| Author(s) |
Patrick Vinck, Mihret Bizuneh, Melanie Rubavu, Lawan Tahirou |
| Date |
2008-12-01 |
| Country |
Burundi |
| Language |
English |
| Publisher(s) |
© World Food Programme, VAM Food Security Analysis |
| Table of contents |
Foreword .........................................................................................................................3
Acronym .........................................................................................................................4
Table of Contents.............................................................................................................5
Executive Summary .........................................................................................................8
Introduction...................................................................................................................15
CFSVA Objectives and Methodology ...............................................................................16
Objectives.................................................................................................................. 16
Conceptual Framework and Definitions ........................................................................... 16
Methodology............................................................................................................... 18
Data Sources ...........................................................................................................18
Limitations ..............................................................................................................20
Human and Social Capital ..............................................................................................21
Demographics............................................................................................................. 21
Education................................................................................................................... 22
Migration and Displacement.......................................................................................... 23
Natural Capital...............................................................................................................25
Climate ..................................................................................................................... 25
Productive Land .......................................................................................................... 25
Agricultural Production................................................................................................. 26
Livestock Ownership .................................................................................................... 29
Physical Capital..............................................................................................................30
Housing Conditions...................................................................................................... 30
Ownership and Housing Structure ...............................................................................30
Lighting and Cooking Energy Sources ..........................................................................30
Water and Sanitation ................................................................................................31
Asset Ownership and Wealth Index ................................................................................ 32
Asset Ownership.......................................................................................................32
Household Wealth Index............................................................................................34
Financial Capital and Livelihood Strategies ....................................................................36
Activities and Financial Capital ...................................................................................... 36
Activities .................................................................................................................36
Distribution of Labor .................................................................................................37
Seasonality of the Activities .......................................................................................37
Access to Credit .......................................................................................................38
Temporary Migration, Transfer and Remittances............................................................39
Livelihood Strategy Groups........................................................................................... 39
Expenditures .............................................................................................................. 43
Food and Non-Food Expenditures................................................................................43
Credit, Cash and Exchange ........................................................................................45
Seasonality..............................................................................................................45
Livelihood Outcome: Food Consumption and Food Security ...........................................47
Dietary Diversity and Food Sources................................................................................ 47
Household Food Consumption Profiles ............................................................................ 49
Methodology ............................................................................................................49
Food Consumption Scores..........................................................................................50
Food Consumption Patterns........................................................................................51
Food Security Profiling ................................................................................................. 53
Multivariate analysis of Food Security Status ................................................................... 56
Nutrition .......................................................................................................................58
Health and Nutritional Status of Women ......................................................................... 58
Health and Nutritional status of Children......................................................................... 58
Profiles and Multivariate Analysis of Malnutrition .............................................................. 60
Risk and Vulnerability Context .......................................................................................64
Risk and Vulnerability Approach .................................................................................... 64
Critical Trends ............................................................................................................ 64
Shocks .................................................................................................................... 65
Hazards in Burundi ...................................................................................................65
Capacity to Cope and Coping Strategy Index ................................................................68
Situation of Returnees...............................................................................................69
Food Assistance........................................................................................................70
Seasonal Cycles .......................................................................................................... 70
Conclusions and Recommendations ...............................................................................74
Food Security and Vulnerability Summary profiles ............................................................ 74
Geographic Priorities .................................................................................................74
Livelihood Strategy Priorities ......................................................................................76
Other Priority Factors ................................................................................................77
