| Author(s) |
Analytical and Information Center, Ministry of Health, Republic of Uzbekistan State Department of Statistics, Ministry of Macroeconomics and Statistics, Republic of Uzbekistan ORC Macro, Calverton, Maryland, USA |
| Table of contents |
Tables and Figures ............................................................................................................................xi
Foreword........................................................................................................................................ xix
Summary of Findings ...................................................................................................................... xxi
Map of Uzbekistan ......................................................................................................................xxviii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
F.G. Nazirov and G. Semenov
1.1 Geography and Population ........................................................................................1
1.2 History of Uzbekistan ................................................................................................2
1.3 Economy ...................................................................................................................2
1.4 Health Care System ...................................................................................................3
1.4.1 Facilities and Human Resources .................................................................3
1.4.2 Health Care Reforms ..................................................................................3
1.4.3 Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Health Care ............................................4
1.4.4 Maternal and Child Health Care .................................................................4
1.4.5 Family Planning Services.............................................................................4
1.4.6 Tuberculosis DOTS Program.......................................................................5
1.4.7 HIV/AIDS Program......................................................................................5
1.5 Systems for Collecting Demographic and Health Data ...............................................5
1.6 Objectives and Sponsorship of the UHES...................................................................6
1.7 Sample Design...........................................................................................................6
1.8 Survey Implementation..............................................................................................8
1.8.1 Questionnaires ...........................................................................................8
1.8.2 Pretest of Survey Instruments......................................................................9
1.8.3 Organization of the Survey Teams ..............................................................9
1.8.4 Main Survey Training and Fieldwork.........................................................10
1.8.5 Laboratory Testing in Tashkent and Almaty...............................................10
1.8.6 Data Processing ........................................................................................10
1.9 Response Rates........................................................................................................11
CHAPTER 2 HOUSEHOLD POPULATION AND HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS
A.M. Hadjibaev and H. Newby
2.1 Population by Age and Sex ......................................................................................13
2.2 Household Composition..........................................................................................14
2.3 Children’s Living Arrangements and Orphanhood....................................................15
2.4 Education ................................................................................................................16
2.4.1 Uzbekistan School System ........................................................................16
2.4.2 Education Attainment of the Household Population..................................18
2.5 Housing Characteristics............................................................................................20
2.5.1 Household Durable Goods .......................................................................22
2.5.2 Measures of Poverty .................................................................................23
CHAPTER 3 BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS
Z.D. Mutalova and H. Newby
3.1 Background Characteristics of Respondents .............................................................25
3.2 Educational Level of Respondents............................................................................27
3.3 Employment ............................................................................................................29
3.4 Occupation .............................................................................................................33
3.5 Earnings...................................................................................................................36
3.6 Use of Earnings ........................................................................................................38
3.7 Men’s Travel Away from Home Community ............................................................40
CHAPTER 4 FERTILITY
A.I. Kamilov, J.M. Sullivan, and Z.D. Mutalova
4.1 Current Fertility .......................................................................................................43
4.2 Fertility Trends.........................................................................................................45
4.3 Children Ever Born and Children Surviving ..............................................................47
4.4 Birth Intervals ..........................................................................................................47
4.4 Birth Intervals ..........................................................................................................48
4.5 Age at First Birth ......................................................................................................49
4.6 Adolescent Fertility ..................................................................................................51
CHAPTER 5 CONTRACEPTION
J.M. Sullivan and A.I. Kamilov
5.1 Data Collection Procedures .....................................................................................53
5.2 Knowledge of Contraceptive Methods .....................................................................53
5.3 Ever Use of Contraception .......................................................................................56
5.4 Current Use of Contraception..................................................................................57
5.5 Trends in Current Use of Contraception from 1996 to 2002 ....................................60
5.6 Current Use of Contraception by Women’s Status ...................................................61
