In Libo Kemkem (a district of Amhara region, Ethiopia), no cases of kala-azar had ever been reported
until 2005 when an outbreak occurred. Over one-third of those cases were children under 15 years of age. The aim of the
present study was to determine the prevalence of Leishmania infection in children aged 4–15 years. A cross-sectional
survey was conducted in 2009. Children participating in the survey were selected using a three-stage cluster sampling
method. A total of 386 children were included in the study. The overall prevalence of Leishmania infection (direct
agglutination test- and/or rK39 immunochromatographic test- and/or leishmanin skin test-positive subjects) in this
population was 1.02% (95% confidence interval = 0–4.54), and prevalence was higher in boys and children older than
12 years. Only one case of active disease was encountered. The results suggest that the conditions responsible for the
outbreak no longer reign. However, active surveillance remains necessary.