Population Estimates for the Highly Food Insecure and Vulnerable Groups ........................77
Recommendations and Interventions.............................................................................. 79
List of Tables
Table A: Livelihood Strategy Groups Characteristics ..............................................................11
Table 1: Household Sample Distribution and Map (number of households per commune)............19
Table 2: CFSVA – Demographic Characteristics of the Population ............................................21
Table 3: Literacy and Education Level .................................................................................22
Table 4: Net Primary Enrollment by Province .......................................................................23
Table 5: Climate and Cropping Seasons Calendar .................................................................25
Table 6: Main Crops Cultivated by Provinces, season 2008A (% of households).........................28
Table 7: Asset Wealth and Wealth Index Quintiles ................................................................35
Table 8: Main Activities by Province (% of Households) .........................................................36
Table 9: Distribution of Labor by Activity .............................................................................37
Table 10: Among producers, Percentage of Production Reserved for Consumption (Season 2008A).......................................38
Table 11: Livelihood Strategy Groups Characteristics ............................................................40
Table 12: Characteristics of Livelihood Groups .....................................................................42
Table 13: Mean Weekly Food Consumption (number of days) by Province, Livelihood and Asset Wealth ...............................................48
Table 14: Food Sources by Food Items Consumed ................................................................49
Table 15: Food Items, Groups and Weights for Calculation of the FCS......................................50
Table 16: Weekly Consumption (Average) by FCS.................................................................50
Table 17: Food Consumption Patterns.................................................................................51
Table 18: Characteristics of Food Security (1) ......................................................................54
Table 19: Characteristics of Food Security (2) ......................................................................54
Table 20: Women’s Health and Nutrition .............................................................................58
Table 21: Nutritional Status...............................................................................................59
Table 22: Age and Malnutrition ..........................................................................................59
Table 23: Children’s Health ...............................................................................................59
Table 24: Regional Distribution of Malnutrition .....................................................................60
Table 25: Factors Associated with Low MUAC (Multivariate Analysis) .......................................62
Table 26: Factors Associated with Wasting and Stunting (Multivariate Analysis) ........................63
Table 27: Reported Seasonal Cycles ...................................................................................72
Table 28: North-East Region Summary Profile ......................................................................74
Table 29: North-West Region Summary Profile .....................................................................75
Table 30: Central Region Summary Profile...........................................................................75
Table 31: South and South-Eastern Region Summary Profile ..................................................76
Table 32: Population Estimates for Food Insecure and Vulnerable Groups - in thousands of households .........................................78
List of Figures
Figure 1: Food and Nutrition Security Conceptual Framework .................................................17
Figure 2: Percentage of Return Over Time ...........................................................................24
Figure 3: Distribution of Households with < 0.25 ha Land Total ..............................................26
Figure 4: Average Livestock (TLU) per household by Province.................................................29
Figure 5: Distribution of Households using Unsafe Water Sources (% of households) .................31
Figure 6: % of Households Reporting Water Shortfall by months.............................................32
Figure 7: Proportion of Households by Number of Assets Owned .............................................33
Figure 8: prevalence of Asset Poor Households by Province (% of households)..........................33
Figure 9: Household Characteristics and Asset Classes ..........................................................34
Figure 10: Gender and Asset Wealth...................................................................................34
Figure 11: Quintiles and Percentage of Households by Wealth Index Score ..............................35
Figure 12: Wealth Distribution (% in Wealth Index Lowest Quintile) ........................................35
Figure 13: Seasonal Distribution of Activities (% of Households) .............................................37
Figure 14: Seasonal Distribution of Purchase and Sale of Agricultural Products..........................38
Figure 15: Seasonal Distribution of migration and Transfers ...................................................39
Figure 16: Contribution of Activities (in %) to Overall Livelihood by Livelihood Strategies ...........41
Figure 17: Contribution of Activities (in BIF) to Income by Livelihood Strategies........................41
Figure 18: Geographic Distribution of Main Livelihood Groups (% Households)..........................42
Figure 19: Food and non-Food Expenditures by Livelihood .....................................................43
Figure 20: Composition of Expenditures (Total) ....................................................................44
Figure 21: Seasonality of Expenditures (% of Households).....................................................46
Figure 22: proportion of Households Eating Items 5 Days a Week or More................................47
Figure 23: Weekly Consumption (Average) by FCS - detail.....................................................51
Figure 24: consumption Clusters and FCS – Clusters and Asset Wealth ....................................52
Figure 25: Geographic Distribution of Poor FCS ....................................................................53
Figure 26: Prevalence of Poor FCS Group by Administrative Levels ..........................................53
Figure 27: Food insecurity and Heads of Household’s Education ..............................................54
Figure 28: Food Insecurity and Wealth ................................................................................55
Figure 29: Food Security and Livelihood Strategy .................................................................55
Figure 30: Prevalence of Wasting among Children by Mother’s Nutritional Status.......................61
Figure 31: Prevalence of Wasting among Children by Children’s Health ....................................62
Figure 32: Prevalence of Stunting by Mother’s Education .......................................................62
Figure 33: Reported Shocks by Livelihood strategies .............................................................66
Figure 34: Geographic Distribution of Main Shocks................................................................66
Figure 35: Evolution of Prices over Time..............................................................................67
Figure 36: Frequency of Coping Strategies across Asset Classes .............................................68
Figure 37: Average CSI by Food Consumption Group and Nutritional Status .............................69 |
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