Demographic and Health Survey 1988-1989

Kenya, 1988 - 1989

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KEN_1988_DHS_v01_M

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National Council for Population Development (NCPD)

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The data from this study are used in the following publications:

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1 Fertility trends and determinants in six African countries. Maryland, USA: Macro International, 1994.

2 United Nations. "Levels and trends of contraceptive use as assessed in 2002." 2006.

3 Population bulletin of the United Nations 2002: Prospects for fertility decline in high fertility countries. : United Nations Publications, 2007.

4 Population bulletin of the United Nations : Completing the fertility transition. New York, USA: United Nations Publications, 2009.

5 World population monitoring 2003: Population, education and development. New York, USA: UN, 2004.

6 Adegboye, Oyelola, and Danelle Kotze. "Is poverty a determinant of educational attainment? Perspectives from Africa." (2011)

7 Adetunji, Jacob. "Trends in under-5 mortality rates and the HIV/AIDS epidemic." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 78, no. 10 (2000): 1200-1206.

8 Adetunji A, Jacob. "Infant mortality levels in Africa: Does method of estimation matter?." Genus 52, no. 3/4 (1996): 89-106.

9 Agha, Sohail, and Mai Do. "Does an expansion in private sector contraceptive supply increase inequality in modern contraceptive use?." Health policy and planning 23, no. 6 (2008): 465-475.

10 Agyei-Mensah, Samuel. Fertility Decline in Developing Countries, 1960-1997: an Annotated Bibliography. USA: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999.

11 Ainsworth, Martha, Kathleen Beegle, and Andrew Nyamete. "The Impact of Women's Schooling on Fertility and Contraceptive Use: A Study of Fourteen Sub-Saharan African Countries." The World Bank Economic Review 10, no. 1 (1996): 85-122.

12 Ajayi, Ayo A, Leah T Marangu, Janice Miller, and John Paxman. "Adolescent sexuality and fertility in Kenya: A survey of knowledge, perceptions, and practices." Studies in Family Planning 22, no. 4 (1991): 205-216.

13 Akachi, Yoko, and David Canning. "The height of women in Sub-Saharan Africa: The role of health, nutrition, and income in childhood." Annals of Human Biology 34, no. 4 (2007): 397-410.

14 Aloo-Obunga, Collette. "Country analysis of family planning and HIV/AIDS: Kenya." (2003) Washington, DC: the Policy Project.

15 Anderson G, Kermyt. "Life expectancy and the timing of life history events in developing countries." Human Nature 21, no. 2 (2010): 103-123.

16 Anyara, Ekisa L, and Andrew Hinde. "Fertility transition in Kenya: a regional analysis of the proximate determinants." (2006) Southampton Statistical Sciences Research Institute Applications & Policy Working Paper A06/0.

17 Araoye O, Margaret. "Epidemiology of infertility: social problems of the infertile couples." West African Journal of Medicine 22, no. 2 (2004): 190-196.

18 Arnold, Fred. "Sex preference and its demographic and health implications." (1992) International Family Planning Perspectives.

19 Baird, Sarah, Jed Friedman, and Norbert R Schady. "Aggregate income shocks and infant mortality in the developing world." (2007) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.

20 Bauni K, Evasius. "The quality of care in family planning: A case study of Chogoria, Eastern Kenya." (1994) African Population Studies.

21 Becker, Stan. "Couples and reproductive health: a review of couple studies." Studies in family planning 27, no. 6 (1996): 291-306.

22 Bennell, Paul, Karin Hyde, and Nicola Swainson. "The impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on the education sector in sub-Saharan Africa." (2002) Sussex, Centre for International Education, University of Sussex.

23 Bhalotra, Sonia, and Marcela Umana-Aponte. "Women. s Labour Supply and Household Insurance in Africa." (2012)

24 Bignami-Van Assche, Simona, Georges Reniers, and Alexandre Weinreb. "An assessment of the KDICP and MDICP data quality: Interviewer effects, question reliability and sample attrition." (2003) Demographic Research.

