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Enquête Démographique et de Santé 1992

Niger, 1992
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NER_1992_DHS_v01_M
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The data from this study are used in the following publications:
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1 United Nations. "Levels and trends of contraceptive use as assessed in 2002." 2006.
2 Population bulletin of the United Nations : Completing the fertility transition. New York, USA: United Nations Publications, 2009.
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9 Akachi, Yoko, and David Canning. "The height of women in Sub-Saharan Africa: The role of health, nutrition, and income in childhood." Annals of Human Biology 34, no. 4 (2007): 397-410.
10 Alkema, Leontine, Adrian E Raftery, Patrick Gerland, Samuel J Clark, and Francois Pelletier. "Estimating the total fertility rate from multiple imperfect data sources and assessing its uncertainty." (2008) Center for Statistics and the Social Sciences University of Washington Working Papers.
11 Amouzou, Agbessi, Oumarou Habi, and Khaled Bensaïd. "Reduction in child mortality in Niger: a Countdown to 2015 country case study." The Lancet 380, no. 9848 (2012).
12 Anderson G, Kermyt. "Life expectancy and the timing of life history events in developing countries." Human Nature 21, no. 2 (2010): 103-123.
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15 Artadi V, Elsa. "Going into Labor: Earnings vs. Infant Survival in Rural Africa." (2005) Mimeograph, Bocconi University.
16 Bado, Aristide R, Sathiya A Susuman, and Eric I Nebie. "Trends and risk factors for childhood diarrhea in sub-Saharan countries (1990-2013): assessing the neighborhood inequalities." (2016) Global health action.
17 Bahwere, Paluku, Angella Mtimuni, Kate Sadler, Theresa Banda, and Steve Collins. "Long term mortality after community and facility based treatment of severe acute malnutrition: Analysis of data from Bangladesh, Kenya, Malawi and Niger." (2012) Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology.
18 Baird, Sarah, Jed Friedman, and Norbert R Schady. "Aggregate income shocks and infant mortality in the developing world." (2007) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.
19 Bandyopadhyay, Sushenjit, Shireen Kanji, and Limin Wang. "The impact of rainfall and temperature variation on diarrheal prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa." (2012) Applied Geography.
20 Banerjee, Sudeshna Ghosh, and Elvira Morella. Africa's Water and Sanitation Infrastructure: Access, Affordability, and Alternatives. Washington DC, USA: World Bank Publications, 2011.
21 Banerjee, Sudeshna, Quentin Wodon, Amadou Diallo, Taras Pushak, Elal Uddin, Clarence Tsimpo, and Vivien Foster. Access, affordability, and alternatives: modern infrastructure services in Africa. : World Bank, 2008.
22 Banerjee, Sudeshna G, Amadou B Diallo, Vivien Foster, and Quentin T Wodon. "Trends in household coverage of modern infrastructure services in Africa." (2009) World Bank Working Paper Series.
23 Bankole, Akinrinola, and Susheela Singh. "Couples' fertility and contraceptive decision-making in developing countries: hearing the man's voice." International Family Planning Perspectives 24, no. 1 (1998).
24 Bankole, Akinrinola, Susheela Singh, and Taylor Haas. "Reasons why women have induced abortions: evidence from 27 countries." International Family Planning Perspectives 24, no. 3 (1998).
25 Bardasi, Elina, and Quinton Wodon. "Who pays the most for water? Alternative providers and service costs in Niger." Economics Bulletin 9, no. 20 (2008): 1-10.
26 Becker, Stan, and Bryan Sayer. Sampling weights for analyses of couple data in Demographic and Health Surveys. : Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, 2009.
27 Bennell, Paul, Karin Hyde, and Nicola Swainson. "The impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on the education sector in sub-Saharan Africa." (2002) Sussex, Centre for International Education, University of Sussex.
28 Bhagowalia, Priya, Susan Chen, and William Masters. "The distribution of child nutritional status across countries and over time." 2008 Annual Meeting. Orlando, Florida, 2008.
29 Bhalotra, Sonia, and Samantha Rawlings. "Intergenerational Persistence in Health in Developing Countries: Trends and Country Differences." (2010) University of Bristol.
30 Bhalotra, Sonia, and Samantha Rawlings. "The intergenerational correlation of health in developing countries." (2008) University of Bristol, UK.
