Demographic and Health Survey 2004-2005

Tanzania, 2004 - 2005

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TZA_2004_DHS_v01_M

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National Bureau of Statistics (NBS)

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Sep 29, 2011

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The data from this study are used in the following publications:

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1 HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS. Harare, Zimbabwe: World Health Organization, 2005.

2 "Malaria funding & resource utilization: The first decade of Roll Back Malaria." (2010) UNICEF: Roll Back Malaria: Progress and Impact Series.

3 World Health Organization . "Skilled attendant at birth: 2006 updates." 2006.

4 "Tracking progress towards the Millennium Development Goals: reaching consensus on child mortality levels and trends." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 84, no. 3 (2006): 225-232.

5 United Republic of Tanzania: Poverty reduction strategy paper - Annual implementation report 2006/07. : International Monetary Fund, 2008.

6 Adegboye, Oyelola, and Danelle Kotze. "Is poverty a determinant of educational attainment? Perspectives from Africa." (2011)

7 Agwanda, Alfred, and Haidari Amani. "Population Growth, Structure and Momentum in Tanzania." THDR 2014: Background Paper , no. 7 (2014).

8 Åhman, Elisabeth, and Jelka Zupan. Neonatal and perinatal mortality: Country, regional and global estimates 2004. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Department of Making Pregnancy Safer, 2004.

9 Ahman, Elizabeth, and Jelka Zupan. "Neonatal and perinatal mortality : country, regional and global estimates 2004." (2007) WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data.

10 Ahmed, Saifuddin, Andreea A Creanga, Duff G Gillespie, and Amy O Tsui. "Economic status, education and empowerment: implications for maternal health service utilization in developing countries." PLoS One 5, no. 6 (2010): e1119.

11 Akachi, Yoko, and David Canning. "The height of women in Sub-Saharan Africa: The role of health, nutrition, and income in childhood." Annals of Human Biology 34, no. 4 (2007): 397-410.

12 Aksan, Anna-Maria. "Malaria and Africa's sluggish demographic transition." (2011) Social Science Research Network.

13 Alba, Sandra, Rose Nathan, Alexander Schulze, Hassan Mshinda, and Christian Lengeler. "Child mortality patterns in rural Tanzania: an observational study on the impact of malaria control interventions." International journal of epidemiology 43, no. 1 (2013): 204-215.

14 Alberico, Salvatore. Mutilazioni genitali femminili e donne immigrate progetto di formazione per un sostegno integrato alla persona : Report finale 2011-2012. 2012.

15 Alderman, Harold, and Sebastian Linnemayr. "Anemia in low-income countries is unlikely to be addressed by economic development without additional programs." Food & Nutrition Bulletin 30, no. 3 (2009): 265-269.

16 Allen, LaZann, Michelle Kayaleh, Shannon Pryor, and Katie Zoerhoff. Promoting safe motherhood in Tanzania. Washington, USA: Washington DC: The Elliott Scholl of International Affairs, 2008.

17 Anderson G, Kermyt. "Life expectancy and the timing of life history events in developing countries." Human Nature 21, no. 2 (2010): 103-123.

18 Apouey, Bénédicte, and Gabriel Picone. "Social interactions and malaria preventive behaviors." (2012)

19 Arcand, Jean-Louis, and Matthias Rieger. "Parental height and the sex ratio." (2010) IHEID Working Papers, The Graduate Institute.

20 Aremu, Olatunde, Stephen Lawoko, Tahereh Moradi, and Koustuv Dalal. "Socio-economic determinants in selecting childhood diarrhoea treatment options in Sub-Saharan Africa: A multilevel model." Italian journal of pediatrics 37, no. 13 (2011).

21 Arndt, Channing, Vincent Leyaro, and Kristi Mahrt. "Multi-dimensional poverty analysis for Tanzania: First order dominance approach with discrete indicators." WIDER Working Paper , no. 2014/146 (2014).

22 Asiimwe-Okiror,, Godwill, Spes Ntabangana, Emil Asamoah-Odei, and Jesus Garcia. HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS epidemiological surveillance report for the WHO African region: 2005 update. Harare, Zimbabwe: World Health Organization, 2005.

23 Assenga, Emiliana A, Eleuther A Mwageni, and Kim A Kayunze. "SACCOS and Women’s Poverty Reduction In Morogoro District, Tanzania." Tanzania Journal for Population studies and Development 20, no. 1-2 (2017).

24 Assenga N, Evelyne. "Factors influencing young people's preventive actions against human immunodeficiency virus infections in Tanzania." Master of Public Health, University of South Africa, 2009.

25 Baker, David P, Juan Leon, and John M Collins. "Facts, attitudes, and health reasoning about HIV and AIDS: explaining the education effect on condom use among adults in Sub-Saharan Africa." (2010) AIDS and Behavior.

26 Banerjee, Sudeshna Ghosh, and Elvira Morella. Africa's Water and Sanitation Infrastructure: Access, Affordability, and Alternatives. Washington DC, USA: World Bank Publications, 2011.

27 Banerjee, Sudeshna, Quentin Wodon, Amadou Diallo, Taras Pushak, Elal Uddin, Clarence Tsimpo, and Vivien Foster. Access, affordability, and alternatives: modern infrastructure services in Africa. : World Bank, 2008.

28 Banerjee, Sudeshna G, Amadou B Diallo, Vivien Foster, and Quentin T Wodon. "Trends in household coverage of modern infrastructure services in Africa." (2009) World Bank Working Paper Series.

29 Bangser, M. "Strengthening public health priority-setting through research on fistula, maternal health, and health inequities." (2007) International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics.

30 Bankole, Akinrinola, Susheela Singh, Rubina Hussain, and Gabrielle Oestreicher. "Condom use for preventing STI/HIV and unintended pregnancy among young men in Sub-Saharan Africa." American Journal of Men's Health 3, no. 1 (2009): 60.

31 Bauch, Julie A, Jessica J Gu, Mwinyi Msellem, Andreas Mårtensson, Abdullah S Ali, Roly Gosling, and Kimberly A Baltzell. "Perception of malaria risk in a setting of reduced malaria transmission: a qualitative study in Zanzibar." Malaria journal 12, no. 1 (2013).

32 Bee K, Faustine. "Fair trade, fair futures: The Kilimanjaro Native Cooperative Union scholarship programme for children made vulnerable by AIDS." (2009) Co-op Africa Working Papers.

33 Beegle, Kathleen, and Damien de Walque. "The Changing HIV/Aids Landscape." (2009) Demographic and Socioeconomic Patterns of HIV/AIDS Prevalence in Africa .

34 Beegle, Kathleen, and Damien de Walque. "Demographic and socioeconomic patterns of HIV/AIDS prevalence in Africa." (2009) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper .

35 Berhan, Asres, and Yifru Berhan. "A meta-analysis on higher-risk sexual behavior of women in 28 third world countries." (2012) World Journal of AIDS.