25 Bigsten, Arne, Damiano Kulundu Manda, Germano Mwabu, and Anthony Wambugu. "Incomes, inequality, and poverty in Kenya." WIDER Working Paper 2014, no. 126 (2014).

26 Blacker, John. "Kenya’s fertility transition: how low will it go?." (2009) Centre for Population Studies.

27 Blacker, John. Some thoughts on the evidence of fertility decline in Eastern and Southern Africa. : JSTOR, 1994.

28 Bledsoe, Caroline H, and Barney Cohen. Social dynamics of adolescent fertility in sub-Saharan Africa. Washington DC, USA: National Academies Press, 1993.

29 Bloom, David, Elizabeth Cafiero, Mark McGovern, Klaus Prettner, Anderson Stanciole, Jonathan Weiss, Samuel Bakkila, and Larry Rosenberg. "The economic impact of non-communicable disease in China and India: Estimates, projections, and comparisons." (2013) IZA DP No. 7563.

30 Bloom, David, David Canning, Isabel Guenther, and Sebastian Linnemayr. "Mortality Expectations and Fertility Decisions." (2008) Harvar School of Public Heath, 140 Mt. Auburn St., Cambridge, MA.

31 Bloom, David E, David Canning, Isabel Gunther, and Sebastian Linnemayr. "Social interactions and fertility in developing countries." (2008) Program on the Global Demography of Aging (PGDA) Working Series.

32 Boerma, J Ties, Shea O Rutstein, Anna E Sommerfelt, and George T Bicego. "Bottle use for infant feeding in developing countries: data from the Demographic and Health Surveys." Journal of tropical pediatrics 37, no. 3 (1991): 116-120.

33 Boerma, J. Ties, and George Stroh. "Using survey data to assess neonatal tetanus mortality levels and trends in developing countries." Demography 30, no. 3 (1993): 459-475.

34 Boerma, J. T, R. E Black, A. E Sommerfelt, S. O Rutstein, and G. T Bicego. "Accuracy and completeness of mothers' recall of diarrhoea occurrence in pre-school children in demographic and health surveys." International journal of epidemiology 20, no. 4 (1991): 1073-1080.

35 Bongaarts, John. "The causes of stalling fertility transitions." (2005) Policy Research Division Working Paper.

36 Bongaarts, John. "The causes of stalling fertility transitions." Studies in Family Planning 37, no. 1 (2006): 1-16.

37 Bos, Eduard, Myt Vu, and Patience W Stephens. Sources of World Bank estimates of current mortality rates. : Population and Human Resources Dept., World Bank, 1992.

38 Bosch-Capblanch, Xavier, K Banerjee, and A Burton. "There are children not receiving a single dose of any vaccine: from ‘data to policy’in immunisation and health systems. Data quality and socio-economic determinants of unvaccination in low-and middle-income countries." AMC-University van Amsterdam, 2012.

39 Bosch-Capblanch, Xavier, K Banerjee, and A Burton. "Unvaccinated children in years of increasing coverage: how many and who are they? Evidence from 96 low-and middle-income countries." Tropical Medicine & International Health 17, no. 6 (2012): 697-710.

40 Bradley, Candice. "Women’s empowerment and fertility decline in western Kenya." (1995) Situating fertility: Anthropology and demographic inquiry.

41 Buekens, P., A. Tsui, M. Kotelchuck, and J. Degraft-Johnson. "Tetanus immunization and prenatal care in developing countries." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 48, no. 1 (1995): 91-94.

42 Bulatao A, Rodolfo. Key indicators for family planning projects. Washington DC, USA: World Bank Publications, 1995.

43 Calel, Raphael. "How does education impact child survival? A study of social interaction effects in Kenya." The Cambridge Undergraduate Journal of Development Economics 2, no. 1 (2009): 47.