31 Bhalotra, Sonia, and Marcela Umana-Aponte. "Women. s Labour Supply and Household Insurance in Africa." (2012)
32 Blanc, Ann K, and Tessa Wardlaw. "Monitoring low birth weight: an evaluation of international estimates and an updated estimation procedure." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 83, no. 3 (2005): 178-185d.
33 Blanc, Ann K, and Ann A Way. "Sexual behavior and contraceptive knowledge and use among adolescents in developing countries." (1998) Studies in Family Planning.
34 Bloom, David, Elizabeth Cafiero, Mark McGovern, Klaus Prettner, Anderson Stanciole, Jonathan Weiss, Samuel Bakkila, and Larry Rosenberg. "The economic impact of non-communicable disease in China and India: Estimates, projections, and comparisons." (2013) IZA DP No. 7563.
35 Bloom, David, David Canning, Isabel Guenther, and Sebastian Linnemayr. "Mortality Expectations and Fertility Decisions." (2008) Harvar School of Public Heath, 140 Mt. Auburn St., Cambridge, MA.
36 Bloom, David E, David Canning, Isabel Gunther, and Sebastian Linnemayr. "Social interactions and fertility in developing countries." (2008) Program on the Global Demography of Aging (PGDA) Working Series.
37 Boerma, J.T., K.I. Weinstein, S.O. Rutstein, and A.E. Sommerfelt. "Data on birth weight in developing countries: can surveys help?." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 74, no. 2 (1996): 209.
38 Bongaarts, John. "Fertility transitions in developing countries: progress or stagnation?." Studies in Family Planning 39, no. 2 (2008): 105-110.
39 Bongaarts, John. "The causes of stalling fertility transitions." (2005) Policy Research Division Working Paper.
40 Bongaarts, John. "The fertility impact of changes in the timing of childbearing in the developing world." Population Studies 53, no. 3 (1999): 277-289.
41 Bosch-Capblanch, Xavier, K Banerjee, and A Burton. "There are children not receiving a single dose of any vaccine: from ‘data to policy’in immunisation and health systems. Data quality and socio-economic determinants of unvaccination in low-and middle-income countries." AMC-University van Amsterdam, 2012.
42 Bosch-Capblanch, Xavier, K Banerjee, and A Burton. "Unvaccinated children in years of increasing coverage: how many and who are they? Evidence from 96 low-and middle-income countries." Tropical Medicine & International Health 17, no. 6 (2012): 697-710.
43 Brockerhoff, M, and P Hewett. "Inequality of child mortality among ethnic groups in sub-Saharan Africa." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 78, no. 1 (2000): 30-41.
44 Brockerhoff, Martin, and Ellen Brennan. "The poverty of cities in developing regions." Population and Development Review 24, no. 1 (1998): 75-114.
45 Brockerhoff, Martin, and Paul Hewett. "Ethnicity and child mortality in sub-Saharan Africa." (1998)
46 Brown, Jennifer, Roeland Monasch, George Bicego, Anthony Burton, and J. Ties Boerma. "An assessment of the quality of national child immunization coverage estimates in population-based surveys." (2002) MEASURE Evaluation Project.
47 Buekens, P., A. Tsui, M. Kotelchuck, and J. Degraft-Johnson. "Tetanus immunization and prenatal care in developing countries." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 48, no. 1 (1995): 91-94.
48 Bulatao A, Rodolfo. Key indicators for family planning projects. Washington DC, USA: World Bank Publications, 1995.
49 Camlin, Carol, and Ines Escandon. "Contraceptive sterilization: Global issues and trends." (2002) Chapter 2: Sterilization incidence and prevalence.
50 Chinere-Dan, Orieji. "In search of explanations for fertility and reproductive behaviour in Africa." (1993)
51 Cleland, John, and Mohamed Ali. "Santé de la reproduction au Nord et au Sud." (2009) The Use of Demographic and Health Surveys to Monitor The Sexual and Reproductive Behaviour of Single Women .
52 Cleland, John, and Mohamed Ali. "Santé de la reproduction au Nord et au Sud." (2009) Monitor the Sexual and Reproductive Behaviour of Single Women.
53 Cleland, John G, Robert P Ndugwa, and Eliya M Zulu. "Family planning in sub-Saharan Africa: Progress or stagnation?." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 89, no. 2 (2010): 137-143.
