| Table of contents |
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................ iii
List of figures, tables and maps ........................................................................................ vii
Figures. ................................................................................................................................... vii
Tables……….. ............................................................................................................................. ix Maps………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….x
Acronyms and abbreviations ............................................................................................. xi
Foreword ......................................................................................................................... xii
Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ xiii
Key findings ...................................................................................................................... 1
1. Background ................................................................................................................ 4
Geographic context ....................................................................................................... 4
Natural risk and hazard .................................................................................................. 4
Macro-economic context ............................................................................................... 7
1.3.1. Agriculture economy..................................................................................................................... 8
Social and development context .................................................................................... 8
1.4.1. Demography ................................................................................................................................. 8
1.4.2. Poverty levels and income equality .............................................................................................. 8
1.4.3. Socio-economic indicators .......................................................................................................... 10
1.4.4. Gender ........................................................................................................................................ 10
1.4.5. Migration .................................................................................................................................... 11
Government development policies ............................................................................... 11
1.5.1. From Vision 2020 to Vision 2050 ................................................................................................ 11
1.5.2. From EDPRS 2 to the National Strategy for Transformation 2018-2024 .................................... 11
1.5.3. Strategic Plan for Agriculture Transformation 2018-2024 - PSTA4 ............................................. 11
1.5.4. The National Food and Nutrition Policy and the National Food and Nutrition Strategic Plan of 2013-2018 .................................................................................................................................. 12
Food security and nutrition trends in 2015 ................................................................... 12
1.6.1. Food insecurity rates in 2015 ...................................................................................................... 12
1.6.2. Nutrition status in children and women in 2015 ........................................................................ 12
2. Rationale and objectives .......................................................................................... 14
Objectives ..................................................................................................................................................... 14
3. Methodology ........................................................................................................... 15
3.1 Food security & nutritional concepts ............................................................................ 15
3.1.1 Food security ................................................................................................................................... 15
3.1.2 Nutrition .......................................................................................................................................... 15
3.2 Conceptual framework ................................................................................................ 16
3.3 CARI approach ............................................................................................................. 17
3.4 Data collection ............................................................................................................ 17
3.4.1 Survey instruments ......................................................................................................................... 17
3.4.2 Sampling .......................................................................................................................................... 18
3.4.3 Survey quality assurance ................................................................................................................. 18
3.4.4 Data cleaning and analysis .............................................................................................................. 19
3.5 Study limitations ......................................................................................................... 19
4. Food availability ....................................................................................................... 20
4.1 Domestic food production ........................................................................................... 20
4.1.1 Farm characteristics and agricultural practices ............................................................................... 20
4.1.2 Crop production .............................................................................................................................. 21
4.1.3 Livestock production ....................................................................................................................... 24
4.2 Food stocks ................................................................................................................. 25
4.3 Market environment and trade .................................................................................... 25
4.3.1 Imports/exports .............................................................................................................................. 25
4.3.2 Cross-border trade flow forecast .................................................................................................... 26
5. Overview of Food Security ....................................................................................... 27
5.1 The Food Security Situation ......................................................................................... 27
5.1.1 Trends since 2015 ............................................................................................................................ 28
5.2 Where are the food insecure households? .................................................................... 28
6. Who are the food insecure households? ................................................................... 34
6.1 Household demographics and characteristics of the head of household ........................ 34
6.2 Wealth and poverty ..................................................................................................... 36
6.2.1 Wealth index ................................................................................................................................... 36
6.2.2 Ubudehe categories ........................................................................................................................ 37
6.3 Livelihood activities ..................................................................................................... 39
6.3.1 Income-generating activities ........................................................................................................... 39
6.3.2 Livelihood groups ............................................................................................................................ 39
6.3.3 Livelihood groups and food security ............................................................................................... 42
6.4 Farming activities ........................................................................................................ 42
6.4.1 Land ownership and land tenancy .................................................................................................. 42
6.4.2 Number of crops grown .................................................................................................................. 44
6.4.3 Vegetable garden ............................................................................................................................ 45
6.4.4 Farming practices – land consolidation, irrigation, soil protection ................................................. 45
6.4.4.1 Land use consolidation ............................................................................................................... 45
6.4.4.2 Soil protection and irrigation ...................................................................................................... 46
6.4.4.3 Farming practices and food security ........................................................................................... 46
6.4.5 Livestock .......................................................................................................................................... 47