44 Camlin, Carol, and Ines Escandon. "Contraceptive sterilization: Global issues and trends." (2002) Chapter 2: Sterilization incidence and prevalence.

45 Case, Anne, and Christina Paxson. "The impact of the AIDS pandemic on health services in Africa: evidence from Demographic and Health Surveys." (2009) Demography.

46 Chinere-Dan, Orieji. "In search of explanations for fertility and reproductive behaviour in Africa." (1993)

47 Chitavi, Salome Omuyoma. "Married couples’ understandings of family planning and their communication processes." Masters, Faculty of Arts, University of the Witwatersrand, 2005.

48 Cleland, John, Nelson Onuoha, and Ian Timaeus. Fertility change in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of the evidence. 1994.

49 Cleland, John G, Robert P Ndugwa, and Eliya M Zulu. "Family planning in sub-Saharan Africa: Progress or stagnation?." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 89, no. 2 (2010): 137-143.

50 Cohen, Barney. "Fertility levels, differentials, and trends." (1993) Demographic change in sub-Saharan Africa.

51 Cohen, Barney, Carole L Jolly, James N Gribble, Etienne van de Walle, Althea Hill, Ian A Timaeus, John O Oucho, William T Gould, Sharon S Russell, and Michael A Stoto. "Demographic change in Sub-Saharan Africa." (1993)

52 Coldren, Rodney L, Trish Prosser, Fredrick Ogolla, Victor O Ofula, and Nicholas Adungo. "Literacy and recent history of diarrhoea are predictive of Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia in Kenyan adults." Malaria journal 5, no. 1 (2006): 96.

53 Cornia, Giovanni A, and Leonardo Menchini. "Health improvements and health inequality during the last 40 years." (2006) Research Paper No. 2006/10 .

54 Corsi, Daniel, Melissa Neuman, Jocelyn Finlay, and S V Subramanian. "Demographic and health surveys: a profile." International journal of epidemiology 41, no. 6 (2012): 1602-1613.

55 Creighton, C., F. Yieke, J. Okely, L. Mareri, and C. Wafula. "Gender inequalities in Kenya." (2008) AIDS Care.

56 Cross, Ann R, Walter Obungu, and Paul Kizito. "Evidence of a transition to lower fertility in Kenya." (1991) International Family Planning Perspectives.

57 Curtis, S.L., and E.G. Sutherland. "Measuring sexual behaviour in the era of HIV/AIDS: The experience of Demographic and Health Surveys and similar enquiries." Sexually Transmitted Infections 80, no. suppl 2 (2004): 22.

58 Curtis, Sian, Fiona Steele, and others. "Variations in familial neonatal mortality risks in four countries." (1996) Journal of Biosocial Science.

59 Defo K, Barthelemy. "From Death to Birth: Mortality Decline and Reproductive Change." (1998) Fertility Response to Infant and Child Mortality in Africa with Special Reference to Cameroon.

60 Deininger, Klaus, and Paul Mpuga. "Economic and welfare effects of the abolition of health user fees: evidence from Uganda." World Bank policy research working paper , no. 3276 (2004).

61 Delamonica, Enrique, Alberto Minujin, and Jama Gulaid. "Monitoring equity in immunization coverage." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 83, no. 5 (2005): 384-391.

62 Diagne, Abdoulaye. "Investing in people: Education and health." African Development Bank Seminar - African Economic Research Consortium. Tunis, Tunisia, November, 2006.

63 Dixon-Mueller, Ruth. "How young is “too young”? Comparative perspectives on adolescent sexual, marital, and reproductive transitions." Studies in Family Planning 39, no. 4 (2008): 247-262.

64 Dodoo, F. Nii-Amoo. "Men matter: additive and interactive gendered preferences and reproductive behavior in Kenya." Demography 35, no. 2 (1998): 229-242.

65 Doskoch, Peter. "Contraceptive use is rising faster in Eastern than Western Africa." International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 37, no. 1 (2011): 49-50.