54 Cohen, Barney, Carole L Jolly, James N Gribble, Etienne van de Walle, Althea Hill, Ian A Timaeus, John O Oucho, William T Gould, Sharon S Russell, and Michael A Stoto. "Demographic change in Sub-Saharan Africa." (1993)
55 Cornia, Giovanni A, and Leonardo Menchini. "Health improvements and health inequality during the last 40 years." (2006) Research Paper No. 2006/10 .
56 Corsi, Daniel, Melissa Neuman, Jocelyn Finlay, and S V Subramanian. "Demographic and health surveys: a profile." International journal of epidemiology 41, no. 6 (2012): 1602-1613.
57 De Walque, Damien, and Deon Filmer. "Trends and socioeconomic gradients in adult mortality around the developing world." (2010) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 5716.
58 Delamonica, Enrique, Alberto Minujin, and Jama Gulaid. "Monitoring equity in immunization coverage." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 83, no. 5 (2005): 384-391.
59 Diagne, Abdoulaye. "Investing in people: Education and health." African Development Bank Seminar - African Economic Research Consortium. Tunis, Tunisia, November, 2006.
60 Diallo B, Amadou. "Four essays on the links between poverty, inequality and heath with empircal application to developing countries: Africa compared to the rest of the world." Docteur ès Sciences Economiques, Université d’Auvergne, 2009.
61 Diallo, Amadou B, and Quentin Wodon. "Demographic transition towards smaller household sizes and basic infrastructure needs in developing countries." Economics Bulletin 15, no. 11 (2007): 1-11.
62 Dixon-Mueller, Ruth. "How young is “too young”? Comparative perspectives on adolescent sexual, marital, and reproductive transitions." Studies in Family Planning 39, no. 4 (2008): 247-262.
63 Doskoch, Peter. "Contraceptive use is rising faster in Eastern than Western Africa." International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 37, no. 1 (2011): 49-50.
64 Drapcho, Bob, and Nancy Mock. "DHS and conflict in Africa: findings from a comparative study and recommendations for improving the utility of DHS as a survey vehicle in conflict settings." (2000) Measure/Evaluation Project.
65 Eastwood, Robert, and Michael Lipton. "Demographic transition in Sub Saharan Africa: accounting and economics." Fourth annual conference on Population, Reproductive Health, and Economic Development. Cape Town, South Africa, 2010.
66 Filmer, Deon. "If you build it, will they come? School availability and school enrollment in 21 poor countries." (2004) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.
67 Filmer, Deon. "The structure of social disparities in education: gender and wealth." (1999) The World Bank Development Research Group/ Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network.
68 Filmer, Deon. "The Structure of Social Disparities in Enducation: Gender and Wealth." (2000)
69 Filmer, Deon, and Lant Pritchett. "The effect of household wealth on educational attainment: evidence from 35 countries." Population and Development Review 25, no. 1 (1999): 85-120.
70 Filmer, Deon, Jed Friedman, and Norbert R Schady. "Development, modernization, and son preference in fertility decisions." (2008) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.
71 Filmer, Deon, and Lant Pritchett. "The Effect of Household Wealth on Educational Attainment: Demographic and Health Survey Evidence." (1998) Policy Research Working Paper.
72 Fink, Gunther, Isabel Gunther, and Kenneth Hill. "Urban Mortality Transitions: The Role of Slums." (2011) International Union for the Scientific Study of Population.
73 Fink, Gunther, Isabel Gunther, and Kenneth Hill. Water, sanitation and child health - Evidence from the Demographic and Health Surveys 1986-2007. 2010.
74 Fjelde, Hanna, and Gudrun Ostby. "Economic inequality and non-state conflicts in Africa." APSA 2010 Annual Meeting Paper . Washington, DC, 2010.
75 Forsberg, Birger C, Max G Petzold, Goran Tomson, and Peter Allebeck. "Diarrhoea case management in low-and middle-income countries: an unfinished agenda." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 85, no. 1 (2007): 42-48.
76 Friedman, Jed, and Norbert Schady. "How many more infants are likely to die In Africa as a result of the global financial crisis?." Research Working papers 1, no. 1 (2009): 1-18.
77 Gage, Anastasia J, and Ann K Blanc. "Fertility and the Male Life Cycle in the Era of Fertility Decline." (2000) Men, Polygyny, and Fertility Over the Life-Course in Sub-Saharan Africa.
