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Fifth Integrated Household Survey 2019-2020

Malawi, 2019 - 2020
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MWI_2019_IHS-V_v06_M
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National Statistical Office (NSO)
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Table of contents KEY SUMMARY FINDINGS .............................................................................................................. i
FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................................ ii
PREFACE ............................................................................................................................................ iii
ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................................. iv
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................... xi
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................ xv

1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.0: Background .................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1: Objectives of the survey ................................................................................................................. 2

2. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS 3
2.0: Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 3
2.1: Age and Sex Distribution ............................................................................................................... 3
2.2: Household Size .............................................................................................................................. 6
2.3: Households by Sex of Household Head ......................................................................................... 9
2.4: Dependency Ratio ........................................................................................................................ 11
2.5: Orphan Hood ................................................................................................................................ 13
2.6: Migration ...................................................................................................................................... 17

3. EDUCATION 22
3.0: Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 22
3.1: Literacy Rates .............................................................................................................................. 22
3.2: School Attendance ....................................................................................................................... 24
3.3: Reasons for Never Attending School ........................................................................................... 25
3.4: Enrolment Rates in Primary and Secondary Schools .................................................................. 27
3.5: School Attendance by Type of School ......................................................................................... 30
3.5.1: School Attendance-Primary School Education ................................................................... 30
3.5.2: School Attendance-Secondary School Education ............................................................... 30
3.6: Highest Education Qualification Attainment ............................................................................... 31
3.7: Dropout Rate and Reasons for Dropout ....................................................................................... 33
3.7.1: Dropout Rate-Primary Education ........................................................................................ 33
3.7.2: Dropout Rate-Secondary Education .................................................................................... 33

4. HEALTH 36
4.0: Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 36
4.1: Incidence of Sickness in the Last Two weeks ............................................................................. 36
4.1.1: Major Types of Illnesses ..................................................................................................... 37
4.1.2: Action Taken in the Face of Illness or Injury ..................................................................... 38
4.2: Incidence of Chronic Illnesses ..................................................................................................... 39
4.2.1: Major Types of Chronic Illnesses ....................................................................................... 40
4.2.2: Diagnosis of Chronic Illnesses ............................................................................................ 40
4.3: Reproductive Health .................................................................................................................... 42
4.3.1: Place of Delivery ................................................................................................................. 42
4.3.2: Type of Assistance during Delivery .................................................................................... 43
4.4: Use of Bed Nets ........................................................................................................................... 44

5. CREDIT AND LOANS 46
5.0: Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 46
5.1: Households and the Credit Market ............................................................................................... 46
5.2: Proportion of Households that Obtained Credit or Loans ............................................................ 47
5.3: Purpose of Obtaining Credit or Loans .......................................................................................... 47
5.4: Sources of Credit and Loans ......................................................................................................... 49
5.5: Reasons for Not Applying for a Loan .......................................................................................... 51

6. HOUSEHOLD NON FARM ENTERPRISES 53
6.0: Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 53
6.1: Households Operating Non-Farm Enterprises and Type of Industry ........................................... 53
6.1.1: Household Operating Non-farm Enterprises ....................................................................... 53
6.1.2: Activities of Household Non-Farm Enterprises .................................................................. 54
6.2: Ownership of Enterprises ............................................................................................................. 55
6.3: Source of Start-Up Capital for Non-farm Enterprises ................................................................. 57
6.4: Business Operating Premises ..................................................................................................... 121
6.5: Principal Market for Products and Services ............................................................................... 122
6.6: Registration of Non-farm Enterprises ........................................................................................ 124
6.6.1: Formal Registration of Non-farm enterprises ................................................................... 124
6.6.2: Formal Registration Agencies ........................................................................................... 124
6.6.3: Business Associations ....................................................................................................... 124
6.7: Enterprises Engaged in Sales of Forest-Based Products and Source of Forest Based Products 126
6.7.1: Enterprises Engaged in Sales of Forest-Based Products ................................................... 126
6.7.1: Sources of Forest Based Products ..................................................................................... 126
6.8: Persons Engaged in Non-Farm Household Enterprise ............................................................... 127
6.9: Non-Household Members Engaged in Enterprises .................................................................... 128
6.10: Costs of Operating Household Non-Farm Enterprises ............................................................ 129
6.11 Income Generating Activities ................................................................................................... 131
6.12 Average Weekly Hours Worked ............................................................................................... 132
6.13 Domestic Activities ................................................................................................................... 133

7. HOUSING INFRASTRUCTURE AND OWNERSHIP OF ASSETS 136
7.0: Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 136
7.1: Type of Housing Tenure ............................................................................................................ 136
7.2: Types of Dwelling Structure ...................................................................................................... 137
7.3: Room Occupancy ....................................................................................................................... 139
7.4: Main Fuels Used for Lighting .................................................................................................... 140
7.5: Main Fuels Used for Cooking .................................................................................................... 141
7.6: Water and Sanitation .................................................................................................................. 142
7.6.1: Access to Improved Water Sources .................................................................................. 142
7.6.2: Access to Improved Toilet Facility ................................................................................... 144
7.6.3: Use of Rubbish Disposal Facility ...................................................................................... 146
7.7: Household Assets ....................................................................................................................... 147
7.7.1: Proportion of Households Owning Durable Goods and Appliances ................................ 147
7.7.2: Proportion of Households Owning Agricultural Tools and Equipment............................ 149

