| Table of contents |
Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................ i
Key indicators .............................................................................................................................................. ii
Table of contents ........................................................................................................................................ vii
List of tables .............................................................................................................................................. xiii
List of figures ........................................................................................................................................... xvii
List of text boxes ...................................................................................................................................... xxii
Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................................... xxiii
Map of Afghanistan ................................................................................................................................... xxv
Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................. xxvi
Executive summary ............................................................................................................................... xxviii
1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1
2 Survey methodology and operations ..................................................................................................... 3
2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 3
2.2 Stakeholder involvement ............................................................................................................... 3
2.3 Questionnaire design ...................................................................................................................... 4
2.4 Pilot training and pilot survey ........................................................................................................ 5
2.5 Training and selection of field staff ............................................................................................... 5
2.6 Sampling design ............................................................................................................................. 6
2.7 Field operations .............................................................................................................................. 7
2.8 Data processing .............................................................................................................................. 9
2.8.1 Manual checking and coding ............................................................................................... 9
2.8.2 Data entry and data editing .................................................................................................. 9
2.9 Analysis ....................................................................................................................................... 10
2.10 Comparability of results ............................................................................................................... 10
2.11 Data limitations ............................................................................................................................ 11
2.12 Reporting ..................................................................................................................................... 12
3 Population and households .................................................................................................................. 13
3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 14
3.2 Population structure ..................................................................................................................... 14
3.2.1 Age distribution ................................................................................................................. 14
3.2.2 Sex ratio ............................................................................................................................. 16
3.2.3 Distribution by place of residence ..................................................................................... 18
3.3 Household composition ............................................................................................................... 19
3.3.1 Household structure ........................................................................................................... 19
3.3.2 Head of household ............................................................................................................. 21
3.4 Marriage patterns ......................................................................................................................... 22
3.4.1 Marital status distribution .................................................................................................. 22
3.4.2 Age at first marriage .......................................................................................................... 24
3.4.3 The marriage age gap ........................................................................................................ 25
3.4.4 Polygamy ........................................................................................................................... 26
4 Migration ........................................................................................................................................... 28
4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 29
4.1.1 Afghanistan's migration context ........................................................................................ 29
4.1.2 Migration concepts ............................................................................................................ 29
4.2 Internal migration in Afghanistan ................................................................................................ 31
4.2.1 Internal life-time migrants ................................................................................................. 31
4.2.2 Internal intermediate-time migrants .................................................................................. 34
4.2.3 Internal recent migrants ..................................................................................................... 36
4.2.4 Urban-rural linkages .......................................................................................................... 38
4.2.5 Who are the internal migrants? .......................................................................................... 39
4.2.6 Why do internal migrants move? ....................................................................................... 40
4.3 International migration................................................................................................................. 41
4.3.1 Immigrants and immigration ............................................................................................. 42
4.3.2 Emigrants and emigration .................................................................................................. 45
4.4 The migration balance.................................................................................................................. 47
4.5 Return from displacement ............................................................................................................ 49
4.5.1 Origins and destinations of returnees ................................................................................ 49
4.5.2 Living conditions of returnees ........................................................................................... 50
5 Labour market outcomes ..................................................................................................................... 53
5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 54
5.2 Labour force participation ............................................................................................................ 55
5.3 Employment, underemployment and unemployment .................................................................. 57
5.3.1 Overview of employment, underemployment and unemployment ................................... 57
5.3.2 Comparison over time ....................................................................................................... 62
5.3.3 Characteristics of the employed and underemployed ........................................................ 63
5.3.4 Hours of work and earnings ............................................................................................... 72
5.4 Labour migration ......................................................................................................................... 75
5.4.1 Origins and destinations of labour migration ................................................................... 75
5.4.2 Characteristics of labour migrants ..................................................................................... 77
5.4.3 Migrants' labour market performance ............................................................................... 79
5.4.4 Kuchi labour migration ...................................................................................................... 81
5.4.5 Seasonal migration ............................................................................................................ 81
5.5 Child labour ................................................................................................................................. 83
5.5.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 83
5.5.2 Prevalence of child labour and their conditions of work ................................................... 84
5.5.3 Causes and consequences of child labour .......................................................................... 86
5.5.4 Household chores and child labour .................................................................................... 88
6 Farming and livestock ......................................................................................................................... 91
6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 91
6.2 Farming and horticulture.............................................................................................................. 92
6.2.1 Irrigated land ...................................................................................................................... 92
6.2.2 Rain-fed land ..................................................................................................................... 97