66 Dwyer, Joseph C, and Jeanne M Haws. "Is permanent contraception acceptable in sub-Saharan Africa?." Studies in Family Planning 21, no. 6 (1990): 322-326.

67 Ericksen, Karen, and Tracy Brunette. "Patterns and predictors of infertility among African women: A cross-national survey of twenty-seven nations." Social Science & Medicine 42, no. 2 (1996): 209-220.

68 Estache, Antonio. "What do we know about Sub-Saharan Africa’s infrastructure and the impact of its 1990s reforms?." (2005) Draft, June.

69 Ewbank, Douglas C, and James N Gribble. Effects of health programs on child mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Washington DC, USA: National Academies Press, 1993.

70 Ezeh, Alex, and F. Nii-Amoo Dodoo. "Institutional change and the African fertility transition: the case of Kenya." (2001) Genus.

71 Ezeh C, Alex. "Polygyny and reproductive behavior in sub-Saharan Africa: A contextual analysis." Demography 34, no. 3 (1997): 355-368.

72 Fapohunda, Bolaji M, and Prosper V Poukouta. "Trends and differentials in desired family size in Kenya." African Population Studies 12, no. 1 (1997).

73 Filmer, Deon, Jed Friedman, and Norbert Schady. "Development, modernization, and childbearing: the role of family sex composition." The World Bank Economic Review 23, no. 3 (2009): 371-3.

74 Filmer, Deon, Jed Friedman, and Norbert R Schady. "Development, modernization, and son preference in fertility decisions." (2008) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.

75 Fink, Gunther, Isabel Gunther, and Kenneth Hill. Water, sanitation and child health - Evidence from the Demographic and Health Surveys 1986-2007. 2010.

76 Fjelde, Hanna, and Gudrun Ostby. "Economic inequality and non-state conflicts in Africa." APSA 2010 Annual Meeting Paper . Washington, DC, 2010.

77 Foote, Karen A, Ken Hill, and Linda G Martin. Demographic change in sub-Saharan Africa. Washington,D.C.: National Academies Press, 1993.

78 Foote, Karen A, Kenneth H Hill, and Linda G Martin. Population dynamics of Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington DC, USA: National Academy Press, 1993.

79 Forsberg, Birger C, Jeroen K Van Ginneken, and Nico J Nagelkerke. "Cross-sectional household surveys of diarrhoeal diseases: a comparison of data from the Control of Diarrhoeal Diseases and Demographic and Health Surveys Programmes." International Journal of Epidemiology 22, no. 6 (1993): 1137-1145.

80 Forsberg, Birger C, Max G Petzold, Goran Tomson, and Peter Allebeck. "Diarrhoea case management in low-and middle-income countries: an unfinished agenda." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 85, no. 1 (2007): 42-48.

81 Freedman, Ronald, and Ann K Blanc. "Fertility transition: An update." International Family Planning Perspectives 18, no. 44 (1992): 44-72.

82 Friedman, Jed, and Norbert Schady. "How many more infants are likely to die In Africa as a result of the global financial crisis?." Research Working papers 1, no. 1 (2009): 1-18.

83 Gage-Brandon, Anastasia J, and Dominique Meekers. "Sex, contraception and childbearing before marriage in sub-Saharan Africa." International Family Planning Perspective 19, no. 1 (1993): 14-18.

84 Garenne, Michel. "Age at marriage and modernisation in sub-Saharan Africa." Southern African Journal of Demography 9, no. 2 (2004): 59-79.

85 Garenne, Michel. "Migration, urbanisation and child health in Africa: a global perspective." Conference on African Migration in Comparative Perspective. Johannesburg, South Africa, June 4-7, 2003.

86 Garenne, Michel. "Poisson variations of the sex ratio at birth in African Demographic Surveys." Human Biology 80, no. 5 (2008): 473-482.

87 Garenne, Michel. "Sex differences in health indicators among children in African DHS surveys." (2003) Journal of Biosocial Science.

