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Demographic and Health Survey 2015-2016

Malawi, 2015 - 2016
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MWI_2015_DHS_v01_M
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National Statistical Office (NSO)
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Jun 26, 2017
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Jul 06, 2017
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Questionnaires
2015-2016 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey, Household Questionnaire
Download [PDF, 693.07 KB]
Author(s) National Statistical Office
Date 2015-10-10
Country Malawi
Language English
Download https://catalog.ihsn.org//catalog/7013/download/84887
2015-2016 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey, Woman's Questionnaire
Download [PDF, 1.16 MB]
Author(s) National Statistical Office
Date 2015-10-10
Country Malawi
Language English
Download https://catalog.ihsn.org//catalog/7013/download/84888
2015-2016 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey, Man's Questionnaire
Download [PDF, 656.72 KB]
Author(s) National Statistical Office
Date 2015-10-10
Country Malawi
Language English
Download https://catalog.ihsn.org//catalog/7013/download/84889
2015-2016 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey, Biomarker Questionnaire
Download [PDF, 565.69 KB]
Author(s) National Statistical Office
Date 2015-10-10
Country Malawi
Language English
Download https://catalog.ihsn.org//catalog/7013/download/84890
Reports
Malawi Demographic and Health Survey 2015-16, Report
External link
Author(s) National Statistical Office, Zomba, Malawi The DHS Program, ICF, Rockville, Maryland, USA
Date 2017-02-01
Country Malawi
Language English
Table of contents TABLES AND FIGURES ........................................................................................................................... ix
FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................................. xxi
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................... xxiii
READING AND UNDERSTANDING THE 2015-16 MALAWI DEMOGRAPHIC AND
HEALTH SURVEY (MDHS) ..................................................................................................... xxv
MAP OF MALAWI ................................................................................................................................ xxxii

1 INTRODUCTION AND SURVEY METHODOLOGY .............................................................. 1
1.1 Survey Objectives ................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Sample Design ..................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Questionnaires ..................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Anthropometry, Anaemia Testing, and HIV Testing .......................................................... 3
1.5 Pretest .................................................................................................................................. 6
1.6 Training of Field Staff ......................................................................................................... 6
1.7 Fieldwork ............................................................................................................................. 6
1.8 Data Processing ................................................................................................................... 7
1.9 Response Rates .................................................................................................................... 7

2 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS AND HOUSEHOLD POPULATION ................................ 9
2.1 Drinking Water Sources and Treatment .............................................................................. 9
2.2 Sanitation ........................................................................................................................... 10
2.3 Exposure to Smoke inside the Home and Other Housing Characteristics ......................... 11
2.3.1 Exposure to Smoke Inside the Home ................................................................... 11
2.3.2 Other Housing Characteristics ............................................................................. 11
2.4 Household Wealth and Durable Goods ............................................................................. 11
2.5 Hand Washing ................................................................................................................... 12
2.6 Household Population and Composition ........................................................................... 12
2.7 Birth Registration .............................................................................................................. 13
2.8 Children’s Living Arrangements and Parental Survival .................................................... 14
2.9 Education ........................................................................................................................... 14
2.9.1 Educational Attainment ....................................................................................... 14
2.9.2 School Attendance ............................................................................................... 15
2.9.3 Other Measures of School Attendance ................................................................. 16
2.10 Child Functioning and Disability....................................................................................... 17

3 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS ............................................................................ 31
3.1 Basic Characteristics of Survey Respondents .................................................................... 31
3.2 Education and Literacy ...................................................................................................... 32
3.3 Mass Media Exposure and Internet Usage ........................................................................ 33
3.4 Employment ...................................................................................................................... 34
3.5 Occupation ......................................................................................................................... 34
3.6 Health Insurance Coverage ................................................................................................ 35
3.7 Tobacco Use ...................................................................................................................... 35
3.8 Knowledge and Attitudes regarding Tuberculosis ............................................................. 36

4 MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY .................................................................................. 55
4.1 Marital Status ..................................................................................................................... 55
4.2 Polygyny ............................................................................................................................ 56
4.3 Age at First Marriage ......................................................................................................... 57
4.4 Age at First Sexual Intercourse ......................................................................................... 57
4.5 Recent Sexual Activity ...................................................................................................... 58

