| Author(s) |
Central Statistical Agency, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia The DHS Program, ICF, Rockville, Maryland, USA |
| Date |
2017-07-01 |
| Country |
Ethiopia |
| Language |
English |
| Table of contents |
TABLES AND FIGURES ........................................................................................................................... ix
FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................................. xix
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................................................................................... xxi
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................xxiii
READING AND UNDERSTANDING TABLES FROM THE 2016 ETHIOPIA
DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEY (EDHS) ............................................................ xxv
1 INTRODUCTION AND SURVEY METHODOLOGY .............................................................. 1
1.1 Survey Objectives ................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Sample Design ..................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Questionnaires ..................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Anthropometry, Anaemia Testing, and HIV Testing .......................................................... 3
1.4.1 Height and Weight Measurement .......................................................................... 3
1.4.2 Anaemia Testing .................................................................................................... 4
1.4.3 HIV Testing ........................................................................................................... 4
1.5 Pretest .................................................................................................................................. 5
1.6 Training of Field Staff ......................................................................................................... 6
1.7 Fieldwork ............................................................................................................................. 6
1.8 Data Processing ................................................................................................................... 6
1.9 Response Rates .................................................................................................................... 7
2 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS AND HOUSEHOLD POPULATION ................................ 9
2.1 Drinking Water Sources and Treatment .............................................................................. 9
2.2 Sanitation ........................................................................................................................... 10
2.3 Exposure to Smoke inside the Home ................................................................................. 11
2.3.1 Other Housing Characteristics ............................................................................. 11
2.3.2 Household Durable Goods ................................................................................... 11
2.4 Household Wealth ............................................................................................................. 11
2.5 Hand Washing ................................................................................................................... 12
2.6 Household Population and Composition ........................................................................... 12
2.7 Children’s Living Arrangements and Parental Survival .................................................... 13
2.8 Birth Registration .............................................................................................................. 13
2.9 Education ........................................................................................................................... 14
2.9.1 Educational Attainment ....................................................................................... 14
2.9.2 School Attendance ............................................................................................... 15
2.9.3 Other Measures of School Attendance ................................................................. 15
2.10 Injury and Accidents .......................................................................................................... 17
3 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS ............................................................................. 33
3.1 Basic Background Characteristics of Survey Respondents ............................................... 33
3.2 Education and Literacy ...................................................................................................... 34
3.3 Mass Media Exposure and Internet Usage ........................................................................ 35
3.4 Employment ...................................................................................................................... 36
3.5 Occupation ......................................................................................................................... 37
3.6 Type of Women’s Employment ........................................................................................ 38
3.7 Health Insurance Coverage ................................................................................................ 38
3.8 Tobacco Use ...................................................................................................................... 38
3.9 Alcohol Consumption ........................................................................................................ 39
3.10 Chewing Chat .................................................................................................................... 39
4 MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY .................................................................................. 65
4.1 Marital Status ..................................................................................................................... 65
4.2 Polygyny ............................................................................................................................ 66
4.3 Age at First Marriage ......................................................................................................... 67
4.4 Age at First Sexual Intercourse ......................................................................................... 67
4.5 Recent Sexual Activity ...................................................................................................... 68
5 FERTILITY ................................................................................................................................... 77
5.1 Current Fertility ................................................................................................................. 77
5.2 Children Ever Born and Living ......................................................................................... 79
5.3 Birth Intervals .................................................................................................................... 79
5.4 Insusceptibility to Pregnancy ............................................................................................. 80
5.5 Age at First Birth ............................................................................................................... 81
5.6 Teenage Childbearing ........................................................................................................ 81
6 FERTILITY PREFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 91
6.1 Desire for Another Child ................................................................................................... 91
6.2 Ideal Family Size ............................................................................................................... 92
6.3 Fertility Planning Status .................................................................................................... 93
6.4 Wanted Fertility Rates ....................................................................................................... 94
7 FAMILY PLANNING ................................................................................................................ 103
7.1 Contraceptive Knowledge and Use ................................................................................. 103