36 Berhan, Yifru, and Asres Berhan. "Meta-Analysis on Risky Sexual Behaviour of Men: Consistent Findings from Different Parts of the World." (2012)

37 Bhagowalia, Priya, Susan Chen, and William Masters. "The distribution of child nutritional status across countries and over time." 2008 Annual Meeting. Orlando, Florida, 2008.

38 Bhalotra, Sonia, and Samantha Rawlings. "The intergenerational correlation of health in developing countries." (2008) University of Bristol, UK.

39 Bignami-Van Assche, Simona, Emmanuela Gakidou, and Cecilia Vidal. "Does HIV/AIDS disproportionately affect the poor? Cross-country evidence." Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America. Los Angeles, USA, April, 2006.

40 Bingenheimer B, Jeffrey. "Men's multiple sexual partnerships in 15 sub-Saharan African countries: Sociodemographic patterns and implications." Studies in family planning 41, no. 1 (2010): 1.

41 Bingenheimer B, Jeffrey. "Wealth, wealth indices and HIV risk in East Africa." International Family Planning Perspectives 33, no. 2 (2007): 83.

42 Binkin, Nancy, Mickey Chopra, Aline Simen-Kapeu, and Dirk Westhof. "Do improvements in outreach, clinical, and family and community-based services predict improvements in child survival? An analysis of serial cross-sectional national surveys." BMC Public Health 11, no. 1 (2011): 456.

43 Black, Robert E, Lindsay H Allen, Zul?qar A Bhutta, Laura E Caulfield, Mercedes de Onis, Majid Ezzati, Colin Mathers, and Juan Rivera. "Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences." The Lancet 371, no. 9608 (2008): 243-260.

44 Block, Steven A, William A Masters, and Priya Bhagowalia. "Child undernutrition, household poverty and national income in developing countries: Quantile regression results." Agricultural & Applied Economics Association 2010: AAEA,CAES, & WAEA Joint Annual Meeting. Denver, Colorado, USA, July 25-27, 2010.

45 Bloom, David, Elizabeth Cafiero, Mark McGovern, Klaus Prettner, Anderson Stanciole, Jonathan Weiss, Samuel Bakkila, and Larry Rosenberg. "The economic impact of non-communicable disease in China and India: Estimates, projections, and comparisons." (2013) IZA DP No. 7563.

46 Bloom, David, David Canning, Isabel Guenther, and Sebastian Linnemayr. "Mortality Expectations and Fertility Decisions." (2008) Harvar School of Public Heath, 140 Mt. Auburn St., Cambridge, MA.

47 Bloom, David E, David Canning, Isabel Gunther, and Sebastian Linnemayr. "Social interactions and fertility in developing countries." (2008) Program on the Global Demography of Aging (PGDA) Working Series.

48 Boco G, Adébiyi. "Individual and community-level effects on child mortality: An analysis of 28 Demographic and Health Surveys in sub-Saharan Africa." (2010) DHS Working Papers.

49 Bongaarts, John. "Can Family Planning Programs Reduce High Desired Family Size in Sub-Saharan Africa?." International Perspectives on on Sexual and Reproductive Health 37, no. 4 (2011): 209-216.

50 Bongaarts, John. "Fertility transitions in developing countries: progress or stagnation?." Studies in Family Planning 39, no. 2 (2008): 105-110.

51 Bongaarts, John. "The causes of educational differences in fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa." (2010) Vienna Yearbook of Population Research.

52 Bongaarts, John. "The causes of stalling fertility transitions." (2005) Policy Research Division Working Paper.

53 Bonner, Kimberly, Alex Mwita, Peter McElroy, Susan Omari, Ally Mzava, Christian Lengeler, Naomi Kaspar, Rose Nathan, Joyce Ngegba, Romanus Mtung'e, and Nick Brown. "Design, implementation and evaluation of a national campaign to distribute nine million free LLINs to children under five years of age in Tanzania." Malaria journal 10, no. 1 (2011).

54 Bosch-Capblanch, Xavier, K Banerjee, and A Burton. "There are children not receiving a single dose of any vaccine: from ‘data to policy’in immunisation and health systems. Data quality and socio-economic determinants of unvaccination in low-and middle-income countries." AMC-University van Amsterdam, 2012.

55 Bosch-Capblanch, Xavier, K Banerjee, and A Burton. "Unvaccinated children in years of increasing coverage: how many and who are they? Evidence from 96 low-and middle-income countries." Tropical Medicine & International Health 17, no. 6 (2012): 697-710.

56 Boschi-Pinto, Cynthia, Rajiv Bahl, and José Martines. "Limited progress in increasing coverage of neonatal and child-health interventions in Africa and Asia." Journal of health, population, and nutrition 27, no. 6 (2009): 755-762.

57 Bradley, Sarah E, Trevor N Croft, and Shea O Rutstein. "The Impact of Contraceptive Failure on Unintended Births and Induced Abortions: Estimates and Strategies for Reduction." (2011) DHS Analytical Studies.

58 Brewer D, Devon. "Knowledge of blood-borne transmission risk is inversely associated with HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa." The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 5, no. 03 (2011): 182-198.

59 Brown W, David. "Child immunization cards: essential yet underutilized in national immunization programmes." (2012) Open Vaccine Journal.

60 Burke M, Michael. "Difficulties of engagement in PMTCT: masculinity and fear in rural Tanzania." PhD thesis, University of New South Wales, 2010.

61 Burroway A, Rebekah. "Structural violence and child health: A multi-level analysis of development, gender inequality, and democracy in developing countries." PhD Department of Sociology, Duke University Department of Sociology, 2011.

62 Carael, M., E. Slaymaker, R. Lyerla, and S. Sarkar. "Clients of sex workers in different regions of the world: hard to count." Sexually Transmitted Infections 82, no. suppl 3 (2006): iii26-iii33.

63 Carr-Hill, Roy, Joyce Ndalichako, Ahmed Athumani, Wim Biervliet, Jan Brands, Justinian Galabawa, Kees Hammink, Herme Mosha, Sam Nguni, and Issa Omari. Education section situation analysis : Final report. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA PRIME MINISTER’S OFFICE, 2005.

64 Case, Anne, and Christina Paxson. "The impact of the AIDS pandemic on health services in Africa: evidence from Demographic and Health Surveys." (2009) Demography.

65 Castaldo, Adriana, Saskia Gent, Gunjan Sondhi, and Ann Whitehead. "Child Migration in National Surveys." (2009) Development Research Centre on Migration, Globalisation and Poverty Working Paper No. T-28.

66 Channon, Andrew A, Jane Falkingham, and Zoe Matthews. "Sexual and reproductive health and poverty." (2010) Social determinants of sexual and reproductive health.

67 Chastre, Claire, Arabella Duffield, Heather Kindness, Sonya LeJeune, and Anna Taylor. The Minimum Cost of a Healthy Diet Findings from piloting a new methodology in four study locations. : Save the Children, 2007.

68 Chikuwa, Assiati, Jeremy Haynes, Louisa Lippi, Sarina Cipriano, Tashi Shakya, Enrique Delamonica, Mark Johnson, and Alberto Minujin. "Contextualizing child Poverty in Tanzania: Legal framework, social services, and the state of HIV/AIDS and malaria." (2007) Graduate Program in International Affairs, The New School.