5 FERTILITY ................................................................................................................................... 69
5.1 Current Fertility ................................................................................................................. 69
5.2 Children Ever Born and Living ......................................................................................... 70
5.3 Birth Intervals .................................................................................................................... 71
5.4 Insusceptibility to Pregnancy ............................................................................................. 71
5.5 Age at First Birth ............................................................................................................... 73
5.6 Teenage Childbearing and Sexual and Reproductive Behaviours before Age 15 ............. 73
5.6.1 Teenage Childbearing .......................................................................................... 73
5.6.2 Sexual and Reproductive Behaviours before Age 15 .......................................... 74

6 FERTILITY PREFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 83
6.1 Desire for Another Child ................................................................................................... 83
6.2 Ideal Family Size ............................................................................................................... 84
6.3 Fertility Planning Status .................................................................................................... 85
6.4 Wanted Fertility Rates ....................................................................................................... 86

7 FAMILY PLANNING .................................................................................................................. 93
7.1 Contraceptive Knowledge and Use ................................................................................... 93
7.2 Source of Modern Contraceptive Methods ........................................................................ 95
7.3 Informed Choice ................................................................................................................ 96
7.4 Discontinuation of Contraceptives .................................................................................... 97
7.4.1 Knowledge of the Fertile Period .......................................................................... 97
7.5 Demand for Family Planning ............................................................................................ 97
7.5.1 Decision-making about Family Planning ............................................................. 99
7.5.2 Future Use of Contraception ................................................................................ 99
7.5.3 Exposure to Family Planning Messages in the Media ......................................... 99
7.6 Contact of Nonusers with Family Planning Providers ....................................................... 99

8 INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY ...................................................................................... 111
8.1 Infant and Child Mortality ............................................................................................... 112
8.2 Biodemographic Risk Factors ......................................................................................... 113
8.3 Perinatal Mortality ........................................................................................................... 113

9 MATERNAL HEALTH CARE ................................................................................................. 119
9.1 Antenatal Care Coverage and Content ............................................................................ 120
9.1.1 Skilled Providers ................................................................................................ 120
9.1.2 Timing and Number of ANC Visits ................................................................... 120
9.2 Components of ANC Visits ............................................................................................. 121
9.3 Protection against Neonatal Tetanus ............................................................................... 121
9.4 Delivery Services ............................................................................................................. 122
9.4.1 Institutional Deliveries ....................................................................................... 122
9.4.2 Skilled Assistance during Delivery .................................................................... 123
9.4.3 Delivery by Caesarean ....................................................................................... 123
9.5 Postnatal Care .................................................................................................................. 124
9.5.1 Postnatal Health Check for Mothers .................................................................. 124
9.5.2 Postnatal Health Checks for Newborns ............................................................. 125
9.6 Obstetric Fistula ............................................................................................................... 125
9.7 Problems in Accessing Health Care ................................................................................ 126

10 CHILD HEALTH ........................................................................................................................ 141
10.1 Birth Weight .................................................................................................................... 141
10.2 Vaccination of Children ................................................................................................... 142
10.2.1 Vaccination Coverage ........................................................................................ 142
10.2.2 Uptake of the Newly Introduced Vaccines ........................................................ 143
10.2.3 Vaccination Card Ownership and Availability .................................................. 144
10.3 Symptoms of Acute Respiratory Infection ...................................................................... 144
10.4 Fever ................................................................................................................................ 144
10.5 Diarrhoeal Disease ........................................................................................................... 145
10.5.1 Prevalence of Diarrhoea and Treatment Seeking Behaviour ............................. 145
10.5.2 Feeding Practices during Diarrhoea ................................................................... 145
10.5.3 Oral Rehydration Therapy and other Treatments for Diarrhoea ........................ 146
10.5.4 Knowledge of ORS Packets ............................................................................... 146
10.5.5 Treatment of Childhood Illness .......................................................................... 147
10.6 Disposal of Children’s Stools .......................................................................................... 147