88 Garenne, Michel, and Julien Zwang. "Premarital fertility and HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa." African Journal of Reproductive Health 12, no. 2 (2008): 64-74.

89 Garenne, Michel, and Veronique Joseph. "The timing of the fertility transition in sub-Saharan Africa." World Development 30, no. 10 (2002): 1835-1843.

90 Garenne L, Michel. "Testing for fertility stalls in demographic and health surveys." Population Health Metrics 9, no. 59 (2011): 18.

91 Garenne M, Michel. "Fertility changes in sub-Saharan Africa." (2008) DHS Comparative Reports.

92 Gendreau, Francis, Denis Kikhela, and Valérie Guérin. L'évaluation des politiques et programme de population: Journées scientifiques du Réseau démographie de l'UREF, Université des réseaux d'expression française, Bangui, 2-4 juin 1993. : John Libbey Eurotext, 1994.

93 Go, Delfin, Denis Nikitin, Xiongjian Wang, and Heng-fu Zou. "Poverty and inequality in sub-Saharan Africa: Literature survey and empirical assessment." Annals of Economics and Finance 8, no. 2 (2007): 251-304.

94 Goodkind, Daniel. "Sex-selective abortion, reproductive rights, and the greater locus of gender discrimination in family formation: Cairo's unresolved questions." (1997) PSC Research Report Series.

95 Gourbin, Catherin. "Santé de la reproduction au Nord et au Sud." (2009) Infertility in Sub-Saharan Africa.

96 Grigoriou, Christopher, and Patrick Guillaumont. "Child mortality reacts to relative prices." (2011) CERDI Etudes et Documents.

97 Grummer-Strawn, L M. "The effect of changes in population characteristics on breastfeeding trends in fifteen developing countries." International Journal of Epidemiology 25, no. 1 (1996): 94-102.

98 Grummer-Strawn, Lawrence, and James Trussell. "Computing the mean duration of breastfeeding from current-status data." (1993) Genus.

99 Gunther, Isabel, and Gunther Fink. "Water, sanitation and children's health: evidence from 172 DHS surveys." (2010) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.

100 Hanson, Kara, and Peter A Berman. Non-government financing and provision of health services in Africa: A background paper. : Data for Decision Making Project, Dept. of Population and International Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 1994.

101 Heaton, Tim B, Renata Forste, John P Hoffmann, and Dallan Flake. "Cross-national variation in family influences on child health." Social science & medicine 60, no. 1 (2005): 97-108.

102 Hilber, Adriane M, Xavier Bosch-Capblanch, Christian Schindler, Lise Beck, Florence Sécula, Oran McKenzie, Sara Gari, Christina Stuckli, and Sonja Merten. Gender and immunisation. Basel, Switzerland: Swiss Centre for International Health, 2010.

103 Hill, Kenneth. XXIII. ICPD relevance of the MDGS: Targets and mechanisms for the reduction of child mortality. New York, USA: UN, 2005.

104 Hill, Kenneth, and Yoonjoung Choi. "Neonatal mortality in the developing world." Demographic Research 14, no. 18 (2006): 429-452.

105 Ikamari, Lawrence. "Sibling mortality correlation in Kenya." Journal of biosocial science 32, no. 2 (2000): 265-278.

106 Ikamari W, Lawrence. "An upsurge in early childhood mortality in Kenya: A search for explanations." African Journal of Health Sciences 11, no. 1 (2005): 9-20.

107 Jensen, An-Magritt. "Child survival and fertility in Kenya." Forum for Development Studies 20, no. 1 (1993): 37-47.

108 Johnson, Kiersten, Noureddine Abderrahim, and Shea O Rutstein. "Changes in the direct and indirect determinants of fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa." (2011) DHS Analytical Studies .

109 Johnston, Heidi B, and Kenneth H Hill. "Induced abortion in the developing world: indirect estimates." International Family Planning Perspectives 22, no. 3 (1996): 108-137.

