Household Consumption Expenditure Survey 2015-2016
Ethiopia, 2015 - 2016
Get MicrodataIdentification
ETH_2015_HCE_v01_M
Household Consumption Expenditure Survey 2015-2016
| Name | Country code |
|---|---|
| Ethiopia | ETH |
Income/Expenditure/Household Survey [hh/ies]
The HCE survey provides statistics on consumption and expenditure of households. The survey has been conducted together with the HWM survey every four-five years since 1995/96. The latest of these HCE surveys is in 2015/16 and it covered a representative sample of 30,229 households. Previous HCE/HICE surveys were similar representativeness and covered 11,928, 17,332, 21,600 and 27,834 households for 1995/96, 1999/00, 2004/05 and 2010/11 survey period, respectively.
In a marked departure from its historical past, Ethiopia has been registering robust economic growth and remarkable social and human development over the past two decades. The country has witnessed one of the fastest growing non-oil and non-mineral economies in the world. Ethiopia economic growth has been higher than the growth rates in most African countries and overtook Kenya as East Africa's largest economy in 2017 (IMF 2017). Given this growth path and having recognized the role that growth plays in poverty reduction, the government of Ethiopia has put a strong poverty and welfare monitoring system to monitor progress in poverty reduction on a continuous basis. To this effect, the Government launched Household Income Consumption & Expenditure (HICE) Survey and Welfare Monitoring System (WMS) in 1995/96 and made poverty analysis to be an integral part of the overall Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) System as part of its endeavor to address the poverty reduction agenda.
So far, the HICES was conducted five times: in 1995/96, 1999/2000, 2004/05, 2010/11 and 2015/16 and have been used as the main official data source for tracking poverty and welfare, informing the policy making body and helping the Government of Ethiopia design and implement a series of poverty reduction strategies and programs since the beginning of 2000s and subsequently. The national development programs and plans such as the Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Program (2001/02-2004/5); the Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty (2005/06-2009/10) and the First Growth and Transformation Plan (2010/11-2014/15) as well as the Second Growth and Transformation Plan (2015/16 - 2019/20) which has already entered in to its third year of implementation (2017/18) have all been informed by the poverty outcomes generated from these surveys.
Sample survey data [ssd]
- Household
- Individual
Version
v0.1: Edited, anonymous dataset.
Scope
The scope of the HCE 2016 survey includes:
- Household Characteristics
- Household members Characteristics
- Employment and Enterprise
- Household Expenditure
Coverage
- National Coverage
- Rural and Urban
- Sedentary / Pastoralist areas
- All sub-cities of Addis Ababa, all zones of the Affar, Amhara, Benishangul Gumuz, Dire Dawa Administration, Gambella, Harari, Oromiya, Southern Nations, Nationalities And Peoples’ Region (SNNPR), Somali, and Tigray.
- Rural/Urban
- Major urban centers
- Medium towns
- Small size towns
The survey covered all household members.
Producers and sponsors
| Name | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| Central Statistical Agency (CSA) | Government of Ethiopia |
| Name |
|---|
| Government of Ethiopia |
| Development Assistance Group |
| United Nations Development Program |
Sampling
The 2015/16 HCE survey covered all rural and urban areas of the country. Unlike previous surveys all non-sedentary areas in Afar and Somali regional states are also covered by this survey. A stratified random sampling technique was employed to draw representative sample. The country was first stratified into nine regional states and two city administrations. Then each regional state was further stratified into three broad categories namely, rural, major urban centers and other urban area categories. However, Harari region and Dire Dawa City Administration were stratified into rural and urban categories, while Addis Ababa has only urban category, but stratified by Sub-City. Therefore, each category of a specific region, in most cases, was considered to be a survey domain or reporting level for which the major findings of the survey are reported. Accordingly, the 2015/16 HICE and Welfare Monitoring Surveys have 49 reporting levels.
In the first two categories, namely the rural and major urban, a two-stage stratified sampling technique was implemented whereby the Enumeration Areas (EAs) were considered as a Primary Sampling Unit (PSU) and the households were considered as the Secondary Sampling Unit (SSU). The EAs were selected using the Probability Proportional to Size (PPS); size being the number of households obtained from the 2007 Population and Housing Census, while the sample households were systematically selected from a fresh list of households within the EA made during the survey period.