78 Gakidou, Emmanuela, and Effy Vayena. "Use of modern contraception by the poor is falling behind." PLoS medicine 4, no. 2 (2007): e31.
79 Gakidou, Emmanuela, Margaret Hogan, and Alan D Lopez. "Adult mortality: time for a reappraisal." International Journal of Epidemiology 33, no. 4 (2004): 710-717.
80 Gakidou, Emmanuela, and Gary King. "An individual-level approach to health inequality: child survival in 50 countries." (2001) GPE Discussion Paper Series.
81 Garenne, Michel. "Age at marriage and modernisation in sub-Saharan Africa." Southern African Journal of Demography 9, no. 2 (2004): 59-79.
82 Garenne, Michel. Datation de la baisse de la fécondité en Afrique subsaharienne. 2001.
83 Garenne, Michel. "Estimating obstetric mortality from pregnancy-related deaths recorded in demographic censuses and surveys." Studies in Family Planning 42, no. 4 (2011): 237-246.
84 Garenne, Michel. "Migration, urbanisation and child health in Africa: a global perspective." Conference on African Migration in Comparative Perspective. Johannesburg, South Africa, June 4-7, 2003.
85 Garenne, Michel. "Poisson variations of the sex ratio at birth in African Demographic Surveys." Human Biology 80, no. 5 (2008): 473-482.
86 Garenne, Michel. "Sex differences in health indicators among children in African DHS surveys." (2003) Journal of Biosocial Science.
87 Garenne, Michel, and Julien Zwang. "Premarital fertility and HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa." African Journal of Reproductive Health 12, no. 2 (2008): 64-74.
88 Garenne, Michel, and Veronique Joseph. "The timing of the fertility transition in sub-Saharan Africa." World Development 30, no. 10 (2002): 1835-1843.
89 Garenne M, Michel. "Fertility changes in sub-Saharan Africa." (2008) DHS Comparative Reports.
90 Go, Delfin, Denis Nikitin, Xiongjian Wang, and Heng-fu Zou. "Poverty and inequality in sub-Saharan Africa: Literature survey and empirical assessment." Annals of Economics and Finance 8, no. 2 (2007): 251-304.
91 Goga E, Ameena. "Millennium development goals: achievements and prospects of meeting the targets in Africa." (2008) Reduction of Child Mortality.
92 Gourbin, Catherin. "Santé de la reproduction au Nord et au Sud." (2009) Infertility in Sub-Saharan Africa.
93 Grassly, Nicholas C, and Ian M Timaeus. "Methods to estimate the number of orphans as a result of AIDS and other causes in Sub-Saharan Africa." Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes JAIDS 39, no. 3 (2005): 365-375.
94 Grigoriou, Christopher, and Patrick Guillaumont. "Child mortality reacts to relative prices." (2011) CERDI Etudes et Documents.
95 Gunther, Isabel, and Gunther Fink. "Water, sanitation and children's health: evidence from 172 DHS surveys." (2010) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.
96 Hanson, Kara, and Peter A Berman. Non-government financing and provision of health services in Africa: A background paper. : Data for Decision Making Project, Dept. of Population and International Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 1994.
97 Harttgen, Kenneth, Stephan Klasen, and Sebastian Vollmer. "An African growth miracle? Or: what do asset indices tell us about trends in economic performance?." (2011) International Association for Research in Income and Wealth.
98 Hatløy, Anne. "Methodological aspects of assessing nutrition security: Examples from Mali." Doctoral Dissertation, FAFO, 1999.
99 Heaton, Tim B, Renata Forste, John P Hoffmann, and Dallan Flake. "Cross-national variation in family influences on child health." Social science & medicine 60, no. 1 (2005): 97-108.
100 Heward, Christine, and Sheila Bunwaree. Gender, education and development: beyond access to empowerment. New York, USA: Palgrave Macmillan, 1999.
101 Hewett, Paul C, and Mark R Montgomery. "Poverty and public services in developing-country cities." (2001) Policy Research Division Working Paper.
102 Hilber, Adriane M, Xavier Bosch-Capblanch, Christian Schindler, Lise Beck, Florence Sécula, Oran McKenzie, Sara Gari, Christina Stuckli, and Sonja Merten. Gender and immunisation. Basel, Switzerland: Swiss Centre for International Health, 2010.
103 Hill, Kenneth, Carla AbouZahr, and Tessa Wardlaw. "Estimates of maternal mortality for 1995." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 79, no. 3 (2001): 182-193.