CHAPTER 6 INDUCED ABORTION
J.M. Sullivan and A.I. Kamilov
6.1 Pregnancy Outcomes...............................................................................................64
6.2 Lifetime Experience with Induced Abortion .............................................................65
6.3 Rates of Induced Abortion .......................................................................................66
6.4 Trends in Induced Abortion .....................................................................................68
CHAPTER 7 OTHER PROXIMATE DETERMINANTS OF FERTILITY
A.I. Kamilov and J.M. Sullivan
7.1 Marital Status...........................................................................................................71
7.2 Age at First Marriage ................................................................................................72
7.3 Age at First Sexual Intercourse .................................................................................74
7.4 Recent Sexual Activity..............................................................................................75
CHAPTER 8 INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY
J.M. Sullivan and N.K. Tureeva
8.1 Background and Assessment of Data Quality ...........................................................77
8.2 Levels and Trends in Early Childhood Mortality........................................................78
8.3 Recent IMR Estimates from Various Sources.............................................................79
8.4 Differences in Estimates of Infant Mortality ..............................................................81
8.5 Socioeconomic Differentials in Childhood Mortality ................................................81
8.6 Demographic Differentials in Childhood Mortality ...................................................82
8.7 Differentials in Childhood Mortality by Women’s Status ..........................................83
8.8 High-Risk Fertility Behavior......................................................................................84
CHAPTER 9 CHILD HEALTH
A.M. Hadjibaev and R.Y. Stallings
9.1 General Health Status and Health Care Utilization...................................................87
9.2 Bronchial Asthma ....................................................................................................90
9.3 Injuries ....................................................................................................................91
9.4 Dental Health..........................................................................................................92
CHAPTER 10 NUTRITION
R.Y. Stallings and N.K. Tureeva
10.1 Adult Nutritional Status............................................................................................97
10.1.1 Measures of Adult Nutritional Status .........................................................97
10.1.2 Adult Nutritional Status Based on the 2002 UHES ....................................97
10.1.3 Changes in Adult Nutritional Status Between 1996 and 2002 ................ 100
10.2 Adult Diets ........................................................................................................... 101
10.2.1 Frequency of Foods Consumed ............................................................. 101
10.2.2 Consumption of Fried Foods and Addition of Salt and Fats .................... 104
10.2.3 Food Security ........................................................................................105
10.3 Child Nutritional Status........................................................................................... 107
10.3.1 Measures of Child Nutritional Status ...................................................... 107
10.3.2 Child Nutritional Status Based on the 2002 UHES ................................. 108
10.3.3 Changes in Child Nutritional Status Between 1996 and 2002 ................ 110
10.4 Breastfeeding and Supplementation...................................................................... 112
10.4.1 Information on Breastfeeding and Supplementation from the 2002 UHES ............113
10.5 Anemia in Children .............................................................................................. 115
10.5.1 Anemia Testing Procedures in the 2002 UHES ...................................... 116
10.5.2 Anemia in Children Based on the 2002 UHES ....................................... 116
10.5.3 Changes in Child Anemia from 1996 to 2002 ........................................ 118
CHAPTER 11 ADULT SEXUAL BEHAVIOR, HIV/AIDS, AND STIs
R.Y. Stallings and S. Aripov
11.1 Preventing the Transmission of HIV through sexual contact................................... 122
11.1.1 Number of Sexual Partners .................................................................... 122
11.1.2 Knowledge of a Source for Condoms..................................................... 124
11.1.3 Condom Use by Type of Partner............................................................ 126
11.2 Knowledge of HIV/AIDS and HIV Prevention........................................................ 127
11.2.1 Awareness of AIDS and Knowledge of HIV Transmission and Prevention ............127
11.2.2 Knowledge of Core HIV Education and Prevention Concepts................. 131
11.2.3 Social Aspects of AIDS and HIV Prevention ........................................... 134
11.3 Sexually Transmitted Infections.............................................................................136
11.3.1 Public Health Importance of STIs........................................................... 136
11.3.2 Awareness of STIs ..................................................................................137
CHAPTER 12 CHRONIC DISEASES AND RISK FACTORS
G. Semenov and R.L. Usmanov
12.1 Hypertension........................................................................................................141
12.1.1 Measurement Procedures ......................................................................141
12.1.2 Levels of Hypertension ..........................................................................142
12.1.3 Differentials ...........................................................................................144
12.1.4 Awareness and Control of Hypertension................................................ 144
12.1.5 Summary...............................................................................................145
12.2 Tobacco Usage .....................................................................................................146
12.2.1 Use of Tobacco Products ....................................................................... 146
12.2.2 Cessation of Smoking.............................................................................149
12.2.3 Summary ...............................................................................................149
12.3 Self-reported Chronic Conditions.......................................................................... 150
12.3.1 Self-reporting of Illness at the National Level.......................................... 150
