The 1998 population census of Cambodia constitutes an important source of data to be used for national and provincial policy formulation and program development by government ministries, international agencies and nongovernmental organizations. This paper presents the results of the census and the in-depth analysis provides more detailed information concerning fertility, mortality, nuptiality, literacy and education, labor force and employment, spatial distribution, migration, women in development, housing and household amenities. Major concerns such as high fertility and mortality levels, and the rural to urban migration and rapid urbanization were given special attention for the government to address. Also, the population projections, especially of the school-age and working-age populations, based on the census were considered to be of great assistance in the development of national policies and 5-year plans.