sample weights adjusted for non-response). A similar standardization procedure was followed in obtaining standardized weights for the individual women, men, and under-five questionnaires. The normalized weights varied between 0.103 and 9.218 in the 347 sample enumeration areas (clusters).
Sample weights were appended to all data sets and analyses were performed by weighting households, women, men, or under-5s with these sample weights.
Since interviews with eligible men were conducted in every third of the selected households, the sample weight for men includes an additional factor of 3, in addition to the nonresponse adjustment factor.
Survey instrument
Four sets of questionnaires were used in the survey: 1) a household questionnaire which was used to collect basic demographic information on all de jure household members (usual residents), the household, and the dwelling; 2) a questionnaire for individual women administered in each household to all women age 15-49 years; 3) a questionnaire for individual men administered in every three households to all men age 15-59 years; and 4) an under-five questionnaire, administered to mothers (or caretakers) of all children under-five years of age living in the household.
The questionnaires are based on the MICS5 model questionnaires. From the MICS5 model English, version, the questionnaires were customised and translated into siSwati and were pre-tested in Moti, Sphocosini and the Police College in July 2014. Based on the results of the pre-test, modifications were made to the wording and translation of the questionnaires. A copy of the Kingdom of Eswatini MICS5 questionnaires is provided as a Related Material.
In addition to the administration of questionnaires, fieldwork teams tested the salt used for cooking in the households for iodine content, observed the place for handwashing, and measured the weights and heights of children age under-five years. Details and findings of these observations and measurements are provided in the respective sections of the report
A number of country specific modifications were also made to better serve the data needs of the country. The modifications include the following:
Modules that are not part of the generic MICS5 that have been included in the Kingdom of Eswatini 2014 MICS5:
Household Questionnaire
-
Children Orphaned or made Vulnerable (children 0-17 years)
-
Basic Needs (children age 5-17 years)
Questionnaire for Individual Women
-
Non Communicable Diseases
-
Social Participation
Questionnaire for Individual Men
-
Non Communicable Diseases
-
Social Participation
Modules that are part of the generic MICS5 that have been omitted:
Household Questionnaire
-
Child Labour
-
Insecticide Treated Nets
-
Indoor Residual Spraying
Women Questionnaire
-
Female Genital Cutting Under-Five Questionnaire
-
Malaria
Data collection
| Start | End |
|---|---|
| 2014-07 | 2014-10 |
Training for the fieldwork was conducted for 19 days in July 2014. Training included lectures on interviewing techniques and the contents of the questionnaires, and mock interviews between trainees to gain practice in asking questions. Towards the end of the training period, trainees spent five days in practice interviewing in Khoza, Ludzeludze and Maliyaduma.
The data was collected by eight teams; each comprised five interviewers, one driver, one editor, one measurer and a supervisor. Fieldwork began in July 2014 and concluded in October 2014.
Data processing
Data was entered using the CSPro software, Version 5.0. The data was entered on seven desktop computers and carried out by seven data entry operators and one data entry supervisor. For quality assurance purposes, all questionnaires were double-entered and internal consistency checks were performed. Procedures and standard programs developed under the global MICS programme and adapted to the Kingdom of Eswatini MICS5 questionnaire were used throughout. Data processing began simultaneously with data collection in August 2014 and was completed in November 2014. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, Version 21. Model syntax and tabulation plans developed by UNICEF were customized and used for this purpose.
Data appraisal
The sample of respondents selected for the Kingdom of EswatiniMultiple Indicator Cluster Survey is only one of the samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between the estimates from all possible samples. The extent of variability is not known exactly, but can be estimated statistically from the survey data.
The following sampling error measures are presented in this appendix for each of the selected indicators:
Standard error (se): Standard error is the square root of the variance of the estimate. For survey indicators that are means, proportions or ratios, the Taylor series linearization method is used for the estimation of standard errors. For more complex statistics, such as fertility and mortality rates, the Jackknife repeated replication method is used for standard error estimation.
Coefficient of variation (se/r) is the ratio of the standard error to the value (r) of the indicator, and is a measure of the relative sampling error.
Design effect (deff) is the ratio of the actual variance of an indicator, under the sampling method used in the survey, to the variance calculated under the assumption of simple random sampling based on the same sample size. The square root of the design effect (deft) is used to show the efficiency of the sample design in relation to the precision. A deft value of 1.0 indicates that the sample design of the survey is as efficient as a simple random sample for a particular indicator, while a deft value above 1.0 indicates an increase in the standard error due to the use of a more complex sample design.
Confidence limits are calculated to show the interval within which the true value for the population can be reasonably assumed to fall, with a specified level of confidence. For any given statistic calculated from the survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error (r + 2.se or r - 2.se) of the statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.
Confidence limits are calculated to show the interval within which the true value for the population can be reasonably assumed to fall, with a specified level of confidence. For any given statistic calculated from the survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error (r + 2.se or r - 2.se) of the statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.
Access policy
UNICEF
UNICEF
http://mics.unicef.org/surveys
Cost: None
Data Access
| Name | URL | |
|---|---|---|
| UNICEF | http://mics.unicef.org/surveys | mics@unicef.org |
| Is signing of a confidentiality declaration required? | Confidentiality declaration text |
|---|---|
| yes | Users of the data agree to keep confidential all data contained in these datasets and to make no attempt to identify, trace or contact any individual whose data is included in these datasets. |
Use of the dataset must be acknowledged using a citation which would include:
- the Identification of the Primary Investigator
- the title of the survey (including country, acronym and year of implementation)
- the survey reference number
- the source and date of download
Example,
Central Statistical Office, United Nations Children’s Fund. Kingdom of Eswatini- Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) 2014. Ref. SWZ_2014_MICS_v01_M. Dataset downloaded from [url] on [date].
Disclaimer and copyrights
The user of the data acknowledges that the original collector of the data, the authorized distributor of the data, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for use of the data or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses.
Contacts
| Name | URL | |
|---|---|---|
| General Inquiries (UNICEF) | childinfo@unicef.org | http://www.childinfo.org/ |
| MICS Programme Manager (UNICEF) | mics@unicef.org | http://www.childinfo.org/ |
Metadata production
DDI_SWZ_2014_MICS_v01_M_WB
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Development Economics Data Group | The World Bank | Documentation of the DDI |
2019-01-25
Metadata version
Version 01 (January 2019)