7. What do they eat? ................................................................................................... 49
7.1 Food consumption and dietary diversity ....................................................................... 49
7.1.1 Food consumption trends ............................................................................................................... 49
7.1.2 Geographical disparities in food consumption................................................................................ 50
7.1.2.1 Composition of the diet .............................................................................................................. 52
7.1.2.2 Food consumption by household characteristics ....................................................................... 54
7.1.3 Nutritional value of food items consumed (FCS-N) ......................................................................... 55
7.1.4 Household dietary diversity ............................................................................................................ 58
7.2 Household food source ................................................................................................ 59
8. Food accessibility – Market analysis ......................................................................... 62
8.1 Food availability on the market .................................................................................... 62
8.2 Market performance.................................................................................................... 62
8.2.1 Consumer Price Index (CPI) trends .................................................................................................. 62
8.2.2 Food price trends ............................................................................................................................ 63
8.3 Household physical access to market ........................................................................... 65
8.4 Household economic access to food ............................................................................. 66
8.4.1 Income sources ............................................................................................................................... 66
8.4.2 Terms of trade and purchasing power ............................................................................................ 67
8.4.3 Food expenditure ............................................................................................................................ 67
8.4.4 Food and non-food expenditure dynamics ..................................................................................... 69
8.4.5 Credit ............................................................................................................................................... 70
9. Shocks and household vulnerability to food security ................................................ 72
9.1 Shocks, hazards and natural disasters .......................................................................... 72
9.2 Shocks affecting household assets and food security .................................................... 73
9.2.1 Types of shocks ............................................................................................................................... 73
9.2.1.1 Drought and irregular rains ......................................................................................................... 74
9.2.1.2 Other natural hazards ................................................................................................................. 75
9.2.2 Idiosyncratic shocks ......................................................................................................................... 75
9.2.3 Shock impact and recovery ............................................................................................................. 81
9.3 Food access issues ....................................................................................................... 81
9.3.1 Food consumption-related coping strategies ................................................................................. 82
9.3.2 Reduced Coping Strategy Index (rCSI) ............................................................................................. 83
9.3.3 Asset depletion and livelihood coping strategies ............................................................................ 84
10. Nutrition status in children and women ................................................................... 88
10.1 Nutritional status in children ........................................................................................ 88
10.1.1 Stunting prevalence at province and district levels .................................................................... 90
10.2 Child food consumption ............................................................................................... 92
10.2.1 Breastfeeding .............................................................................................................................. 92
10.2.2 Food consumption ...................................................................................................................... 92
10.2.3 Minimum acceptable diet ........................................................................................................... 93
10.3 Child illness ................................................................................................................. 95
10.3.1 Fever, cough, and diarrhoea ....................................................................................................... 95
10.3.2 Illness prevention ........................................................................................................................ 96
10.4 Women’s nutritional and health status ........................................................................ 97
10.4.1 Pregnancy and antenatal care .................................................................................................... 97
10.4.2 Contraception ............................................................................................................................. 98
10.4.3 Women food consumption ......................................................................................................... 99
10.4.4 Wasting in women .................................................................................................................... 100
10.4.5 Women health and illness prevention ...................................................................................... 101
11. Factors related to chronic malnutrition in children .................................................. 102
11.1 Individual and immediate factors related to malnutrition ............................................ 102
11.1.1 Child sex, age, and size at birth ................................................................................................. 102
11.1.2 Individual food consumption of children between 6 and 23 months ....................................... 103
11.1.3 Child illness ............................................................................................................................... 105
11.1.4 Mother’s level of education ...................................................................................................... 106
11.1.5 Mother’s food consumption (MDD-W) ..................................................................................... 106
11.1.6 Mother’s wasting and children wasting .................................................................................... 107
11.2 Household level factors .............................................................................................. 108
11.2.1 Household demography ............................................................................................................ 108
11.2.2 Household poverty.................................................................................................................... 108
11.2.3 Household food security ........................................................................................................... 109
11.3 Community level factors ............................................................................................. 112
11.3.1 Water source and treatment .................................................................................................... 112
11.3.2 Sanitation .................................................................................................................................. 113
12. Assistance & priority needs ..................................................................................... 115
12.1 Social protection policy and programmes .................................................................... 115
12.1.1 Ubudehe programme ............................................................................................................... 115
12.1.2 Vision 2020 Umurenge Programme (VUP) ............................................................................... 116
12.2 Assistance received by households .............................................................................. 117
12.2.1 Main source of assistance ......................................................................................................... 118
12.2.2 Geographical coverage of assistance ........................................................................................ 118
13. Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 119
14. Recommendations .................................................................................................. 123
15. References .............................................................................................................. 132 |