On the other hand, for the other urban category, a three-stage stratified sampling technique was carried out. In this case, the urban centers, EAs and households were used as a PSU, SSU and the Tertiary Sampling Unit (TSU), respectively. Here, the PSUs and SSUs were selected using the PPS, while the selection of households follow the same approach as described earlier.
The 2015/16 HCE survey sampled 30,255 households in urban and rural areas of the country. Of which a total of 864 EAs and 10,368 households (12 households per EA) were selected to represent rural areas and a total of 1,242 EAs and 19,872 sample households (16 households per EA) were selected for urban domains, specifically, 744 EAs and 11,904 households and 498 EAs and 7,968 households to represent major urban and other urban areas, respectively.
The response rate for the HCE 2015 is 99.9%. Out of the 19,872 sample households, only 11 households were not covered by the survey.
Survey instrument
As per the change to a new method of data collection using digital instrument (CAPI), undoubtedly the survey questionnaire has to redesign. Accordingly, based on the pilot exercise a new draft questionnaire has been developed and distributed to main data users (Governmental and research institute). As a result comments, suggestions, feedbacks and valuable ideas were forwarded from respective users, and the CSA has used these useful inputs to refine and finalize the survey questionnaire.
More details on the questionnaire are provided as external resources.
Data collection
| Start | End |
|---|---|
| 2015-07-08 | 2016-07-07 |
| Name | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| Central Statistical Agency | The Government of Ethiopia |
The data collection activities of each team had been managed by the team’s supervisor/ field editor who was responsible for the supervision, field editing and coordination activities. In order to follow to be able to strengthen the overall coordination and supervision activities at statistical branch office level, each branch office had assigned one statistician only to handle the HCE and HWM surveys data collection activities. The statistician had undergone a close supervision and follow-up on the overall HCE and HWM surveys data collection activities. Moreover, branch office heads and professionals from the head office that were engaged in the training of the field staff were also involved in the actual field supervision. Members of top management of CSA had also visited the field work in the entire period of the survey.
Pilot Survey:
In past surveys, CSA had used a paper-based questionnaire, but current development in technology leads to use a digital technology for data collection. The major draw backs of using paper-based questionnaire, among others, are the following:
- Printing of questionnaires and transporting of it to the field has a cost burden and also, it was laborious task.
- In the data collection, there is no systematic controlling mechanism whether the enumerator had collected valid/ consistent data.
- The data collected on the paper questionnaire had to be transported to main office for data processing. This task had risks like that of questionnaire may distorted, damaged or lost.
- Completed questionnaires had to be manually edited and coded before data entry, which affected the timeliness of the survey?
- The data entered from the completed questionnaire faced to data entry errors.
Because of such observed draw backs on paper-based questionnaire in past surveys, CSA has decided to use CAPI method for the data collection in the 2015/16 HCE and HWM surveys. In line with this, a pilot survey is conducted with the objective of testing and evaluating:
- The capacity and handling of the tool;
- The time taken to collect data using CAPI method;
- Applicability and usefulness of the tool;
- Advantage and disadvantages/ drawbacks of the tool compared to usual method (use of hard copy/ paper questionnaire) and;
- How to control the consistency and validity data using computer program and how to keep backup data files.
In line with this, the pilot survey had been conducted for one month period time (Data were collected from mid-Feburary to mid-March 2015) in rural and urban areas of two regions (Oromiya and Addis Ababa). The pilot survey covered a total of 9 EAs and 136 households (112 in urban and 24 in rural areas).