104 Hill, Kenneth, and Yoonjoung Choi. "Neonatal mortality in the developing world." Demographic Research 14, no. 18 (2006): 429-452.
105 Hopstock, Paul, Ann Sherpick, and Carla Briceno. Providers and consumers of commercial family planning services in developing countries. Arlington, USA: The PROFIT Project, 1997.
106 Houweling, Tanja A, Carine Ronsmans, Oona M Campbell, and Anton E Kunst. "Huge poor-rich inequalities in maternity care: an international comparative study of maternity and child care in developing countries." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 85, no. 10 (2007): 745-754.
107 Huber, John D, Thomas K Ogorzalek, and Radhika Gore. "Democracy, targeted redistribution and ethnic inequality." (2012)
108 Huffman, Sandra, Elizabeth Zehner, Philip Harvey, Luan Martin, Ellen Piwoz, Kindal Ndure, Cheryl Combest, Robert Mwadime, and Victoria Quinn. Essential health sector actions to improve Maternal Nutrition in Africa. Washington, DC: Regional Centre for Quality of Healthcare, Makerere University and LINKAGES, 2001.
109 Johnston, Heidi B, and Kenneth H Hill. "Induced abortion in the developing world: indirect estimates." International Family Planning Perspectives 22, no. 3 (1996): 108-137.
110 Jones-Smith, J. C, P. Gordon-Larsen, A. Siddiqi, and B. M Popkin. "Is the burden of overweight shifting to the poor across the globe? Time trends among women in 39 low-and middle-income countries (1991-2008)." International Journal of Obesity 36, no. 8 (2011): 1114-1120.
111 Kalemli-Ozcan, Sebnem. "AIDS, reversal of the demographic transition and economic development: evidence from Africa." (2006) NBER Working Papers.
112 Karim S, Mehtab. "Reproductive behavior in Muslim countries." (1997) DHS Working Papers.
113 Kettani, Houssain. "Muslim population in Asia: 1950-2020." International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 1, no. 2 (2010).
114 Kishor, Sunita, and Katherine Neitzel. "Women and Families: Evolution of the Status of Women as o Factor ond Consequences of Changes in Fomily Dynamics." (1997) 20. Examining women’s status using core demographic and health survey data.
115 Kosec, Katrina. "Child health implications of water sector policies in Africa." (2009)
116 Kosec, Katrina. "The Child Health Implications of Privatizing Africa's Urban Water Supply." (2012)
117 Kosec, Katrina. The Child Health Implications of Privatizing the Urban Water Supply in Africa. : Standford University, 2011.
118 Kreider, Amanda, David Shapiro, Catherine Varner, and Malika Sinha. Socioeconomic progress and fertility transition in the developing world: Evidence from the Demographic and Health Surveys*. University Park, USA: Pennsylvania State University , 2009.
119 Kudamatsu, Masayuki. "Has Democratization Reduced Infant Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa? Evidence from Micro Data." (2007) Stockholm University - Institute for International Economic Studies (IIES).
120 Kurosaki, Takashi, and Mika Ueyama. "Micro household surveys and development microeconomics: With special emphasis on child health and intrahousehold resource allocation in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia." JIRCAS International Workshop. Tsukuba, Japan, July 12-13, 2001.
121 Larsen, Ulla. "Primary and secondary infertility in sub-Saharan Africa." International Journal of Epidemiology 29, no. 2 (2000): 285-291.
122 Lauro, Don. "Abortion and contraceptive use in sub-Saharan Africa: How women plan their families." African Journal of Reproductive Health 15, no. 1 (2011): 13-24.
123 Leete, Richard. "Issues in measuring and monitoring maternal mortality: Implications for programmes." (1998) United Nations Population Fund Technical and Policy Papers.
124 Legg, Christopher. "A spatial analysis of child nutrition in West Africa." (2008)
125 Lesthaeghe, R, and C Vanderhoeft. "Ready, willing and able: A conceptualization of transitions to new behavioral forms." (2001) DIFFUSION PROCESSES FERTILITY TRANSITION.
126 Lewin, Keith M, and Ricardo Sabates. Changing patterns of access to education in Anglophone and Francophone countries in Sub Saharan Africa: Is education for all pro-poor?: Create Pathways to Access research monograph No. 52. Falmer, UK: Consortium for Research on Educational Access, Transitions and Equity, 2011.