110 Kalemli-Ozcan, Sebnem. "AIDS, reversal of the demographic transition and economic development: evidence from Africa." (2006) NBER Working Papers.

111 Kalipeni, Ezekiel. "The fertility transition in Africa." Geographical Review 85, no. 3 (1995): 286-300.

112 Kelley, Allen C, and Charles E Nobbe. "Kenya at the demographic turning point: Hypotheses and a proposed research agenda." (1990) World Bank discussion paper.

113 Kettani, Houssain. "Muslim population in Asia: 1950-2020." International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 1, no. 2 (2010).

114 Kimani, Murungaru. "Trends in contraceptive use in Kenya, 1989-1998: The role of socio-economic, cultural and family planning factors." African Population Studies 21, no. 2 (2006): 3-21.

115 Kiriti, Tabitha, and Clem Tisdell. "Family size, economics and child gender preference: a case study in the Nyeri district of Kenya." International Journal of Social Economics 32, no. 6 (2005): 492-509.

116 Kirk, Dudley, and Bernard Pillet. "Fertility levels, trends, and differentials in sub-Saharan Africa in the 1980s and 1990s." Studies in family planning 29, no. 1 (1998): 1-22.

117 Kojima, Hiroshi. "Effects of mass media on contraception and fertility." (1994) Chapter 7: Effects of mass media on contraception and fertility.

118 Kojima, Hiroshi. "Fertility in the Developng Countries : A Comparative Study of the Demographic and Health Surveys." (1994) 7. Effects of Mass Media on Contraception and Fertility.

119 Korir C, Mercy. "The Role Of Communication In Maternal And Child Healthcare Outcomes: A Case Of Machakos County, Kenya." Master Thesis, University Of Nairobi, 2015.

120 Kosec, Katrina. "The Child Health Implications of Privatizing Africa's Urban Water Supply." (2012)

121 Kosec, Katrina. The Child Health Implications of Privatizing the Urban Water Supply in Africa. : Standford University, 2011.

122 Kreider, Amanda, David Shapiro, Catherine Varner, and Malika Sinha. Socioeconomic progress and fertility transition in the developing world: Evidence from the Demographic and Health Surveys*. University Park, USA: Pennsylvania State University , 2009.

123 Kudamatsu, Masayuki. "Has Democratization Reduced Infant Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa? Evidence from Micro Data." (2007) Stockholm University - Institute for International Economic Studies (IIES).

124 Larsen, Ulla. "Sterility in sub-Saharan Africa." Population Studies: A Journal of Demography 48, no. 3 (1994): 459-474.

125 Lasee, Ashraf, and Stan Becker. "Husband-wife communication about family planning and contraceptive use in Kenya." International Family Planning Perspectives 23, no. 1 (1997): 15-33.

126 Lauro, Don. "Abortion and contraceptive use in sub-Saharan Africa: How women plan their families." African Journal of Reproductive Health 15, no. 1 (2011): 13-24.

127 Lele, Uma J, and Michael Martin. "Determinants of a demographic transition in predominantly rural countries." The Expert Group Meeting On Population Growth and Demographic Structure Organized by the United Nations . Paris, France, November 16-20, 1992.

128 Lesthaeghe, R, and C Vanderhoeft. "Ready, willing and able: A conceptualization of transitions to new behavioral forms." (2001) DIFFUSION PROCESSES FERTILITY TRANSITION.

129 Lindquist, Katharine. Horizontal educational inequalities and civil conflict: The nexus of ethnicity, inequality, and violent conflict. : Carleton College, 2011.

130 Lloyd, Cynthia B, and Sonalde Desai. "Children's living arrangements in developing countries." Population Research and Policy Review 11, no. 3 (1992): 193-216.

131 Locoh, Therese. "Completing the fertility transition." (2009) Family structure and fertility trends in intermediate-fertility countries in West Africa.