11 NUTRITION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN ........................................................................ 159
11.1 Nutritional Status of Children .......................................................................................... 159
11.1.1 Measurement of Nutritional Status among Young Children .............................. 159
11.1.2 Data Collection .................................................................................................. 161
11.1.3 Levels of Child Malnutrition ............................................................................. 161
11.2 Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices ...................................................................... 162
11.2.1 Breastfeeding ..................................................................................................... 162
11.2.2 Complementary Feeding .................................................................................... 163
11.2.3 Minimum Acceptable Diet ................................................................................. 164
11.3 Anaemia Prevalence in Children ..................................................................................... 166
11.4 Presence of Iodised Salt in Households ........................................................................... 166
11.5 Micronutrient Intake and Supplementation among Children ........................................... 167
11.6 Women’s Nutritional Status ............................................................................................ 167
11.7 Anaemia Prevalence in Women....................................................................................... 168
11.8 Micronutrient Intake among Mothers .............................................................................. 169

12 MALARIA ................................................................................................................................... 183
12.1 Ownership of Insecticide-Treated Nets ........................................................................... 183
12.2 Indoor Residual Spraying ................................................................................................ 185
12.3 Household Access and Use of ITNs ................................................................................ 186
12.4 Use of ITNs by Children and Pregnant Women .............................................................. 187
12.5 Malaria in Pregnancy ....................................................................................................... 187
12.6 Case Management of Malaria in Children ....................................................................... 188
12.7 Prevalence of Low Haemoglobin in Children ................................................................. 189

13 HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND BEHAVIOUR ....................... 201
13.1 HIV/AIDS Knowledge, Transmission, and Prevention Methods .................................... 202
13.2 Knowledge about Mother-to-Child Transmission ........................................................... 203
13.3 Attitudes toward People Living with HIV ....................................................................... 204
13.4 Multiple Sexual Partners ................................................................................................. 204
13.5 Paid Sex ........................................................................................................................... 205
13.6 Coverage of HIV Testing Services .................................................................................. 206
13.6.1 Awareness of HIV Testing Services and Experience with HIV Testing ........... 206
13.6.2 HIV Testing of Pregnant Women ...................................................................... 207
13.7 Male Circumcision .......................................................................................................... 207
13.8 Self-reporting of Sexually Transmitted Infections .......................................................... 208
13.9 HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge and Behaviour among Young People ............................ 209
13.9.1 Knowledge ......................................................................................................... 209
13.9.2 First Sex ............................................................................................................. 210
13.9.3 Premarital Sex .................................................................................................... 211
13.9.4 Multiple Sexual Partners .................................................................................... 211
13.9.5 Coverage of HIV Testing Services .................................................................... 212

14 HIV PREVALENCE ................................................................................................................... 229
14.1 Coverage Rates for HIV Testing ..................................................................................... 229
14.2 HIV Prevalence ............................................................................................................... 230
14.2.1 HIV Prevalence by Age and Sex ........................................................................ 230
14.2.2 HIV Prevalence by Sexual Risk Behaviour ....................................................... 232
14.2.3 HIV Prevalence among Young People .............................................................. 232
14.2.4 HIV Prevalence by Other Characteristics Related to HIV Risk ......................... 233
14.2.5 HIV Prevalence among Couples ........................................................................ 233

15 ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY ............................................................................. 245
15.1 Data ................................................................................................................................. 245
15.2 Direct Estimates of Adult Mortality ................................................................................ 246
15.3 Direct Estimates of Maternal Mortality ........................................................................... 247
15.4 Trends in Pregnancy-Related Mortality ........................................................................... 248

16 WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT ................................................................................................ 251
16.1 Married Women’s and Men’s Employment .................................................................... 252
16.2 Control over Women’s Earnings ..................................................................................... 252
16.3 Control over Men’s Earnings .......................................................................................... 253
16.4 Women’s Control Over Their Own Earnings and over Those of Their Husbands .......... 254
16.5 Women’s and Men’s Ownership of Assets ..................................................................... 254
16.6 Ownership of Title or Deed for House and Land ............................................................ 255
16.7 Ownership of Bank Accounts and Mobile Phones .......................................................... 255
16.8 Participation in Decision Making .................................................................................... 256
16.9 Attitudes toward Wife Beating ........................................................................................ 257
16.10 Attitudes toward Negotiating Safer Sexual Relations with Husband .............................. 258
16.11 Ability to Negotiate Sexual Relations with Husband ...................................................... 259
16.12 Women’s Empowerment Indicators ................................................................................ 260
16.13 Current Use of Contraception by Woman’s Empowerment Status ................................. 260
16.14 Women’s Empowerment and Ideal Number of Children and Unmet Need for the Family ........ 260
16.15 Reproductive Health Care by Women’s Empowerment .................................................. 261
16.16 Early Childhood Mortality Rates by Women’s Status ..................................................... 261

