Demographic and Health Survey 2016
Ethiopia, 2016
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ETH_2016_DHS_v01_M
Demographic and Health Survey 2016
| Name | Country code |
|---|---|
| Ethiopia | ETH |
Demographic and Health Survey (Standard) - DHS VII
Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) are nationally-representative household surveys that provide data for a wide range of monitoring and impact evaluation indicators in the areas of population, health, and nutrition.
The 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (2016 EDHS) is the fourth in a series of Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in Ethiopia in 2000, 2005, and 2011. As the fourth DHS conducted in Ethiopia, the 2016
EDHS provides valuable information on trends in key demographic and health indicators over time. The information collected through the 2016 EDHS is intended to assist policymakers and programme managers in evaluating and designing programmes and strategies for improving the health of the country’s population.
Additionally, the 2016 EDHS included a health facility component that recorded data on children’s vaccinations, which were then combined with the household data on vaccinations.
The 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) is the fourth Demographic and Health Survey conducted in Ethiopia. It was implemented by the Central Statistical Agency (CSA) at the request of the Federal Ministry of Health (FMoH). The primary objective of the 2016 EDHS is to provide up-to-date estimates of key demographic and health indicators. The EDHS provides a comprehensive overview of population, maternal, and child health issues in Ethiopia. More specifically, the 2016 EDHS:
- Collected data at the national level that allowed calculation of key demographic indicators, particularly fertility and under-5 and adult mortality rates
- Explored the direct and indirect factors that determine levels and trends of fertility and child mortality ? Measured levels of contraceptive knowledge and practice
- Collected data on key aspects of family health, including immunisation coverage among children, prevalence and treatment of diarrhoea and other diseases among children under age 5, and maternity care indicators such as antenatal visits and assistance at delivery
- Obtained data on child feeding practices, including breastfeeding
- Collected anthropometric measures to assess the nutritional status of children under age 5, women age 15-49, and men age 15-59
- Conducted haemoglobin testing on eligible children age 6-59 months, women age 15-49, and men age 15-59 to provide information on the prevalence of anaemia in these groups
- Collected data on knowledge and attitudes of women and men about sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS and evaluated potential exposure to the risk of HIV infection by exploring high-risk behaviours and condom use
- Conducted HIV testing of dried blood spot (DBS) samples collected from women age 15-49 and men age 15-59 to provide information on the prevalence of HIV among adults of reproductive age
- Collected data on the prevalence of injuries and accidents among all household members
- Collected data on knowledge and prevalence of fistula and female genital mutilation or cutting (FGM/C) among women age 15-49 and their daughters age 0-14
- Obtained data on women’s experience of emotional, physical, and sexual violence.
Sample survey data [ssd]
- Household
- Individual
- Children age 0-5
- Woman age 15-49
- Man age 15-59
- Health facility
Scope
The 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey covered the following topics:
HOUSEHOLD
• Identification
• Household schedule, background information on each person listed, such as relationship to head of the household, age, sex, marital status, survivorship and residence of bilogical parents, school attendance, highest educational attainment, and birth registration
• Characteristics of the household's dwelling unit, such as the source of water (drinking and other purposes), where the water source located and how long it takes to go there, toilet facilities, number of rooms in the dwelling, type of fuel used for cooking, materials used for the floor, roof and walls of the house, ownership of livestock, and possessions of durable goods (including land)
• Injuries/ accidents
INDIVIDUAL WOMAN
• Identification
• Respondent background characteristics (including age, education, and media exposure)
• Birth history and childhood mortality
• Family planning, including knowledge, use, and sources of contraceptive methods
• Fertility preferences
• Antenatal, delivery, and postnatal care
• Breastfeeding and infant feeding practices
• Vaccinations and childhood illnesses
• Women’s work and husbands’ background characteristics
• Knowledge, awareness, and behaviour regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
• Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours related to other health issues (e.g., injections, smoking, use of chat)
• Adult and maternal mortality
• Female genital mutilation or cutting
• Fistula
• Violence against women
INDIVIDUAL MAN
• Identification
• Respondent background
• Reproduction
• Contraception
• Marriage and sexual activity
• Fertility preferences
• Employment and gender roles and decision making
• HIV/AIDS
• Other health issues
BIOMARKER
• Identification
• Weight, height, and hemoglobin measurement for children age 0-5
• Weight, height, hemoglobin measurements and HIV testing for women age 15-49
• Weight, height, hemoglobin measurements and HIV testing for men age 15-59
HEALTH FACILITY
• Identification
• Health facility form
• Immunization records form health facility
Coverage
National
The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), women age 15-49 years and men age 15-59 years resident in the household.
