| Table of contents |
Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................ 3
Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................ 4
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................................... 5
List of tables ....................................................................................................................................................... 8
List of figures .................................................................................................................................................... 12
KEY FINDINGS ................................................................................................................................................... 16
Food security and vulnerability ................................................................................................................ 16
Nutrition security ..................................................................................................................................... 17
1.0 STUDY RATIONALE ........................................................................................................................... 19
1.1. Objectives and methodology ....................................................................................................... 19
2.0 GENERAL OVERVIEW OF MADAGASCAR .......................................................................................... 22
2.1. Socio political context ................................................................................................................. 22
2.2. Macro economical context .......................................................................................................... 23
2.3. Market and prices ........................................................................................................................ 25
2.4. Trends in nutrition indicators ...................................................................................................... 28
2.5. MDG tracking related to food security and nutrition ................................................................. 30
2.6. Natural disasters and climate change .......................................................................................... 32
3.0 FOOD AVAILABILITY AND MARKET INTEGRATION ........................................................................... 34
3.1. Cereals’ balance ........................................................................................................................... 34
3.2. Supply and market integration ..................................................................................................... 35
3.3. Key trends in production and imports ........................................................................................ 38
4.0 FOOD ACCESS: HOUSEHOLD ECONOMICAL STATUS ........................................................................ 41
4.1. Main income activities/groups ...................................................................................................... 41
4.2. Seasonality of earning ................................................................................................................... 44
4.3. Wealth .......................................................................................................................................... 44
4.4. Expenditures and income ............................................................................................................. 46
5.0 FOOD ACCESS: HOUSEHOLD AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ........................................................... 50
5.1. Main crops overview .................................................................................................................... 50
5.2. Land adequacy and crop variety .................................................................................................. 51
5.3. Irrigation ....................................................................................................................................... 52
5.4. Household cassava cultivation ..................................................................................................... 55
5.5 Household maize cultivation ........................................................................................................ 56
5.6 Households’ dependency on markets .......................................................................................... 58
6.0 FOOD CONSUMPTION ...................................................................................................................... 64
6.1. Typical diet ................................................................................................................................... 64
6.2. Lack of cash or food .................................................................................................................... 67
7.0 FOOD INSECURITY ............................................................................................................................ 71
7.1. Food insecure: How many? Where? ............................................................................................ 71
7.2. Who is more likely to be food insecure? .................................................................................... 73
7.3. Driving forces of food insecurity ................................................................................................. 77
8.0 SHOCKS: NATURAL DISASTERS IN MADAGASCAR ............................................................................ 79
8.1. Climate overview ......................................................................................................................... 79
8.2. Drought affected areas ................................................................................................................ 79
8.3. Cyclone-prone areas .................................................................................................................... 85
9.0 PREVALENCE OF MALNUTRITION .................................................................................................... 87
9.1. Global acute malnutrition ............................................................................................................ 88
9.2. Why? (Driving forces for acute malnutrition) .............................................................................. 94
9.3. Stunting ........................................................................................................................................ 96
9.4. Underweight ................................................................................................................................ 99
10.0 INFANT AND YOUNG CHILD FEEDING PRACTICES ...................................................................... 100
10.1. Household food security and child nutritional status. ........................................................... 100
10.2. Infant and young child feeding practices. .............................................................................. 100
11.0 HEALTHY ENVIRNOMENT AND CARE SEEKING BEHAVIOUR .......................................................... 110
11.1. Child health ............................................................................................................................ 110
11.2. Low birth weight and maternal health .................................................................................. 114
11.3. Health access.......................................................................................................................... 119
11.4. Water and sanitation ............................................................................................................. 123
12.0 RECOMMENDATIONS......................................................................................................................... 128
12.1. Improving food demand and supply ...................................................................................... 128
12.2. Investing in human and social capital .................................................................................... 128
12.3. Coping with shocks/disasters ................................................................................................. 128
12.4. Tackling acute malnutrition ................................................................................................... 128
12.5. Activities to tackle stunting .................................................................................................... 129
Annexes ...................................................................................................................................................... 130
Annex I: Sampling and Analysis .............................................................................................................. 130
Annex II: Indicators used for the Food Security and Nutrition analysis ............................................... 135
Annex III: Correlations between key indicators - Wealth, Expenditures, Income Consumption, CSI .. 142
Annex IV: Tables on Food Security by region and livelihood zones ..................................................... 144
Annex V: Tables on Nutritional Status by Region and Livelihood Zone ............................................ 163 |