7.2 Source of Modern Contraceptive Methods ...................................................................... 106
7.3 Informed Choice .............................................................................................................. 106
7.4 Discontinuation of Contraceptives .................................................................................. 107
7.5 Knowledge of the Fertile Period ...................................................................................... 107
7.6 Demand for Family Planning .......................................................................................... 107
7.6.1 Decision Making about Family Planning ........................................................... 109
7.6.2 Future Use of Contraception .............................................................................. 109
7.6.3 Exposure to Family Planning Messages in the Media ....................................... 109
7.7 Contact of Nonusers with Family Planning Providers ..................................................... 109
8 INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY ...................................................................................... 123
8.1 Infant and Child Mortality ............................................................................................... 124
8.2 Biodemographic Risk Factors ......................................................................................... 125
8.3 Perinatal Mortality ........................................................................................................... 125
8.4 High-risk Fertility Behaviour .......................................................................................... 126
9 MATERNAL HEALTH CARE ................................................................................................. 133
9.1 Antenatal Care Coverage and Content ............................................................................ 134
9.1.1 Skilled Providers ................................................................................................ 134
9.1.2 Timing and Number of ANC Visits ................................................................... 134
9.2 Components of ANC ....................................................................................................... 135
9.3 Protection against Neonatal Tetanus ............................................................................... 135
9.4 Delivery Services ............................................................................................................. 136
9.4.1 Institutional Deliveries ....................................................................................... 136
9.4.2 Skilled Assistance during Delivery .................................................................... 138
9.4.3 Delivery by Caesarean Section .......................................................................... 138
9.5 Postnatal Care .................................................................................................................. 139
9.5.1 Postnatal Health Check for Mothers .................................................................. 139
9.5.2 Postnatal Health Check for Newborns ............................................................... 140
9.6 Obstetric Fistula ............................................................................................................... 141
9.7 Problems in Accessing Health Care ................................................................................ 141
10 CHILD HEALTH ........................................................................................................................ 161
10.1 Birth Weight .................................................................................................................... 161
10.2 Vaccination of Children................................................................................................... 162
10.2.1 Uptake of the Newly Introduced Vaccines ........................................................ 163
10.2.2 Vaccination Card Ownership and Availability .................................................. 165
10.2.3 Health Facility Visit ........................................................................................... 165
10.3 Symptoms of Acute Respiratory Infection ...................................................................... 165
10.4 Fever ................................................................................................................................ 166
10.5 Diarrhoeal Disease ........................................................................................................... 167
10.5.1 Prevalence of Diarrhoea ..................................................................................... 167
10.5.2 Feeding Practices ............................................................................................... 167
10.5.3 Oral Rehydration Therapy and Other Treatments for Diarrhoea ....................... 168
10.5.4 Knowledge of ORS Packets ............................................................................... 169
10.5.5 Treatment of Childhood Illnesses ...................................................................... 169
10.6 Disposal of Children’s Stools .......................................................................................... 169
11 NUTRITION OF CHILDREN AND ADULTS ........................................................................ 187
11.1 Nutritional Status of Children .......................................................................................... 187
11.1.1 Measurement of Nutritional Status among Young Children .............................. 188
11.1.2 Data Collection .................................................................................................. 189
11.1.3 Levels of Child Malnutrition ............................................................................. 189
11.2 Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices ...................................................................... 190
11.2.1 Breastfeeding ..................................................................................................... 190
11.2.2 Median Duration of Breastfeeding ..................................................................... 193
11.2.3 Complementary Feeding .................................................................................... 193
11.2.4 Minimum Acceptable Diet ................................................................................. 194
11.3 Anaemia Prevalence in Children ..................................................................................... 195
11.4 Micronutrient Intake and Supplementation among Children........................................... 197
11.5 Presence of Iodised Salt in Households ........................................................................... 197
11.6 Adults’ Nutritional Status ................................................................................................ 198
11.6.1 Nutritional Status of Women ............................................................................. 198
11.6.2 Nutritional Status of Men Age 15-49 Years ...................................................... 199
11.7 Anaemia Prevalence in Adults......................................................................................... 200
11.7.1 Anaemia Prevalence in Women ......................................................................... 200
11.7.2 Anaemia Prevalence in Men .............................................................................. 200
11.8 Micronutrient Intake among Mothers .............................................................................. 201
12 HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND BEHAVIOUR ....................... 219
12.1 Background Information on HIV and AIDS in Ethiopia ................................................. 219
12.2 HIV/AIDS Knowledge, Transmission, and Prevention Methods .................................... 219
12.3 Knowledge about Mother-to-Child Transmission ........................................................... 220
12.4 Discriminatory Attitudes towards People Living with HIV ............................................ 221
12.5 Multiple Sexual Partners ................................................................................................. 222