Field Staff Training:
Unlike the previous HICE surveys in the 2015/16 HCE and HWM surveys the training was carried out in one phase by bringing all actors of the actual field implementation process, i.e.; all enumerators, field supervisors/editors and coordinators in one training center from 1-30 June 2015. All necessary arrangements has been made, including accommodation and meal services for trainees as well as trainers at the center, in order to enable scaling the intensity of the training program by creating an opportunity of having an ample time and favorable condition to facilitate group discussion programs in the evening (after dinner time). Training was given by 12 subject matter experts for 30 days. About 421 trainees (293 enumerators, 89 team leaders and 25 Statisticians (from Statistical Branch Offices) as well as and 12 Junior Statistician and 2 Statistical Technicians (from Head Office) were participated in the training. The training had, basically, three sessions. Theoretical session, panel group discussion session and a two days field practice session. The panel discussion session has been conducted in the evening just after dinner, usually 8:00 to 10:00 PM, every day. The theoretical training was focusing on theoretical discussions on concepts, definitions, and principles of interview and how to complete questionnaires. The training had also focused on practical sessions which include mock interviews and two-days field practice both in rural and urban areas. The objectives of practical interviewing of households were two fold. First, it enabled to assess how well the theoretical class discussions were understood by all participants. The second objective was to examine the practical difficulties pertaining to the various socioeconomic groups, which would likely be encountered during the actual fieldwork. In general, the training was more detailed in both theoretical and practical aspects to ensure the full competence of the field staff in collecting the required information. In line with the plan to use CAPI, a four day special training was given to field staff how to manage and collect data using CAPI with the right subject matter specialists. Besides, an instruction manual was prepared which guides enumerators how to handle and manage the new tool.
Data processing
Data editing, coding and cleaning:
The primary stage data cleaning task wasn’t carried out manually, rather unlike previous surveys, it was directly carried out by subject matter experts in collaboration with computer programmer. At this stage various editing and coding activities has been conducted. Such as:
- Assigning of new codes for newly appeared commodities, especially in the area of prepared food items (particularly out of home consumption), and industrial products.
- Correction of measuring unit errors.
- Converting of local measuring units to metric equivalents;
- Correction of misplaced observations, data being collected using improper modules; and other similar editorial activities has been carried out.
Consistency, Imputation, Validation and Estimation:
Data validation and cleaning activity was carried out by subject matter specialists and data processing programmers. The data cleaning and validity checking activities were carried out at commodity, household and visit levels and has been done systematically. Various type of edit specification documents were prepared by subject matter specialists and used for the purpose. Data consistency and validation activities have passed through various phases and steps, such as:
- Imputation of missing observations (either value or quantity) using the available results of the price survey that was collected at the time of the survey from a nearby market places;
- Validity and consistency of quantity and value of consumption items were checked at a visit level based on internal and/or external price data;
- Conversion of consumption of own production into value equivalent using the observed quantities and the external price survey data;
- Estimation of calorie contents for out of home consumption;
- merging of first and second visit data to produce weekly data sets;
- Estimation of annual consumption-expenditure based on weekly data;
- Conversion of 3 months reference period data to annual;
- Comparison of the household expenditure was made on durable goods that were collected at different reference periods (3 and 12 months) in order to decide whether to utilize the 3 or 12 month's data for the analysis, and similar validation techniques have been carried out.
Depositor information
| Name | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| Central Statistical Agency | The Government of Ethiopia |
Data Access
Use of the dataset must be acknowledged using a citation which would include:
- the Identification of the Primary Investigator
- the title of the survey (including country, acronym and year of implementation)
- the survey reference number
- the source and date of download
Example:
The Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia. Household Consumption and Expenditure Survey (HCE) 2015-2016. Ref. ETH_2015_HCE_v01_M. Downloaded from http://www.csa.gov.et. on [date].
Disclaimer and copyrights
The user of the data acknowledges that the original collector of the data, the authorized distributor of the data, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for use of the data or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses.
Contacts
| Name | Affiliation | URL |
|---|---|---|
| Central Statistics Agency (CSA) | The Government of Ethiopia | https://www.statsethiopia.gov.et |
Metadata production
DDI_ETH_2015_HCE_v01_M_WB
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| The Sub-Saharan Team for Statistical Development | The World Bank | Documentation of the DDI |
| Development Economics Data Group | The World Bank | Documentation of the DDI |
2020-03-18
Metadata version
Version 0.1 (March 2020)