132 Lopez, Alan D, Joshua Salomon, Omar Ahmad, Christopher J Murray, and Doris Mafat. "Life tables for 191 countries: data, methods and results." (2001) GPE Discussion Paper Series (WHO).

133 Machiyama, Kazuyo. "A re-examination of recent fertility declines in sub-Saharan Africa." (2010) DHS Working Papers.

134 Machiyama, Kazuyo, Richard Silverwood, Andy Sloggett, and John Cleland. "Recent fertility declines in sub-Saharan Africa: Analysis of country trends of fertility decline." 2010 Quetelet Seminar. Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, November 24-26, 2010.

135 Magadi, Monica A, and Siân L Curtis. "Trends and determinants of contraceptive method choice in Kenya." Studies in Family Planning 34, no. 3 (2003): 149-159.

136 Mathers, Colin D, Christina Bernard, Kim M Iburg, Mie Inoue, Doris Ma Fat, Kenji Shibuya, Claudia Stein, Niels Tomijima, and Hongyi Xu. "Global burden of disease in 2002: data sources, methods and results." (2003) Global Programme on Evidence for Health Policy Discussion Paper.

137 Mburugu, Edward, and Eliya M Zulu. "Trends and correlates of contraceptive use in Kenya." (1998) African Population and Health Research Centre (APHRC). Nairobi. Working Paper.

138 McCleary-Sills, Jennifer, Allison McGonagle, and Anju Malhotra. Women's demand for reproductive control: understanding and addressing gender barriers. Washington DC, USA: International Center for Research on Women (ICRW), 2012.

139 Meekers, Dominique. "Immaculate conceptions in sub-Saharan Africa: exploratory analysis of inconsistencies in the timing of first sexual intercourse and first birth." Biodemography and Social Biology 42, no. 3-4 (1995): 151-161.

140 Mei, Zuguo, Laurence M Grummer-Strawn, and Paul W Stupp. "From death to birth: Mortality decline and reproductive change." (1998) Effect of a child's death on birth spacing: A cross-national analysis.

141 Menchini, Leonardo, and Giovanni Cornia. "The pace and distribution of health improvements during the last 40 years: some preliminary results." (2004) Centro Studi Luca D'Agliano Development Studies Working Papers.

142 Montgomery, Mark, and Barney Cohen. From Death to Birth: Mortality Decline and Reproductive Change. Washington DC, USA: National Academies Press, 1997.

143 Moultrie, Tom, Takudzwa Sayi, and Ian Timaeus. "Age and parity effects on birth intervals in the African fertility decline?." (2010) Population Studies.

144 Moultrie, Tom A, Takudzwa S Sayi, and Ian M Timaeus. "Birth intervals, postponement, and fertility decline in Africa: A new type of transition?." Population Studies 66, no. 3 (2012): 241-258.

145 Muganzi, Zibeon, and Timothy Takona. "Fertility decline and demand for family planning in Kenya." (1994) Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), Fertility Trends and Determinants in Six African Countries.

146 Muhuri, P K, M Anker, and J Bryce. "Treatment patterns for childhood diarrhoea: evidence from demographic and health surveys." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 74, no. 2 (1996): 135.

147 Munro, Alistair, Bereket Kebede, Marcela Tarazona-Gomez, and Arjan Verschoor. "The lion’s share. An experimental analysis of polygamy in Northern Nigeria." (2010) GRIPS Discussion Papers.

148 National Research Council,. Demographic effects of economic reversals in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington DC, USA: National Academies, 1993.

149 Ngom, Pierre. "Men's unmet need for family planning: implications for African fertility transitions." (1997) Studies in Family Planning.

150 Ngom, Pierre, and Soukeynatou Fall. Fertility decline in francophone sub-Saharan Africa, 1980-2010. : African Population & Health Research Center, 2002.

151 Njogu, Wamucii. "Trends and determinants of contraceptive use in Kenya." Demography 28, no. 1 (1991): 83-99.

152 Nubé, Maarten, and Benjamin GJS Sonneveld. "The geographical distribution of underweight children in Africa." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 83, no. 10 (2005): 764-770.