69 Choe, Seung-Ah, Jinseob Kim, Saerom Kim, Yukyung Park, Siril Michael Kullaya, and Chang-yup Kim. "Do antenatal care visits always contribute to facility-based delivery in Tanzania? A study of repeated cross-sectional data." (2015) Health policy and planning.

70 Christian, Parul. "Nutrition and Maternal Survival in Developing Countries." (2008) Handbook of Nutrition and Pregnancy.

71 Clark, Shelley, Judith Bruce, and Annie Dude. "Protecting young women from HIV/AIDS: the case against child and adolescent marriage." (2006) International Family Planning Perspectives.

72 Cleland, John G, Robert P Ndugwa, and Eliya M Zulu. "Family planning in sub-Saharan Africa: Progress or stagnation?." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 89, no. 2 (2010): 137-143.

73 Cohen, Clara K, David E Horlacher, and F L MacKellar. "Is urbanization good for a nation’s health?." (2009)

74 Coneus, Katja, and Andrea Muhlenweg. "Orphans at risk in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence on educational and health outcomes." (2011) ZEW - Centre for European Economic Research Discussion Paper No. 11-008 .

75 Cornia, Giovanni A, and Leonardo Menchini. "Health improvements and health inequality during the last 40 years." (2006) Research Paper No. 2006/10 .

76 Corsi, Daniel, Melissa Neuman, Jocelyn Finlay, and S V Subramanian. "Demographic and health surveys: a profile." International journal of epidemiology 41, no. 6 (2012): 1602-1613.

77 Corsi, Daniel J, Jocelyn E Finlay, and S V Subramanian. "Global burden of double malnutrition: Has anyone seen it?." PLoS ONE 6, no. 9 (2011): e2512.

78 Cremin, Ide, Simon Cauchemez, Geoffrey P Garnett, and Simon Gregson. "Patterns of uptake of HIV testing in sub-Saharan Africa in the pre-treatment era." Tropical Medicine & International Health 17, no. 8 (2012): e26-e37.

79 Croke, Kevin. "Politics, child mortality, and health system development in Tanzania and Uganda, 1995-2009." (2011)

80 Croke, Kevin, Andrew Dabalen, Gabriel Demombynes, Marcelo Giugale, and Johannes Hoogeveen. "Collecting high-frequency data using mobile phones: Do timely data lead to accountability?." (2013)

81 Cuadros, Diego, Adam J Branscum, and Philip H Crowley. "HIV-malaria co-infection: effects of malaria on the prevalence of HIV in East sub-Saharan Africa." International journal of epidemiology 40, no. 4 (2011): 931-939.

82 Darroch, Jacqueline E, and Susheela Singh. Adding it up: The costs and benefits of investing in family planning and maternal and newborn health: Estimation methodology. New York City, USA: Guttmacher Institute, 2011.

83 De Walque,. "Who gets AIDS and how? The determinants of HIV infection and sexual behaviors in Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ghana, Kenya, and Tanzania." (2006) SSRN eLibrary.

84 De Walque, Damien. "Discordant couples: HIV infection among couples in Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ghana, Kenya, and Tanzania." (2006) SSRN eLibrary.

85 De Walque, Damien, and Deon Filmer. "Trends and socioeconomic gradients in adult mortality around the developing world." (2010) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 5716.

86 Deaton, Angus. "Height, health, and development." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, no. 33 (2007).

87 Deaton, Angus, and Jean Drèze. "Food and nutrition in India: facts and interpretations." Economic and political weekly 44, no. 7 (2009): 42-65.

88 Demombynes, Gabriel, and Sofia Karina Trommlerova. "What has driven the decline of infant mortality in Kenya?." (2012) World Bank policy research working paper.

89 Dewey, Kathryn G, and Khadija Begum. "Long-term consequences of stunting in early life." (2011) Maternal & Child Nutrition.

90 Diallo B, Amadou. "Four essays on the links between poverty, inequality and heath with empircal application to developing countries: Africa compared to the rest of the world." Docteur ès Sciences Economiques, Université d’Auvergne, 2009.

91 Diallo, Amadou B, and Quentin Wodon. "Demographic transition towards smaller household sizes and basic infrastructure needs in developing countries." Economics Bulletin 15, no. 11 (2007): 1-11.

92 Diehl, Eva, Cornelia Becker, and Helen Prytherch. Gender Mainstreaming in Health - Lessons Learned from the “Tanzanian German Programme to Support Health”. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Tanzania German Programme to Support Health (TGPSH) , 2009.

93 Dixon-Mueller, Ruth. "How young is “too young”? Comparative perspectives on adolescent sexual, marital, and reproductive transitions." Studies in Family Planning 39, no. 4 (2008): 247-262.

94 Doskoch, Peter. "Contraceptive use is rising faster in Eastern than Western Africa." International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 37, no. 1 (2011): 49-50.

95 Drabo, Alassane, and Christian Ebeke. "Remittances, public health spending and foreign aid in the access to health care services in developing countries." (2011) Centre d’Etudes et de Recherches sur le Développement International (CERDI-CNRS).

96 Dubourg, Dominique, Fabienne Richard, Rita Eggermont, Griet Gregoir, Els Leye, Jennifer Mabbott, Sophie Maes, Samuel Ndamè, Tine Rommens, Marie-Jeanne Schoofs, and Philip Tavernier. Etude de prévalence des femmes excisées et des filles à risque d'excision en Belgique. Bruxelles, Belgium: SPF Santé, 2010.

97 Dubourg, Dominique, Fabienne Richard, Els Leye, Samuel Ndame, Tine Rommens, and Sophie Maes. "Estimating the number of women with female genital mutilation in Belgium." The European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care 16, no. 4 (2011): 248-257.

98 Dudwick, Nora, Katy Hull, Roy Katayama, Forhad Shilpi, and Kenneth Simler. From farm to firm: Rural-urban transition in developing countries. Washington DC, USA: World Bank, 2011.

99 Ecker, Olivier, Athur Mabiso, Adam Kennedy, and Xinshen Diao. "Making agriculture pro-nutrition: Opportunities in Tanzania." (2011) International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).

100 Edwards, Ashley. "Maternal Barriers to Childhood Vaccinations in Tanzania: An Examination of the 2004-2005 Demongrphic and Health Survey." Master of Public Health (MPH), Georgia State University, 2010.

101 Eisele, Thomas P, Joseph Keating, Megan Littrell, David Larsen, and Kate Macintyre. "Assessment of insecticide-treated bednet use among children and pregnant women across 15 countries using standardized national surveys." The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 80, no. 2 (2009): 209.

102 Ergo, Alex, Davidson R Gwatkin, and Meera Shekar. "What difference do the new WHO Child Growth Standards make for the prevalence and socioeconomic distribution of undernutrition?." Food & Nutrition Bulletin 30, no. 1 (2009): 3-15.

