This working paper was originally prepared for a High Level meeting on scaling-up insecticide treated net coverage convened by the United Nations Foundation (UNF) in Paris on 7 September 2005 as a follow-up to an initial meeting convened by UNF and the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)in Geneva, on 23 June, 2005. The purpose of the meeting (Minutes attached, see Annex 1) was to discuss the feasibility of a rapid scale-up ("quick win") to protect all pregnant women and children under five years by 2010 with insecticide treated nets (ITNs) with an emphasis on long lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). This document aims to provide a basis for planning for such a scale-up by evaluating the future commodity and operational costs associated with providing universal coverage with ITNs for pregnant women and children under five years in malaria endemic areas of Africa. Following the recommendations of the meeting on 7 September 2005, the working paper has been revised based on comments from participants in that meeting, members of the Roll Back Malaria Partnership Working Group on Insecticide-treated Nets (WIN), WHO and UNICEF staff working on malaria control and vector control as well as other partners. It is now published on the web so as to provide benchmark figures on commodity needs and funding needs, against which actual implementation can be gauged.