Producers and sponsors
| Name | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| Central Statistical Agency (CSA) | Government of Ethiopia |
| Name | Role |
|---|---|
| ICF | Provided technical assistance through The DHS Program |
| Name | Role |
|---|---|
| Government of Ethiopia | Funded the study |
| United States Agency for International Development | Funded the study |
| Government of Netherlands | Funded the study |
| Global Fund | Funded the study |
| Irish Aid | Funded the study |
| World Bank | Funded the study |
| United Nations Population Fund | Funded the study |
| United Nations Children’s Fund | Funded the study |
| UN Women | Funded the study |
Sampling
The sampling frame used for the 2016 EDHS is the Ethiopia Population and Housing Census (PHC), which was conducted in 2007 by the Ethiopia Central Statistical Agency. The census frame is a complete list of 84,915 enumeration areas (EAs) created for the 2007 PHC. An EA is a geographic area covering on average 181 households. The sampling frame contains information about the EA location, type of residence (urban or rural), and estimated number of residential households. With the exception of EAs in six zones of the Somali region, each EA has accompanying cartographic materials. These materials delineate geographic locations, boundaries, main access, and landmarks in or outside the EA that help identify the EA. In Somali, a cartographic frame was used in three zones where sketch maps delineating the EA geographic boundaries were available for each EA; in the remaining six zones, satellite image maps were used to provide a map for each EA.
Administratively, Ethiopia is divided into nine geographical regions and two administrative cities. The sample for the 2016 EDHS was designed to provide estimates of key indicators for the country as a whole, for urban and rural areas separately, and for each of the nine regions and the two administrative cities.
The 2016 EDHS sample was stratified and selected in two stages. Each region was stratified into urban and rural areas, yielding 21 sampling strata. Samples of EAs were selected independently in each stratum in two stages. Implicit stratification and proportional allocation were achieved at each of the lower administrative levels by sorting the sampling frame within each sampling stratum before sample selection, according to administrative units in different levels, and by using a probability proportional to size selection at the first stage of sampling.
For further details on sample design, see Appendix A of the final report.
A total of 18,008 households were selected for the sample, of which 17,067 were occupied. Of the occupied households, 16,650 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 98%.
In the interviewed households, 16,583 eligible women were identified for individual interviews. Interviews were completed with 15,683 women, yielding a response rate of 95%. A total of 14,795 eligible men were identified in the sampled households and 12,688 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 86%. Although overall there was little variation in response rates according to residence, response rates among men were higher in rural than in urban areas.
A spreadsheet with all sampling parameters and selection probabilities was prepared to facilitate the calculation of the design weight. The design weight was adjusted for household non-response and as well as individual non-response to obtain the sampling weights for households, and for the women and men surveys respectively. The differences of the household sampling weight and the individual sampling weights are introduced by individual non-response. The final sampling weights were normalized to give the total number of unweighted cases equal to the total number of weighted cases at the national level, for both household weight and individual weight, respectively. The normalized weights are relative weights that are valid for estimating means, proportions, and ratios, but not valid for estimating the population totals and for pooled data.
For further details on sampling weights, see Appendix A.4 of the final report.
Survey instrument
Five questionnaires were used for the 2016 EDHS: the Household Questionnaire, the Woman’s Questionnaire, the Man’s Questionnaire, the Biomarker Questionnaire, and the Health Facility Questionnaire. These questionnaires, based on the DHS Program’s standard Demographic and Health Survey questionnaires, were adapted to reflect the population and health issues relevant to Ethiopia. Input was solicited from various stakeholders representing government ministries and agencies, nongovernmental organisations, and international donors. After all questionnaires were finalised in English, they were translated into Amarigna, Tigrigna, and Oromiffa.
Data collection
| Start | End |
|---|---|
| 2016-01-18 | 2016-06-27 |
| Name | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| Central Statistical Agency | Government of Ethiopia |
Data collection took place over a 5.5-month period, from January 18, 2016, to June 27, 2016. Fieldwork was carried out by 33 field teams, each consisting of one team supervisor, one field editor, three female interviewers, one male interviewer, two biomarker technicians, and one driver. In addition, 28 quality controllers (14 for interviews and 14 for biomarkers) were dispatched during data collection to support and monitor fieldwork. Electronic data files were transferred to the CSA central office in Addis Ababa every few days via the secured IFSS. Staff from CSA, FMoH, and EPHI and specialists from the DHS Program coordinated and supervised fieldwork activities.