17 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ........................................................................................................... 279
17.1 Measurement of Violence ................................................................................................ 280
17.2 Women’s Experience of Physical Violence .................................................................... 281
17.2.1 Perpetrators of Physical Violence ...................................................................... 282
17.3 Experience of Sexual Violence ........................................................................................ 282
17.3.1 Prevalence of Sexual Violence .......................................................................... 282
17.3.2 Perpetrators of Sexual Violence ......................................................................... 283
17.4 Experience of Different Forms of Violence .................................................................... 283
17.5 Marital Control by Husband ............................................................................................ 283
17.6 Forms of Spousal Violence .............................................................................................. 284
17.6.1 Prevalence of Spousal Violence ......................................................................... 284
17.7 Injuries to Women due to Spousal Violence ................................................................... 287
17.8 Violence Initiated by Women against Husbands ............................................................. 287
17.9 Help-Seeking among Women Who Have Experienced Violence ................................... 288
17.9.1 Sources for Help ................................................................................................ 288

REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................... 305
APPENDIX A DISTRICT TABLES ..................................................................................................... 307
APPENDIX B SAMPLE DESIGN ........................................................................................................ 441
B.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 441
B.2 Sample Frame .................................................................................................................. 441
B.3 Sample Design and Implementation ................................................................................ 442
B.4 Sample Probabilities and Sampling Weights ................................................................... 442
APPENDIX C ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS ................................................................... 455
APPENDIX D DATA QUALITY TABLES ......................................................................................... 493
APPENDIX E SURVEY PERSONNEL ............................................................................................... 501
APPENDIX F QUESTIONNAIRES ..................................................................................................... 507
Download http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR319/FR319.pdf
Malawi Micronutrient Survey Key Indicators Report 2015-16
External link
Author(s) National Statistical Office, Zomba, Malawi Community Health Services Unit of the Ministry of Health, Department of Nutrition, HIV and AIDS, Lilongwe, Malawi Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Date 2017-02-01
Country Malawi
Language English
Table of contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 3
CHAPTER 2. METHODS ........................................................................................................................ 5
CHAPTER 3. RESPONSE RATES AND BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS ............................ 13
CHAPTER 4. INFLAMMATION, MALARIA, AND SCHISTOSOMIASIS ....................................... 16
CHAPTER 5. IRON DEFICIENCY, ANEMIA, IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA, AND BLOOD DISORDERS ........... 19
CHAPTER 6. VITAMIN A STATUS .................................................................................................... 23
CHAPTER 7. ZINC DEFICIENCY ....................................................................................................... 24
CHAPTER 8. COVERAGE OF NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS ...................................................... 26
APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................................ 30
REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................... 32
Download http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR319/FR319m.pdf
Malawi 2015-16 Demographic and Health Survey, Key Findings
External link
Author(s) The DHS Program
Date 2017-02-01
Country Malawi
Language English
Download http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/SR237/SR237.pdf
Malawi 2015-16 Demographic and Health Survey, Wall Chart
External link
Author(s) The DHS Program
Date 2017-02-01
Country Malawi
Language English
Download http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/DM104/DM104.pdf
Fast Facts from The 2015-16 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey
External link
Author(s) The DHS Program
Date 2017-02-01
Country Malawi
Language English
Download http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/DM105/DM105.pdf
2015-16 Demographic and Health Survey, HIV Fact Sheets
External link
Author(s) The DHS Program
Date 2017-02-01
Country Malawi
Language English
Download http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/HF59/HF59.pdf
2015-16 Demographic and Health Survey, Child Health Fact Sheet
External link
Author(s) The DHS Program
Date 2017-02-01
Country Malawi
Language English
Download http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/OF33/OF33.pdf
2015-16 Demographic and Health Survey, Reproductive Health Fact Sheet
External link
Author(s) The DHS Program
Date 2017-02-01
Country Malawi
Language English
Download http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/OF34/OF34.pdf
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