153 Nyangu, Nelson, and Kumbutso Dzekedzeke. "Fertility trends and determinants in six African countries." (1994) Fertility patterns and their determinants in Zambia: Findings from the Zambia Demographic and Health Survey.

154 Odhiambo, Calvin. "HIV/AIDS and women in Africa." (2012) International Journal of Humanities and Social Science .

155 Odhiambo, Omondi. "Men's participation in family planning decisions in Kenya." Population Studies 51, no. 1 (1997): 29-40.

156 Oindo L, Missie. "Contraception and sexuality among the youth in Kisumu, Kenya." African Health Sciences 2, no. 1 (2003): 33-39.

157 Olenja M, Joyce. Eliminating the practice of female genital mutilation: Awareness raising and community change in four districts of Kenya. : Programme for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH) , 2000.

158 Omondi, Charles Ochola, and E.H.O. Ayiemba. "Fertility differentials in Kenya: The effect of female migration." African Population Studies 20, no. 2 (2005): 25-42.

159 Omondi, Charles Ochola, and E.H.O. Ayiemba. "Migration and fertility relationship: A case study of Kenya." African Population Studies 18, no. 1 (2003).

160 Omondi, Charles O, and E.H.O. Ayiemba. "Contraceptive use dynamics among migrant women in Kenya." African Population Studies 70, no. 2 (2003).

161 Ostby, Gudrun. "Dissaggregated inequalities and conflict in developing countries." Polarization and Conflict (PAC) Winter Meeting. Konstanz, Germany, June 2-5, 2005.

162 Ostby, Gudrun. "Horizontal inequalities, political environment and civil conflict: evidence from 55 developing countries." (2006) Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity (CRISE). Working Paper.

163 Ostby, Gudrun. "Horizontal inequalities, political environment, and civil conflict: evidence from 55 developing countries, 1986-2003." (2007) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.

164 Ostby, Gudrun. "In-migration, inequality and urban violence." Climate Change and Security Conference. Trondheim, Norway, June 21-24, 2010.

165 Ostby, Gudrun. "Inequality, institutions, and instability: Horizontal inequalities, political institutions, and civil conflict in developing countries 1986–2003." 1 st PIDDCP (Political Institutions, Development and a Domestic Civil Peace) Workshop. Oxford, UK, November 10-12, 2005.

166 Parr, Nicholas John. "An analysis of fertility differentials in Liberia and Ghana using multilevel models." PhD, University of Southampton, 1992.

167 Pelletier, David L, and Edward A Frongillo. "Changes in child survival are strongly associated with changes in malnutrition in developing countries." The Journal of nutrition 133, no. 1 (2003): 107.

168 Pitt, Mark. "Women's schooling, the selectivity of fertility, and child mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa." (1995) Living Standards Measurement Study Working Paper.

169 Rajaratnam, Julie K, Linda N Tran, Alan D Lopez, and Christopher J Murray. "Measuring under-five mortality: validation of new low-cost methods." PLoS medicine 7, no. 4 (2010): e1000.

170 Riley, Ann P, Albert I Hermalin, and Luis Rosero-Bixby. "A new look at the determinants of nonnumeric response to desired family size: the case of Costa Rica." Demography 30, no. 2 (1993): 159-174.

171 Robinson C, Warren. "Kenya enters the fertility transition." Population Studies 46, no. 3 (1992): 445-457.

172 Robinson M, Krista. Education and traditional contraceptive use: An analysis of nine countries using demographic and health survey data. : The University Center for International Studies, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1996.

173 Rutenberg, Naomi, and Evelyn Landry. "A comparison of sterilization use and demand from the Demographic and Health Surveys." International Family Planning Perspectives 19, no. 1 (1993): 4-13.

174 Sahn, David E, and David C Stifel. "Progress toward the millennium development goals in Africa." World Development 31, no. 1 (2003): 23-52.

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