127 Lindquist, Katharine. Horizontal educational inequalities and civil conflict: The nexus of ethnicity, inequality, and violent conflict. : Carleton College, 2011.
128 Lloyd, Cynthia B, Carol E Kaufman, and Paul Hewett. "The Spread of Primary Schooling in sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for Fertility Change." Population and Development Review 26, no. 3 (2000): 483-515.
129 Locoh, Therese. "Completing the fertility transition." (2009) Family structure and fertility trends in intermediate-fertility countries in West Africa.
130 Locoh, Therese, and Myriam Mouvagha-Sow. "An uncertain future for African families." (2007) International Family Change: Ideational Perspectives.
131 Lopez, Alan D, Joshua Salomon, Omar Ahmad, Christopher J Murray, and Doris Mafat. "Life tables for 191 countries: data, methods and results." (2001) GPE Discussion Paper Series (WHO).
132 Lou, A D. "Reproductive health and AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. Problems and prospects." (1999) Population: An English Selection.
133 Machiyama, Kazuyo, Richard Silverwood, Andy Sloggett, and John Cleland. "Recent fertility declines in sub-Saharan Africa: Analysis of country trends of fertility decline." 2010 Quetelet Seminar. Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, November 24-26, 2010.
134 Magnani, Robert J, Janet C Rice, Nancy B Mock, Ahmed A Abdoh, David M Mercer, and Kadri Tankari. "The impact of primary health care services on under-five mortality in rural Niger." International journal of epidemiology 25, no. 3 (1996): 568.
135 Mahler, K. "Women who practice Islam vary widely in reproductive attitudes and behaviors." International Family Planning Perspectives 25, no. 1 (1999).
136 Margolis P, Sara. "Population policy, research and the Cairo Plan Of Action: New directions for the Sahel?." International Family Planning Perspectives 23, no. 2 (1997): 86-89.
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151 Moradi, Alexander, and Joerg Baten. "Inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa 1950-80: new estimates and new results." World Development 33, no. 8 (2005): 1233-1265.
152 Morella, Elvira, Vivien Foster, and Sudeshna G Banerjee. "Climbing the ladder: The state of sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa." (2008)
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155 Munro, Alistair, Bereket Kebede, Marcela Tarazona-Gomez, and Arjan Verschoor. "The lion’s share. An experimental analysis of polygamy in Northern Nigeria." (2010) GRIPS Discussion Papers.
156 Ncube, Mthuli, and Abebe Shimeles. "The making of the middle class in Africa." (2012)
157 Nestel, Penelope, and Shea Rutstein. "Defining nutritional status of women in developing countries." Public health nutrition 5, no. 01 (2002): 17-27.
158 Ngom, Pierre, and Soukeynatou Fall. Fertility decline in francophone sub-Saharan Africa, 1980-2010. : African Population & Health Research Center, 2002.
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160 Nwonwu, Francis. Millennium Development Goals: Achievements and prospects of meeting the targets in Africa. South Africa: Africa Institute of South Africa, 2008.
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162 Ostby, G, R Nordaas, and J K Rod. "Regional inequalities and civil conflict in 21 sub-Saharan African countries, 1986-2004." Polarization and Conflict Project (European Commission-DG Research Sixth Framework Programme). Nicosa, Cyprus, April 26-29, 2006.
163 Ostby, Gudrun. "Dissaggregated inequalities and conflict in developing countries." Polarization and Conflict (PAC) Winter Meeting. Konstanz, Germany, June 2-5, 2005.
164 Ostby, Gudrun. "Horizontal inequalities, political environment and civil conflict: evidence from 55 developing countries." (2006) Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity (CRISE). Working Paper.
165 Ostby, Gudrun. "Horizontal inequalities, political environment, and civil conflict: evidence from 55 developing countries, 1986-2003." (2007) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.
166 Ostby, Gudrun. "Inequality, institutions, and instability: Horizontal inequalities, political institutions, and civil conflict in developing countries 1986–2003." 1 st PIDDCP (Political Institutions, Development and a Domestic Civil Peace) Workshop. Oxford, UK, November 10-12, 2005.
167 Ostby, Gudrun, Ragnhild Nordas, and Jan Ketil Rod. "Regional inequalities and civil conflict in sub-Saharan Africa." International Studies Quarterly 53, no. 2 (2009): 301-324.
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