12.6 Paid Sex ........................................................................................................................... 223
12.7 Coverage of HIV Testing Services .................................................................................. 224
12.7.1 Awareness of HIV Testing Services and Experience with HIV Testing ........... 224
12.7.2 HIV Testing of Pregnant Women ...................................................................... 225
12.8 Male Circumcision .......................................................................................................... 225
12.9 Self-reporting of Sexually Transmitted Infections .......................................................... 226
12.10 HIV/AIDS-Related Knowledge and Behaviour among Young People ........................... 226
12.10.1 Knowledge ......................................................................................................... 226
12.10.2 First Sex ............................................................................................................. 227
12.10.3 Premarital Sex .................................................................................................... 227
12.10.4 Multiple Sexual Partners .................................................................................... 228
12.10.5 Coverage of HIV Testing Services .................................................................... 228
12.10.6 Coverage of HIV Testing Services among Children .......................................... 228
13 ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY ............................................................................. 249
13.1 Sibling History Data ........................................................................................................ 249
13.2 Direct Estimates of Adult Mortality ................................................................................ 250
13.3 Direct Estimates of Pregnancy-Related Mortality ........................................................... 251
13.4 Trends in Pregnancy-Related Mortality ........................................................................... 251
14 WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT ................................................................................................ 255
14.1 Married Women’s and Men’s Employment .................................................................... 256
14.2 Control over Women’s Earnings ..................................................................................... 257
14.3 Control over Men’s Earnings .......................................................................................... 257
14.4 Women’s and Men’s Ownership of Assets ..................................................................... 258
14.5 Possession of Title or Deed for a House or Land ............................................................ 258
14.6 Ownership and Use of Bank Accounts and Mobile Phones ............................................ 259
14.7 Decision to Marry ............................................................................................................ 259
14.8 Schooling after Marriage ................................................................................................. 260
14.9 Men’s Participation in Household Chores ....................................................................... 260
14.10 Women’s Participation in Decision Making .................................................................... 260
14.11 Attitudes toward Wife Beating ........................................................................................ 262
14.12 Attitude toward Negotiating Safe Sex ............................................................................. 263
14.13 Ability to Negotiate Sexual Relations ............................................................................. 264
14.14 Women’s Empowerment and Demographic and Health Outcomes ................................ 264
15 VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN ............................................................................................. 289
15.1 Measurement of Violence ................................................................................................ 290
15.2 Women’s Experience of Physical Violence from Anyone .............................................. 291
15.2.1 Prevalence of Physical Violence ........................................................................ 291
15.2.2 Perpetrators of Physical Violence ...................................................................... 292
15.3 Experience of Sexual Violence ........................................................................................ 292
15.3.1 Prevalence of Sexual Violence .......................................................................... 292
15.3.2 Perpetrators of Sexual Violence ......................................................................... 292
15.4 Experience of Different Forms of Violence .................................................................... 293
15.5 Marital Control by Husband ............................................................................................ 293
15.6 Forms of Spousal Violence .............................................................................................. 293
15.6.1 Prevalence of Spousal Violence ......................................................................... 293
15.6.2 Onset of Spousal Violence ................................................................................. 296
15.7 Injuries to Women due to Spousal Violence ................................................................... 296
15.8 Violence Initiated by Women against Husbands ............................................................. 296
15.9 Response to Violence ...................................................................................................... 297
15.9.1 Help-Seeking among Women Who Have Experienced Violence ...................... 297
15.9.2 Sources for Help ................................................................................................ 297
16 FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION/CUTTING ................................................................... 315
16.1 Knowledge ....................................................................................................................... 316
16.2 Prevalence of and Age at Circumcision among Women ................................................. 316
16.2.1 Prevalence and Type of Procedure ..................................................................... 316
16.2.2 Age at Circumcision .......................................................................................... 319
16.3 Prevalence of and Age at Circumcision for Girls Age 0-14 ............................................ 319
16.4 Opinions about the Practice ............................................................................................. 320
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................................... 329
APPENDIX A SAMPLE DESIGN ........................................................................................................ 331
A.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 331
A.2 Sampling Frame ............................................................................................................... 331
A.3 Sample Design and Selection .......................................................................................... 333
A.4 Sampling Weights ........................................................................................................... 337
APPENDIX B ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS ................................................................... 339
APPENDIX C DATA QUALITY TABLES ......................................................................................... 355
APPENDIX D PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE 2016 ETHIOPIA DEMOGRAPHIC AND
HEALTH SURVEY ....................................................................................................... 361
APPENDIX E QUESTIONNAIRES ..................................................................................................... 373 |
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