103 Erreygers, Guido, Philip Clarke, and Tom Van Ourti. "“Mirror, mirror, on the wall, who in this land is fairest of all?”—Distributional sensitivity in the measurement of socioeconomic inequality of health." Journal of Health Economics 31, no. 1 (2012): 257-270.

104 Estache, Antonio. "What do we know about Sub-Saharan Africa’s infrastructure and the impact of its 1990s reforms?." (2005) Draft, June.

105 EVANCE, Illah. "Assessment of risk factors associated with maternal mortality in rural Tanzania." Partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Medicine) Population Based Field Epidemiology, A research report submitted to the School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2010.

106 Evjen-Olsen, Bjørg, Øystein Olsen, and Gunnar Kvåle. "Achieving progress in maternal and neonatal health through integrated and comprehensive healthcare services – experiences from a programme in northern Tanzania." (2009) International journal for equity in health.

107 Exavery, Amon, Godfrey Mubyazi, Jovitha Rugemalila, Adiel Mushi, Julius Massaga, Hamisi Malebo, Filemon Tenu, Joyce Ikingura, Sia Malekia, Emmanuel Makundi, Acleus Ruta, John Ogondiek, Victor Wiketye, and Mwelecele Malecela. "Acceptability of condom promotion and distribution among 10-19 year-old adolescents in Mpwapwa and Mbeya rural districts, Tanzania." BMC Public Health 12, no. 1 (2012).

108 Eyawo, Oghenowede, Damien Walque, Nathan Ford, Gloria Gakii, Richard T Lester, and Edward J Mills. "HIV status in discordant couples in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis." (2010) The Lancet Infectious Diseases.

109 Ezeh, Alex C, Ivy Kodzi, and Jacques Emina. "Reaching the urban poor with family planning services." Studies in Family Planning 41, no. 2 (2010): 109-116.

110 Filmer, Deon. "Commonwealth Education Partnerships 2007." (2006) Education inequalities around the world.

111 Filmer, Deon, Jed Friedman, and Norbert Schady. "Development, modernization, and childbearing: the role of family sex composition." The World Bank Economic Review 23, no. 3 (2009): 371-3.

112 Filmer, Deon, Jed Friedman, and Norbert R Schady. "Development, modernization, and son preference in fertility decisions." (2008) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.

113 Fink, Gunther, Isabel Gunther, and Kenneth Hill. Water, sanitation and child health - Evidence from the Demographic and Health Surveys 1986-2007. 2010.

114 Finlay, Jocelyn E, Emre Ozaltin, and David Canning. "The association of maternal age with infant mortality, child anthropometric failure, diarrhoea and anaemia for first births: evidence from 55 low-and middle-income countries." BMJ Open 1, no. 2 (2011).

115 Fjelde, Hanna, and Gudrun Ostby. "Economic inequality and non-state conflicts in Africa." APSA 2010 Annual Meeting Paper . Washington, DC, 2010.

116 Fotso, Jean-Christophe. "Child health inequities in developing countries: differences across urban and rural areas." International Journal for Equity in Health 5, no. 1 (2006): 9.

117 Fuchs, Regina, Elsie Pamuk, and Wolfgang Lutz. "Education or wealth: which matters more for reducing child mortality in developing countries?." (2010) Vienna Yearbook of Population Research.

118 Fuse, Kana. "Cross-national variation in attitudinal measures of gender preference for children: An examination of Demographic and Health Surveys from 40 countries." (2008) DHS Working Papers.

119 Fuse, Kana. "Variations in attitudinal gender preferences for children across 50 less-developed countries." Demographic Research 23, no. 36 (2010): 1031-1048.

120 Gakidou, Emmanuela, Shefali Oza, Cecilia V Fuertes, Amy Y Li, Diana K Lee, Angelica Sousa, Margaret C Hogan, Stephen V Hoorn, and Majid Ezzati. "Supplementary online content : Improving child survival through environmental and nutritional interventions: the importance of targeting interventions toward the poor.." The Journal of the American Medical Association 298, no. 16 (2007): 1876-1887.

121 Galukande, Moses, Joseph Kamara, Violet Ndabwire, Elisabeth Leistey, Cecilia Valla, and Sam Luboga. "Eradicating female genital mutilation and cutting in Tanzania: an observational study." BMC public health 15, no. 1 (2015).

122 Garenne, Michel. "Estimating obstetric mortality from pregnancy-related deaths recorded in demographic censuses and surveys." Studies in Family Planning 42, no. 4 (2011): 237-246.

123 Garenne, Michel. "Long-term population effect of male circumcision in generalised HIV epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa." African journal of AIDS research 7, no. 1 (2008): 1-8.

124 Garenne, Michel. "Poisson variations of the sex ratio at birth in African Demographic Surveys." Human Biology 80, no. 5 (2008): 473-482.

125 Garenne, Michel, and Julien Zwang. "Premarital fertility and HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa." African Journal of Reproductive Health 12, no. 2 (2008): 64-74.

126 Garenne L, Michel. "Testing for fertility stalls in demographic and health surveys." Population Health Metrics 9, no. 59 (2011): 18.

127 Garenne, Michel L, Pauline M Leclerc, and Alan P Matthews. "Parameterisation of the transition to first marriage with the Picrate model." Southern African Journal of Demography 12, no. 1 (2011): 109-124.

128 Garenne M, Michel. "Fertility changes in sub-Saharan Africa." (2008) DHS Comparative Reports.

129 Garrett, Dean, Jasbir K Sangha, Monica Kothari, and David Boyle. "Field-friendly techniques for assessment of biomarkers of nutrition for development." The American journal of clinical nutrition 94, no. 2 (2011): 685S-690S.

130 Gething, Peter. "Spatiotemporal modelling of health management information system data to quantify malaria treatment burdens in the Kenyan government's formal health sector." PhD, University of Southampton, 2006.

131 Gibbons, Luz, Jose M Belizan, Jeremy A Lauer, Ana P Betran, Mario Merialdi, and Fernando Althabe. "Inequities in the use of cesarean section deliveries in the world." American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 206, no. 4 (2012): 331-e1.

132 Gibbons, Luz, José M Belizán, Jeremy A Lauer, Ana P Betrán, Mario Merialdi, and Fernando Althabe. "The global numbers and costs of additionally needed and unnecessary caesarean sections performed per year: overuse as a barrier to universal coverage." (2010) World Health Report 2010.

133 Giroux, Sarah, Fatou Jah, and Parfait Eloundou-Enyegue. "globalization, asymmetric urbanization, and rural disadvantage in sub-saharan africa." (2010) Rural Education for the Twenty-First Century: Identity, Place, and Community in a Globalizing World.

134 Giroux C, Sarah. "Child stunting across schooling and fertility transitions: Evidence from sub-Saharan Africa." (2008) DHS Working Papers.

135 Gordon, David, Michelle K Irving, Shailen Nandy, and Peter Townsend. "The extent and nature of absolute poverty." (2007)

136 Gould, William, and Ulli Huber. "Orphanhood, vulnerability and primary school attendance: evidence from a school-based survey in two regions of Tanzania." African Population Studies 23, no. 2 (2008): 249-271.