Data processing
All electronic data files for the 2016 EDHS were transferred via IFSS to the CSA central office in Addis Ababa, where they were stored on a password-protected computer. The data processing operation included secondary editing, which required resolution of computer-identified inconsistencies and coding of openended questions; it also required generating a file for the list of children for whom a vaccination card was not seen by the interviewers and whose vaccination records had to be checked at health facilities. The data were processed by two individuals who took part in the main fieldwork training; they were supervised by two senior staff from CSA. Data editing was accomplished using CSPro software. During the duration of fieldwork, tables were generated to check various data quality parameters and specific feedback was given to the teams to improve performance. Secondary editing and data processing were initiated in January 2016 and completed in August 2016.
Data appraisal
The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: non-sampling errors and sampling errors. Non-sampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding the questions by either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the 2016 Ethiopia DHS (EDHS) to minimise this type of error, non-sampling errors are impossible to avoid and are difficult to evaluate statistically.
Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the 2016 EDHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, by using the same design and the expected size. Each of those samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.
Sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (such as mean or percentage), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95% of all possible samples of identical size and design.
If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the 2016 EDHS sample is the result of a multi-stage stratified design and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulae. Sampling errors are computed in either ISSA or SAS, with programs developed by ICF International. These programs use the Taylor linearisation method of variance estimation for survey estimates that are means, proportions, or ratios. The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as fertility and mortality rates.
A more detailed description of estimates of sampling errors are presented in Appendix B of the survey final report.
Data Quality Tables
- Household age distribution
- Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women
- Age distribution of eligible and interviewed men
- Completeness of reporting
- Births by calendar years
- Reporting of age at death in days
- Reporting of age at death in months
- Nutritional status of children based on the NCHS/CDC/WHO International Reference Population
- Sibling size and sex ratio of siblings
See details of the data quality tables in Appendix C of the survey final report.
Data Access
| Name | URL | |
|---|---|---|
| The DHS Program | http://www.DHSprogram.com | archive@dhsprogram.com |
Request Dataset Access
The following applies to DHS, MIS, AIS and SPA survey datasets (Surveys, GPS, and HIV).
To request dataset access, you must first be a registered user of the website. You must then create a new research project request. The request must include a project title and a description of the analysis you propose to perform with the data.
The requested data should only be used for the purpose of the research or study. To request the same or different data for another purpose, a new research project request should be submitted. The DHS Program will normally review all data requests within 24 hours (Monday - Friday) and provide notification if access has been granted or additional project information is needed before access can be granted.
DATASET ACCESS APPROVAL PROCESS
Access to DHS, MIS, AIS and SPA survey datasets (Surveys, HIV, and GPS) is requested and granted by country. This means that when approved, full access is granted to all unrestricted survey datasets for that country. Access to HIV and GIS datasets requires an online acknowledgment of the conditions of use.
Required Information
A dataset request must include contact information, a research project title, and a description of the analysis you propose to perform with the data.
Restricted Datasets
A few datasets are restricted and these are noted. Access to restricted datasets is requested online as with other datasets. An additional consent form is required for some datasets, and the form will be emailed to you upon authorization of your account. For other restricted surveys, permission must be granted by the appropriate implementing organizations, before The DHS Program can grant access. You will be emailed the information for contacting the implementing organizations. A few restricted surveys are authorized directly within The DHS Program, upon receipt of an email request.
When The DHS Program receives authorization from the appropriate organizations, the user will be contacted, and the datasets made available by secure FTP.
GPS/HIV Datasets/Other Biomarkers
Because of the sensitive nature of GPS, HIV and other biomarkers datasets, permission to access these datasets requires that you accept a Terms of Use Statement. After selecting GPS/HIV/Other Biomarkers datasets, the user is presented with a consent form which should be signed electronically by entering the password for the user's account.
Dataset Terms of Use
Once downloaded, the datasets must not be passed on to other researchers without the written consent of The DHS Program. All reports and publications based on the requested data must be sent to The DHS Program Data Archive in a Portable Document Format (pdf) or a printed hard copy.
Download Datasets
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Use of the dataset must be acknowledged using a citation which would include:
- the Identification of the Primary Investigator
- the title of the survey (including country, acronym and year of implementation)
- the survey reference number
- the source and date of download
Disclaimer and copyrights
The user of the data acknowledges that the original collector of the data, the authorized distributor of the data, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for use of the data or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses.
Contacts
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Information about The DHS Program | The DHS Program | reports@DHSprogram.com | http://www.DHSprogram.com |
| General Inquiries | The DHS Program | info@dhsprogram.com | http://www.DHSprogram.com |
| Data and Data Related Resources | The DHS Program | archive@dhsprogram.com | http://www.DHSprogram.com |