8. AGRICULTURE 151
8.0: Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 151
8.1: Households Engaged in Agricultural Activities ........................................................................ 151
8.2: Garden acquisition ..................................................................................................................... 152
8.3: Average Size of Cultivated Garden ........................................................................................... 154
8.4: Use of Labour Inputs ................................................................................................................. 154
8.5: Household Farming practices .................................................................................................... 155
8.5.1: Land Preparation Methods ................................................................................................ 156
8.5.2: Farm Implements Used in Land Preparations ................................................................... 157
8.5.3: Non Labour Input Use ....................................................................................................... 157
8.5.4 Cropping systems ............................................................................................................... 158
8.5.5: Intercropping ..................................................................................................................... 159
8.6: Farm Input Subsidy Programme ................................................................................................ 160
8.7: Plots by Type of Maize Seed ..................................................................................................... 162
8.8: Harvested Maize Storage ........................................................................................................... 163
8.8.1: Storage Methods ................................................................................................................ 164
8.8.2: Treatment Methods for Maize under Storage ................................................................... 164
8.9: Cultivation of Tree Crops .......................................................................................................... 165
8.10: Livestock production ............................................................................................................... 166
8.11: Extension Services ................................................................................................................... 167

9. WELFARE 169
9.0: Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 169
9.1: Food Adequacy .......................................................................................................................... 169
9.2: Housing Adequacy ..................................................................................................................... 169
9.3: Health Care Adequacy ............................................................................................................... 170
9.4: Assessment on Current Economic Well-Being .......................................................................... 171
9.4.1: Self-Assessment on Current Economic Well-Being ......................................................... 172
9.4.2: Assessment of Own Welfare against Neighbours ............................................................. 172
9.4.3: Assessment against Friends............................................................................................... 173
9.5: Adequacy of Households’ Current Income ................................................................................ 174
9.6: Welfare in terms of Changes of Clothing and Types of Sleeping Materials ............................. 175
9.6.1: Adequacy of Clothing ....................................................................................................... 176
9.6.2: Adequacy of Sleeping on Materials .................................................................................. 176
9.6.3: Sleeping Materials Used in Cold Season .......................................................................... 177
9.6.4: Sleeping Materials used in Hot Season ............................................................................. 179
9.7. Shocks and Mitigation Measures ............................................................................................... 180
9.7.1: Households Affected by Shocks ....................................................................................... 180
9.7.2: Number Shocks Experienced by Households ................................................................... 181
9.7.3: Mitigation Measures for Overcoming Shocks by Households ......................................... 183
9.8: Social Safety Nets ...................................................................................................................... 184
9.8.1: Benefits from Food Related Programmes ......................................................................... 184
9.8.2: Benefits from Education Related Programmes ................................................................. 186
9.8.3: Benefits from Cash Transfer and Other Programmes ....................................................... 188

10. FOOD SECURITY 190
10.0: Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 190
10.1: Definitions of Categories of Food Severity ............................................................................. 190
10.2: Food Security Assessment ....................................................................................................... 191
10.3: Food Security and Coping Strategies ....................................................................................... 192
10.3.1: Relying on Less Preferred or Less Expensive Foods ...................................................... 193
10.3.2: Limiting Portions of Food ............................................................................................... 193
10.3.3: Reduced Number of Meals Taken in a Day .................................................................... 193
10.3.4: Restricting Consumption of Food by Adults .................................................................. 194
10.3.5: Borrowed Food or Relied on Assistance from Others .................................................... 194
10.4: Household Food Consumption Profile ..................................................................................... 196
10.4.1: Number of Meals Taken by Adults ................................................................................. 196
10.4.2: Number of Meals Taken by Children Under Five Years of Age .................................... 196
10.5: Food Shortages ......................................................................................................................... 198
10.5.1: Households that Experience Food Shortages .................................................................. 198
10.5.2: Causes of Food Shortages ............................................................................................... 198
10.5.3: Number of Months Households experienced Food Shortages ........................................ 200
11. ANTHROPOMETRY 202

11.0: Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 202
11.1: Extent and Distribution of Malnutrition .................................................................................. 202
11.1.1: Incidence of Underweight among Children Aged 0-59 Months ..................................... 202
11.1.2: Incidence of Stunting Among Children Aged 0-59 Months ........................................... 203
11.1.3: Incidence of Wasting Among Children Aged 0-59 Months ........................................... 203
11.2: Nutritional and Under Five Clinic Programmes ...................................................................... 205
11.2.1: Nutritional Programmes .................................................................................................. 205
11.2.2: Under-Five Clinic Participation ...................................................................................... 206
11.2.3: Measles Immunization Coverage .................................................................................... 207
11.2.4: Prevalence of Oedema ..................................................................................................... 208

ANNEX 1: SURVEY DESIGN AND ORGANISATION ............................................................... 209
Annex 1.1: Sampling Design ............................................................................................................ 209
Annex 1.2: Questionnaires ................................................................................................................ 209
Annex 1.3: Organization of the survey ............................................................................................. 210
Annex 1.3.1: Training ................................................................................................................. 210
Annex 1.3.2: Fieldwork ............................................................................................................... 210
Annex 1.4: Data Processing .............................................................................................................. 211
Annex 1.5: Sample results ................................................................................................................ 211
ANNEX 2: DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS ..................................................................... 212
ANNEX 3: EDUCATION ................................................................................................................ 219
ANNEX 4: HEALTH ........................................................................................................................ 228
ANNEX 5: CREDIT AND LOANS ................................................................................................. 235
ANNEX 6: NON-FARM ENTERPRISES ....................................................................................... 237
ANNEX 7: HOUSING ...................................................................................................................... 246
ANNEX 8: AGRICULTURE ........................................................................................................... 255
ANNEX 9: WELFARE ..................................................................................................................... 272
ANNEX 10: FOOD SECURITY ...................................................................................................... 283
ANNEX 11: ANTHROPOMETRY .................................................................................................. 288
REPORT AUTHORS ....................................................................................................................... 291
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