137 Grigoriou, Christopher, and Patrick Guillaumont. "Child mortality reacts to relative prices." (2011) CERDI Etudes et Documents.

138 Grim J, Brian. "Triangulating the world’s most dynamic religious market: Africa using a Quanti-Qualitative Method (QQM)." Association for the Study of Religion, Economics, and Culture (ASREC) Annual Conference. Washington, DC, USA, November 2, 2007.

139 Grogan, Louise, and Asha Sadanand. "Electrification and the household." (2009)

140 Gross, Karin, Sandra Alba, Joanna Schellenberg, Flora Kessy, Iddy Mayumana, and Brigit Obrist. "The combined effect of determinants on coverage of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria during pregnancy in the Kilombero Valley, Tanzania." Malaria journal 10, no. 1 (2011).

141 Gunther, Isabel, and Gunther Fink. "Water, sanitation and children's health: evidence from 172 DHS surveys." (2010) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.

142 Gunther, Isabel, and Kenneth Harttgen. "Deadly cities? A note on spatial inequalities in mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa." German Development Economics Conference. Berlin, Germany, 2011.

143 Gwatkin, Davidson R, Shea Rutstein, Kiersten Johnson, Eldaw Suliman, Adam Wagstaff, and Agbessi Amouzou. "Socio-economic differences in health, nutrition, and population within developing countries." Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 10, no. 4 (2007).

144 Habib, Ndema, Anne Daltveit, Joseph Mlay, Olola Oneko, John Shao, Per Bergso, Erik Lie-Nielsen, and Rolv Lie. "Birthweight and perinatal mortality among singletons and twins in north-eastern Tanzania." Scandinavian journal of public health 36, no. 7 (2008): 761-768.

145 Hall J, Grace. "HIV screening patterns in sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from the Demographic and Health Survey data 2003-2007." PhD Thesis, Health Behavior and Health Education, The University of Michigan, 2010.

146 Hanson, Claudia, Jonathan Cox, Godfrey Mbaruku, Fatuma Manzi, Sabine Gabrysch, David Schellenberg, Marcel Tanner, Carine Ronsmans, and Joanna Schellenberg. "Maternal mortality and distance to facility-based obstetric care in rural southern Tanzania: a secondary analysis of cross-sectional census data in 226 000 households." The Lancet Global Health 3, no. 7 (2015): e387-e395.

147 Hargreaves, James R, Calum Davey, Elizabeth Fearon, Bernadette Hensen, and Shari Krishnaratne. "Trends in Socioeconomic Inequalities in HIV Prevalence among Young People in Seven Countries in Eastern and Southern Africa.." PloS One 10, no. 3 (2015).

148 Harttgen, Kenneth, Stephan Klasen, and Sebastian Vollmer. "An African growth miracle? Or: what do asset indices tell us about trends in economic performance?." (2011) International Association for Research in Income and Wealth.

149 Hashi, Khadija, Leyla Sharafi, and Barbara Ryan. A holistic approach to the abandonment of female genital mutilation/cutting. New York, New York: UNFPA, 2007.

150 Haws, Rachel. Women's experiences of stillbirth and other reproductive disruptions and their social consequences in Southern Tanzania. : Johns Hopkins University, 2009.

151 Heaton, Tim B, Renata Forste, John P Hoffmann, and Dallan Flake. "Cross-national variation in family influences on child health." Social science & medicine 60, no. 1 (2005): 97-108.

152 Herbst, Christopher, Monique Vledder, Karen Campbell, Mirja Sjoblom, and Agnes Soucat. The human resources for health crisis in Zambia: An outcome of health worker entry, exit, and performance within the national health labor market. Washington DC, USA: World Bank, 2011.

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282 Pembe, Andrea B, David P Urassa, Anders Carlstedt, Gunilla Lindmark, Lennarth Nyström, and Elisabeth Darj. "Rural Tanzanian women's awareness of danger signs of obstetric complications." BMC pregnancy and childbirth 9, no. 1 (2009).

283 Peterman, Amber. "Widowhood and asset inheritance in sub-Saharan Africa: empirical evidence from 15 countries." (2010)

284 Pierre-Louis, Anne-Maryse, Jumana Qamruddin, Isabel Espinosa, and Shilpa Challa. "The Malaria control success story." (2010)

285 Pillay, Yogan, Alan J Flisher, and and others. "A Systematic Review of School-Based HIV/AIDS Prevention Programmes in South Africa." (2008)

286 Plumer, M.L., J. Wamoyi, Z.S. Shigongo, G.H. Mshana, A. Obasi, D. Ross, and D. Wight. "“Seek any means, and keep it your secret”: Young women’s attempts to control their reproduction through contraceptive and fertility practices in rural Tanzania." Tanzania Journal of Health Research 12, no. 3 (2010): 160-171.

287 Rajaratnam, Julie K, Linda N Tran, Alan D Lopez, and Christopher J Murray. "Measuring under-five mortality: validation of new low-cost methods." PLoS medicine 7, no. 4 (2010): e1000.

288 Ramadhani, Fatima. "Midwives’ competency for implementation of active management of third stage of labor in Dar es salaam municipal hospitals, Tanzania." Master of Critical care and Trauma in Nursing, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences , 2011.

289 Randall, Sara, Ernestina Coast, and Tiziana Leone. "Cultural constructions of the concept of household in sample surveys." Population studies 65, no. 2 (2011): 217-229.

290 Randell, Heather Fawn, Katherine L Dickinson, Elizabeth H Shayo, Leonard EG Mboera, and Randall A Kramer. "Environmental management for malaria control: knowledge and practices in Mvomero, Tanzania." Ecohealth 7, no. 4 (2010): 507-516.

291 Rao N, Nima. "Breast feeding and sociodemographic factors in rural Tanzania: Which factors are associated with breast feeding?." Masters, University of Oslo, 2007.

292 Rapp, Marie. "Freedom to choose: Women's possibility to take reproductive decisions in Babati, Tanzania." Bachelor thesis, Södertörn University College, 2009.

293 Remans, Roseline, Marie-Andrée Somers, Bennett Nemser, and Paul M Pronyk. "Reply to MA Clemens and G Demombynes." The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 95, no. 3 (2012): 775-777.

294 Renggli, Sabine, Renata Mandike, Karen Kramer, Faith Patrick, Nick J Brown, Peter D McElroy, Wilhelmina Rimisho, Amina Msengwa, Ally Mnzava, and Rose Nathan. "Design, implementation and evaluation of a national campaign to deliver 18 million free long-lasting insecticidal nets to uncovered sleeping spaces in Tanzania." Malaria Journal 12, no. 1 (2013).

295 Reniers, Georges, Bruno Masquelier, and Patrick Gerland. "Adult mortality trends in Africa." (2010) International Handbook of Adult Mortality (preliminary chapter).

296 Rennie, Waverly, Leslie R Lugo, Erica Rosser, and Steven A Harvey. Willingness to use and pay for a new diagnostic test for malaria in children under 5: Results from Benin, Peru, and Tanzania. Seattle, USA: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 2009.