12.3.2 Self-reporting of Illness by Region .......................................................... 151
12.3.3 Summary...............................................................................................153
CHAPTER 13 OTHER ADULT HEALTH ISSUES
A.M. Hadjibaev, G. Semenov, and R.Y. Stallings
13.1 Tuberculosis .........................................................................................................155
13.1.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................155
13.1.2 Public Health Importance...................................................................... 155
13.1.3 Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control......................................................... 156
13.1.4 Knowledge of Tuberculosis and Mode of Transmission .......................... 157
13.1.5 Knowledge of Symptoms of Tuberculosis ............................................... 158
13.1.6 Knowledge of Tuberculosis Prognosis and Willingness to Care for a Person with Tuberculosis ................ 163
13.1.7 Self-report of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment.............................. 165
13.1.8 Summary...............................................................................................166
13.2 Dental Health of Adults ........................................................................................ 166
13.2.1 Self-reported Dental Condition..............................................................167
13.2.2 Routine Checkups .................................................................................168
13.2.3 Dental Problems in the Past 12 Months ................................................. 169
13.2.4 Current Dental Needs............................................................................172
13.2.5 Summary...............................................................................................174
13.3 Injury.................................................................................................................... 174
CHAPTER 14 BIOMARKER STUDIES IN TASHKENT
G. Semenov and Z.D. Mutalova
14.1 Procedures for Collecting Venous Blood ............................................................... 177
14.2 Cholesterol Levels................................................................................................. 177
14.2.1 Findings.................................................................................................178
14.2.2 Summary...............................................................................................180
14.3 Hepatitis B............................................................................................................ 181
14.3.1 Findings.................................................................................................181
14.3.2 Summary...............................................................................................182
14.4 Diabetes Mellitus ..................................................................................................183
14.4.1 Findings.................................................................................................183
14.4.2 Summary...............................................................................................184
14.5 Chlamydia Trachomatis ........................................................................................185
14.5.1 Procedures for Collecting Chlamydia Specimens.................................... 185
14.5.2 Findings.................................................................................................185
14.5.3 Summary...............................................................................................186
14.6 Lead Exposure of Children Age 6-59 Months ........................................................ 186
14.6.1 Procedures for Collecting Capillary Blood .............................................. 186
14.6.2 Findings.................................................................................................186
14.6.3 Summary...............................................................................................188
CHAPTER 15 VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY IN FERGHANA OBLAST
J. Sangha and Z.D. Mutalova
15.1 Background ..........................................................................................................189
15.2 Procedures for Collecting Venous Blood ............................................................... 189
15.3 Measurement of Vitamin A Status ......................................................................... 190
15.4 Findings................................................................................................................ 190
15.5 VAD and Iron Deficiency Anemia......................................................................... 192
15.6 Summary ..............................................................................................................192
CHAPTER 16 GENDER ISSUES
H. Newby and A.I. Kamilov
16.1 Marriage Patterns..................................................................................................195
16.1.1 Spouse Selection ...................................................................................195
16.1.2 Consanguinity........................................................................................197
16.1.3 Age and Educational Differences Between Wives and Husbands ........... 198
16.1.4 Coresidence After Marriage ...................................................................200
16.2 Decisionmaking within Households ...................................................................... 201
16.2.1 Freedom of Movement..........................................................................206
16.3 Financial Empowerment .......................................................................................208
16.4 Attitudes Toward Gender Roles ............................................................................ 210
16.4.1 Attitude Toward Wife Beating................................................................210
16.4.2 Attitude Toward Refusing Sexual Relations ............................................ 213
REFERENCES.............................................................................................................................. 219
APPENDIX A SAMPLE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION ............................................. 225
APPENDIX B ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS........................................................ 231
APPENDIX C DATA QUALITY TABLES................................................................................... 245
APPENDIX D PERSONS PARTICIPATING IN SURVEY......................................................... 251
APPENDIX E QUESTIONNAIRES ........................................................................................... 253
APPENDIX F CONSENT FORMS............................................................................................ 363 |