6.2.3 Farming input .................................................................................................................. 100
6.2.4 Horticulture ...................................................................................................................... 101
6.3 Livestock .................................................................................................................................... 103
6.3.1 Livestock numbers ........................................................................................................... 103
6.3.2 Sale of animals and animal products ............................................................................... 104
6.3.3 Livestock production factors ........................................................................................... 105
7 Poverty ......................................................................................................................................... 107
7.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 107
7.2 Measuring poverty trends using survey to survey imputation ................................................... 109
7.3 Growth and distribution ............................................................................................................. 110
7.4 Poverty profile ........................................................................................................................... 110
7.4.1 Demographic characteristics ............................................................................................ 110
7.4.2 Household head characteristics ........................................................................................ 111
7.4.3 Characteristics of children in the household .................................................................... 113
7.4.4 Access to services ............................................................................................................ 114
7.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 115
8 Food security .................................................................................................................................... 116
8.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 116
8.2 Current food security ................................................................................................................. 118
8.2.1 Distribution by residence ................................................................................................. 118
8.2.2 Distribution by region and province ................................................................................ 118
8.3 Characteristics of the food-insecure population ......................................................................... 120
8.3.1 Characterisation by main income source ......................................................................... 120
8.3.2 Characterisation by asset ownership ................................................................................ 122
8.3.3 Characterisation by demographics ................................................................................... 122
8.4 Seasonality and food insecurity ................................................................................................. 123
8.4.1 Afghan calendar seasonal differences ............................................................................. 123
8.4.2 Harvest and lean season's differences ............................................................................. 124
8.5 Food access and supply .............................................................................................................. 126
8.5.1 Sources of food items by population group and food security status .............................. 126
8.5.2 Sources of food items by main income source ................................................................ 126
8.5.3 Sources of food items by season ...................................................................................... 127
8.6 Food consumption ...................................................................................................................... 127
8.6.1 Dietary diversity .............................................................................................................. 127
8.6.2 Food Consumption Score (FCS) ...................................................................................... 128
8.6.3 Household Hunger Scale (HHS) ...................................................................................... 130
8.7 Coping with shocks .................................................................................................................... 131
8.7.1 General coping ................................................................................................................. 131
8.7.2 Coping Strategy Index (CSI) ........................................................................................... 132
9 Education ......................................................................................................................................... 134
9.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 135
9.2 Educational attendance .............................................................................................................. 136
9.2.1 Educational attendance in residence and gender perspective .......................................... 136
9.2.2 Developments in educational attendance ......................................................................... 139
9.2.3 Transitions in the education career .................................................................................. 142
9.2.4 School-life expectancy .................................................................................................... 145
9.2.5 Population not attending education ................................................................................. 145
9.2.6 Home schooling ............................................................................................................... 148
9.3 Educational attainment............................................................................................................... 149
9.4 Literacy ...................................................................................................................................... 151
9.4.1 Literacy in residential and gender perspective ................................................................ 151
9.4.2 Developments in literacy levels ....................................................................................... 154
10 Health .............................................................................................................................................. 157
10.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 158
10.2 Access to health services and health-seeking behaviour ........................................................... 158
10.2.1 Travel time, travel costs and staff availability ................................................................. 158
10.2.2 Care-seeking behaviour ................................................................................................... 162
10.3 Maternal health .......................................................................................................................... 165
10.3.1 Ante-natal care .............................................................................................................. 165
10.3.2 Skilled birth attendance and place of delivery .............................................................. 168
10.4 Breastfeeding ................................................................................................................ 174
11 Gender equity and women's development......................................................................................... 179
11.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 180
11.2 The position of women in the population .................................................................................. 181
11.2.1 Sex ratios ....................................................................................................................... 181
11.2.2 Head of household ........................................................................................................ 183
11.2.3 Child marriage ............................................................................................................... 183
11.2.4 Polygamy ...................................................................................................................... 184
11.3 The gender education gap .......................................................................................................... 186
11.3.1 Literacy ......................................................................................................................... 186
11.3.2 School attendance ......................................................................................................... 187
11.3.3 Educational attainment .................................................................................................. 188
11.4 Women in the labour force ........................................................................................................ 190
11.5 Decision making ........................................................................................................................ 191
11.6 Seclusion .................................................................................................................................... 194
11.7 Women and development .......................................................................................................... 198
12 Housing and household amenities ..................................................................................................... 202
12.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 203
12.2 Tenancy and dwelling characteristics ........................................................................................ 203
12.2.1 Tenancy ......................................................................................................................... 203
12.2.2 Dwelling characteristics ................................................................................................ 205
12.3 Household amenities .................................................................................................................. 208
12.3.1 Water and sanitation ...................................................................................................... 208
12.3.2 Other household amenities ............................................................................................ 213 |