297 Reynolds, Heidi, Harry Beauvais, Helen Lugina, Rebecca Gmach, and Sarah Thomsen. "A survey of risk behaviors for unintended pregnancy and human immunodeficiency virus among youth attending voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) services in nine centers in urban Haiti and Tanzania." Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies 5, no. 1 (2010): 66-78.

298 Reynolds, H W, B Janowitz, R Wilcher, and W Cates. "Contraception to prevent HIV-positive births: current contribution and potential cost savings in PEPFAR countries." Sexually transmitted infections 84, no. Suppl 2 (2008): ii49.

299 Rheingans, Richard, Deborah Atherly, and John Anderson. "Distributional impact of rotavirus vaccination in 25 GAVI countries: estimating disparities in benefits and cost-effectiveness." (2012) Vaccine.

300 Ringheim, Karin, and James Gribble. Improving the reproductive health of sub-Saharan Africa's youth: A route to achieve the Millenium Development Goals. Washington, DC, USA: Population Reference Bureau, 2010.

301 Robertson, Laura, Simon Gregson, and Geoff P Garnett. "Sexual risk among orphaned adolescents: is country-level HIV prevalence an important factor?." AIDS care 22, no. 8 (2010): 927-938.

302 Roman, Elaine, Barbara Rawlins, Patricia Gomez, Rebecca Dineen, Aimee Dickerson, and Bill Brieger. Scaling up Malaria in pregnancy programs: What it takes!. : Jhpiego, 2008.

303 Ross-Suits M, Hannah. "Maternal autonomy as a protective factor in child nutritional outcome in Tanzania." Masters Thesis, Public Health, Georgia State University, 2010.

304 Rosser, Erica, Howard Choi, Deborah Murdoch, Waverly Rennie, Leslie R Lugo, Tonja C Balogun, and Steven A Harvey. Willingness to use and pay for a new diagnostic test for gonorrhea and chlamydia in high risk asymptomatic populations: Results from Benin, Peru, and Tanzania. Seattle, USA: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation , 2009.

305 Rosser, Erica, Lauren Kleutsch, Howard Choi, John Holley, Sumana Brahman, and Steven A Harvey. Willingness to use and pay for a new diagnostic test for bacterial acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) in children under 5: Results from Benin, Peru, and Tanzania. Seattle, USA: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 2009.

306 Rosser, Erica, Lauren Kleutsch, Howard Choi, Deborah Murdoch, Waverly Rennie, and Steven A Harvey. Willingness to use and pay for a new diagnostic test for HIV in infants under 18 months of age: Results from Benin, Peru, and Tanzania. Seattle, USA: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation , 2009.

307 Rubach, Matthew P, Venance P Maro, John A Bartlett, and John A Crump. "Etiologies of illness among patients meeting Integrated Management of Adolescent and Adult Illness District Clinician Manual criteria for severe infections in northern Tanzania: implications for empiric antimicrobial therapy." The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 92, no. 2 (2015): 454-462.

308 Rumisha, Susan F, Maria M Zinga, Carolyn A Fahey, Dorothy Wei, Veneranda M Bwana, Malongo RS Mlozi, Elizabeth H Shayo, Robert C Malima, Benjamin K Mayala, and Tabitha Mlacha. "Accessibility, availability and utilisation of malaria interventions among women of reproductive age in Kilosa district in central Tanzania." BMC health services research 14, no. 1 (2014).

309 Rutstein O, Shea. "Further evidence of the effects of preceding birth intervals on neonatal, infant, and under-five-years mortality and nutritional status in developing countries: Evidence from the Demographic and Health Surveys." (2008) DHS Working Papers.

310 Rutstein O, Shea. Finding the missing maternal and paternal orphans. Calverton, USA: Macro International, 2008.

311 Rweyemamu K, Datius. "Access to Mass Media and Rejection of Gender Inequitable Norms among Unmarried Youth in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania." Tanzania Journal for Population studies and Development 19, no. 1-2 (2012).

312 Sahn, David E, and Stephen D Younger. "Testing the Kuznets curve for countries and households using the body mass index." WIDER Conference on Advancing Health Equity. Helsinki, Finland, September 29-30, 2006.

313 Sahn, David E, and Stephen Younger. "Living Standards in Africa." (2009) Initiative for Policy Dialogue Working Paper Series .

314 Sahn, David E, and Stephen D Younger. "Inequality and poverty in Africa in an era of globalization: Looking beyond income to health and education." (2007) Cornell Food and Nutrition Policy Program Working Paper.

315 Sahn, David E, and Stephen D Younger. Inequality and poverty in Africa in an era of globalization: Looking beyond income to health and education. : United Nations University, 2007.

316 Sahn, David E, and Stephen D Younger. "Living standards in Africa." (2007) Cornell Food and Nutrition Policy Program Working Paper .

317 Saksena, Priyanka, Hugh Reyburn, Boniface Njau, Semkini Chonya, Hilda Mbakilwa, and Anne Mills. "Patient costs for paediatric hospital admissions in Tanzania: a neglected burden?." Health Policy and Planning 25, no. 4 (2010): 328-333.

318 Sambali, Joseph J, Eustachkius Sabas, Justine Rubanga, Jaka Magoma, Alex J Ntamatungiro, Elizabeth L Turner, Daniel Nyogea, Jeroen HJ Ensink, and Sarah J Moore. "Repellent plants provide affordable natural screening to prevent mosquito house entry in tropical rural settings — results from a pilot efficacy study." PLoS One 6, no. 10 (2011).

319 Sambili, Benatus, Ronald Kimambo, Yun Peng, Elison Ishunga, Edna Matasha, Godfrey Matumu, Rita Noronha, and David P Ngilangwa. "Factors influencing anti-malarial prophylaxis and iron supplementation non-compliance among pregnant women in Simiyu Region, Tanzania." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 7 (2016).

320 Sangber-Dery, Matthew. "The role of birth order in infant mortality in Ifakara DSS area in rural Tanzania." Master of Science, THE FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND, JOHANNESBURG, 2009.

321 Sedgh, Gilda, Rubina Hussain, Akinrinola Bankole, and Susheela Singh. Women with an unmet need for contraception in developing countries and their reasons for not using a method. New York, USA: Guttmacher Institute, 2007.

322 Semali A, Innocent. "Trends in immunization completion and disparities in the context of health reforms: the case study of Tanzania." BMC health services research 10, no. 1 (2010): 299.

323 Shapiro, David, Amanda Kreider, Catherine Varner, and Malika Sinha. "Stalling of fertility transitions and socioeconomic change in the developing world: evidence from the demographic and health surveys." 36th Chaire Quetelet, Annual Symposium in Demography. Louvain la Neuve, Belgium, November, 2010.

324 Sharan, Mona, Saifuddin Ahmed, John May, and Agnes Soucat. "Yes, Africa Can: Success Stories from a Dynamic Continent." (2011) Family Planning Trends in Sub-Saharan Africa: Progress, Prospects, and Lessons Learned.

325 Shoo, Rumishael S, Leonard EG Mboera, Sydney Ndeki, and Gaspar Munishi. "Stagnating maternal mortality in Tanzania: what went wrong and what can be done." Tanzania Journal of Health Research 19, no. 2 (2017).

326 Simba, Daudi. Managing malaria in under-fives: Prompt access, adherence to treatment and referral in rural Tanzania. Stockholm, Sweden: Karolinska Institutet, 2010.

327 Simba, Daudi, Jerome Kamwela, Rose Mpembeni, and Gernard Msamanga. "The impact of scaling-up prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV infection on the human resource requirement: the need to go beyond numbers." The International Journal of Health Planning and Management 25, no. 1 (2010): 17-29.

328 Simba, Daudi, Cordula Schuemer, Kate Forrester, and Merriment Hiza. "Reaching the poor through community-based distributors of contraceptives: experiences from Muheza district, Tanzania." Tanzania Journal of Health Research 13, no. 1 (2011): 1-9.

329 Simon, Michael, Daniel W Tsegai, and Steffen Fleßa. "Intersectoral Health Action in Tanzania - Determinants and Policy Implications." ZEF Discussion Papers on Development Policy , no. 172 (2012).

330 Skarbinski, Jacek, Carla Winston, Julius Massaga, Patrick Kachur, and Alexander Rowe. "Assessing the validity of health facility-based data on insecticide-treated bednet possession and use: comparison of data collected via health facility and household surveys - Lindi region and Rufiji district, Tanzania, 2005." Tropical Medicine & International Health 13, no. 3 (2008): 396-405.

331 Smithson, Paul. Report of the 6th Tanzania joint annual health sector review. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Health Sector Reform Secretariat, Ministry of Health , 2005.

332 Smithson, Paul, Lia Florey, Rene S Salgado, Christine L Hershey, Honorati Masanja, Achuyt Bhattarai, Alex Mwita, and Peter D McElroy. "Impact of malaria control on mortality and anemia among tanzanian children less than five years of age, 1999-2010." PloS one 10, no. 11 (2015).

333 Smits, Jeroen, and Christiaan Monden. "Twinning across the developing world." PLoS ONE 6, no. 9 (2011): e2523.

334 Smits, Jeroen, and Roel Steendijk. "The International Wealth Index (IWI)." (2012)

335 Sneeringer E, Stacy. Fertility transition in sub-Saharan Africa: A comparative analysis of cohort trends in 30 countries. Calverton, USA: ICF Macro / USAID, 2009.

336 Snow, Rachel C, Rebecca A Winter, and Siobán D Harlow. "Gender attitudes and fertility aspirations among young men in five high fertility East African countries." Studies in Family Planning 44, no. 1 (2013): 1-24.

337 Sowa, Agnieszka, and Christina Behrendt. "Social Security in Low and Middle-Income Countries: The Role of Household Survey Data." (2006) Issues in Social Protection Discussion Paper No. 14.

338 Stephenson, Rob. "Community-level gender equity and extramarital sexual risk-taking among married men in eight African countries." International perspectives on sexual and reproductive health 36, no. 4 (2010): 178-188.

339 Stewart, Frances, Graham Brown, and Luca Mancini. "Monitoring and Measuring Horizontal Inequalities." (2010)

340 Stover, John, and John Ross. "How increased contraceptive use has reduced maternal mortality." Maternal and child health journal 14, no. 5 (2010): 687-695.

341 Subramanian, S V, Emre Ozaltin, and Jocelyn E Finlay. "Height of nations: a socioeconomic analysis of cohort differences and patterns among women in 54 low-to middle-income countries." PLoS One 6, no. 4 (2011): e1896.

342 Subramanian, S V, Jessica M Perkins, Emre Ozaltin, and George D Smith. "Weight of nations: a socioeconomic analysis of women in low-to middle-income countries." The American journal of clinical nutrition 93, no. 2 (2011): 413-421.

343 Sunguya, Bruno, Krishna Poudel, Keiko Otsuka, Junko Yasuoka, Linda Mlunde, David Urassa, Namala Mkopi, and Masamine Jimba. "Undernutrition among HIV-positive children in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: antiretroviral therapy alone is not enough." BMC public health 11, no. 1 (2011): 869.

344 Susuman, Sathiya A, Hamisi F Hamisi, and R Nagarajan. "Bio-demographic factors affecting child loss in Tanzania." Genus 72, no. 1 (2016).

345 Sutherland, Elizabeth G, Conrad Otterness, and Barbara Janowitz. "What happens to contraceptive use after injectables are introduced? An analysis of 13 countries." International perspectives on sexual and reproductive health 37, no. 4 (2011): 202-208.

346 Taylor, Ben. Situation analysis of women, children and the water, sanitation and hygiene sector in Tanzania. 2009.

347 Taylor, Ben. Water: more for some… or some for more?. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Tanzania Water and Sanitation Network (TAWASANET), 2008.

348 Thaxton, Melissa. "Integrating population, health, and environment in Tanzania." (2007)

349 Thomsen, Sarah, Matthew Tiedemann, Karen Katz, Heidi Reynolds, Elan Reuben, Laura Johnson, Helen Lugina, and Norah Kaaya. "Voluntary HIV counseling and testing services for youth and linkages with other reproductive health services in Tanzania." (2006) Family Health International Youth Research Working Paper No. 5.

350 Tibandebage, Paula, and Maureen Mackintosh. "Maternal health as a gendered lens on the organisation of a health system: the Tanzanian experience." IAFFE Conference, Boston, USA. Boston, USA, June, 2009.

351 Tibandebage, Paula, and Tausi Kida. The Gendered Impact of the Global Economic Crisis on Financing and Access of Health Care in Tanzania. : Economic and Social Research Foundation (ESRF), 2011.

352 Timaeus M, Ian. Estimation and Projection of Dual Orphans in Populations with Generalized HIV Epidemics: Updated Methods. London, U.K.: London School of Hygien and Tropical Medicine, 2007.

353 Titaley, Christiana R, Michael J Dibley, Christine L Roberts, and Kingsley Agho. "Combined iron/folic acid supplements and malaria prophylaxis reduce neonatal mortality in 19 sub-Saharan African countries." The American journal of clinical nutrition 92, no. 1 (2010): 235.

354 Trærup, Sara L, Ramon Arigoni Ortiz, and Anil Markandya. "The health impacts of climate change: a study of cholera in Tanzania." Basque Centre for Climate Change , no. 2010-01 (2010).

355 Trærup, Sara L, Ramon A Ortiz, and Anil Markandya. "The costs of climate change: a study of cholera in Tanzania." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 8, no. 12 (2011): 4386-4405.

356 Turan, Belgi. "Life expectancy and economic development: Evidence from micro data." University of Houston, 2009.

357 Uchudi, Joseph, Monica Magadi, and Mohammod Mostazir. "A multilevel analysis of the determinants of high risk sexual behavior (multiple sexual partners) in sub-Saharan Africa." (2010) http://www.city.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/84719/The-determinants-of-high-risk-sexual-behavior-in-Africa-SR.pdf.

358 Urassa, David P, Andrea B Pembe, and Bruno F Sunguya. "Childbirth across cultures: ideas and practices of pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum." (2009) Childbirth in Tanzania: individual, family, community.

359 Uthman A, Olalekan. "Does it really matter where you live? A multilevel analysis of social disorganization and risky sexual behaviours in sub-Saharan Africa." (2010) DHS Working Papers.

360 Uthman, Olalekan A, Stephen Lawoko, and Tahereh Moradi. "Factors associated with attitudes towards intimate partner violence against women: a comparative analysis of 17 sub-Saharan countries." BMC International Health and Human Rights 9, no. 1 (2009): 14.

361 Uthman, Olalekan A, Stephen Lawoko, and Tahereh Moradi. "Sex disparities in attitudes towards intimate partner violence against women in sub-Saharan Africa: a socio-ecological analysis." BMC Public Health 10, no. 1 (2010): 223.

362 Utz, Robert. Sustaining and sharing economic growth in Tanzania. : World Bank Publications, 2008.

363 Van de Poel, Ellen. "Urbanization, health and inequality in the developing world." PhD Thesis, University Rotterdam, 2009.

364 Van de Poel, Ellen, Owen O’Donnell, and Eddy Van Doorslaer. "Are urban children really healthier? Evidence from 47 developing countries." Social Science & Medicine 65, no. 10 (2007): 1986-2003.

365 Van de Poel, Ellen, Ahmad R Hosseinpoor, Niko Speybroeck, Tom Van Ourti, and Jeanette Vega. "Socioeconomic inequality in malnutrition in developing countries." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 86, no. 4 (2008): 282-291.

366 Ventelou, Bruno, Yves Arrighi, Robert Greener, Erik Lamontagne, Patrizia Carrieri, and Jean-Paul Moatti. "The macroeconomic consequences of renouncing to universal access to antiretroviral treatment for HIV in Africa: a Micro-Simulation Model." PLoS One 7, no. 4 (2012).

367 Victora, Cesar G, Mercedes de Onis, Pedro C Hallal, Monika Blossner, and Roger Shrimpton. "Worldwide timing of growth faltering: revisiting implications for interventions." Pediatrics 125, no. 3 (2010): 473-480.

368 Wang, Wenjuan, Shanxiao Wang, Thomas Pullum, and Paul Ametepi. How family planning supply and the service environment affect contraceptive use: FIndings from four East African countries: DHS analytical studies 26. Maryland, USA: USAID, 2012.

369 Warren, Jessica. "Tanzania and AIDS: the effect of HIV knowledge on testing." Master of Public Policy, Georgetown Public Policy Institute, Georgetown University, 2009.

370 Webster, Jayne, Jo Lines, and Lucy Smith. "Protecting all pregnant women and children under five years living in malaria endemic areas in Africa with insecticide treated mosquito nets: Working paper." (2007) World Health Organization Working Paper.

371 Webster, Jayne, Lucy Smith, and Jo Lines. Scaling-up ITN access and use in sub-Saharan Africa: Estimated LLIN requirements and coverage outcomes based on the global delivery strategy mix. London, UK: DFID Health Resource Centre, 2008.

372 Weinberger, Michelle, and Ernestina Coast. "Making sense of Tanzania's fertility: the role of contraceptive use." Dakar, Senegal, 2011.

373 Wellings, Kaye, Martine Collumbien, Emma Slaymaker, Susheela Singh, Zoe Hodges, Dhaval Patel, and Nathalie Bajos. "Sexual behaviour in context: a global perspective." The Lancet 368, no. 9548 (2006): 1706-1728.

374 West, Philippa A, Natacha Protopopoff, Mark Rowland, Emma Cumming, Alison Rand, Chris Drakeley, Alexandra Wright, Zuhura Kivaju, Matthew J Kirby, and Franklin W Mosha. "Malaria risk factors in North West Tanzania: the effect of spraying, nets and wealth." PLoS One 8, no. 6 (2013).

375 Westoff, Charles F, and Dawn A Koffman. "The association of television and radio with reproductive behavior." Population and Development Review 37, no. 4 (2011): 749-759.

376 Wiesmann, Doris, Ann K Sost, Iris Schoninger, Howard Dalzell, Lynnda Kiess, Tom Arnold, and Steve Collins. The challenge of hunger 2007: Global hunger index. : Intl Food Policy Res Inst, 2007.

377 Williams, Brian G, James O Lloyd-Smith, Eleanor Gouws, Catherine Hankins, Wayne M Getz, John Hargrove, Isabelle De Zoysa, Christian Dye, and Bertran Auvert. "The potential impact of male circumcision on HIV in sub-Saharan Africa." PLoS Medicine 3, no. 7 (2006): e262.

378 Wilson, David, Shipla Chilla, Kathleen Beegle, Damien De Walque, and Antonio C David. "The changing HIV/AIDS landscape: Selected papers for the World Bank's Agenda for Action in Africa, 2007-2011." (2009)

379 Wodon, Quentin, Sudeshna G Banerjee, Amadou B Diallo, and Vivien Foster. "Is low coverage of modern infrastructure services in African cities due to lack of demand or lack of supply?." (2009) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper .

380 Wright, Jim A, Hong Yang, and Kate Walker. "Do international surveys and censuses exhibit ‘dry season’ bias?." (2011) Population, Space and Place.

381 Xu, Ke, Priyanka Saksena, and David B Evans. "Health financing and access to effective interventions." (2010) World Heath Report Background Paper.

382 Yamauchi, Tamahi. PRS assessment of chronic poverty in Tanzania: focusing on health and the HIV/AIDS sector. : Chronic Poverty Research Centre, 2008.

383 Yoder, Stanley, and Laura Nyblade. Comprehension of Questions in the Tanzania AIDS: Indicator Survey. USA: ORC Macro, MEASURE DHS, 2004.

384 Yoong, Joanne, Nicholas Burger, Connor Spreng, and Neeraj Sood. "Private sector participation and health system performance in sub-saharan Africa." PloS one 5, no. 10 (2010): e1324.

385 Young, Sera L, Kiersten A Israel-Ballard, Emily A Dantzer, Monica M Ngonyani, Margaret T Nyambo, Deborah M Ash, and Caroline J Chantry. "Infant feeding practices among HIV-positive women in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, indicate a need for more intensive infant feeding counselling." Public health nutrition 13, no. 12 (2010): 2027-2033.

386 Zimmer, Zachary. "Household composition among elders in sub-saharan Africa in the context of HIV/AIDS." Journal of marriage and family 71, no. 4 (2009): 1086-1099.

387 Ziraba, Abdhalah K, Jean C Fotso, and Rhoune Ochako. "Overweight and obesity in urban Africa: A problem of the rich or the poor?." BMC Public Health 9, no. 1 (2009): 465.

388 Zizza, A, A Tinelli, A Malvasi, E Barbone, M Stark, A DE DONNO, and M GUIDO. "Cesarean section in the world: a new ecological approach." (2011) J prev med hyg.

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